Incomplet Design History – Details, episodes & analysis

José Guadalupe Posada was a Mexican illustrator who worked in lithography and engraving, he was a very prolific image maker who completed an estimated 20,000 illustrations in his lifetime, with themes ranging from Día de los Muertos or Day of the Dead illustrations, political cartoons, popular illustrations, and daily life, as well as illustrations for “shocking” crime stories. He was also known to have created illustrations for a number of children’s books in the form of cheaply printed chapbooks with the printer Antonio Vanegas Arroyo, making them accessible to wide audiences. Yet despite his enduring legacy, his contributions are not often discussed in histories of graphic design, yet his story reveals a deep history of image making and mass production of images in Mexico, which includes the foundation of the Taller de Gráfica Popular, a collective founded by Leopoldo Méndez, Luis Arenal, and Pablo O’Higgins. Posada’s popular Day of the Dead icons, such as the Calavera Catrina, have captured the hearts and imaginations of many. Born in 1852 in Aguascalientes, Mexico, he made his way to Mexico City after a devastating flood upended his life. It is perhaps this move that allowed his work to be “discovered” by artists and historians after his untimely death in 1913. Though his work has been recognized by art historians, and he has been honored with a number of posthumous exhibitions of his work around the world, there is still work to be done to include his story in histories of graphic design. His images were geared to popular audiences, and a wide range of people had access to them and enjoyed them in his lifetime.

1852 - Born, February 2, Aguascalientes, Mexico
1860s - receives drawing instruction Municipal Academy of Drawing in Aguascalientes
1867 - Census records Posada as a Painter
1868 - Begins working with Trinidad Pedroza
1871 - First political Cartoon published in El Jicote
1872 - Pedroza and Posada move to León
1876 - Takes charge of Pedroza print shop
1888 - Moves to Mexico City
1888-90 - collaborates with the newspaper La Patria Ilustrada and the Revisita de Mexico
1910 - The Mexican Revolution begins
1913 - Died, January 20, Mexico City, Mexico
1920 - The Mexican Revolution ends
1937 - Taller de Gráfica Popular, collective founded by Leopoldo Méndez, Luis Arenal, and Pablo O’Higgins

Acosta, T. (2023, September 19). Dia de los Muertos: Its rich history, traditions and why not all Mexicans celebrate it. Arizona Republic. https://www.azcentral.com/story/entertainment/holidays/2023/09/19/origin-of-day-of-the-dead/70489251007/

Aguilar Montes de Oca, R. I. (2016). The Day of the Dead: One Ritual, NewFolk Costumes, and Old Identities. Folklore (Tartu, Estonia), 66, 95.

Britannica, T. Editors of Encyclopaedia (2023, October 19). León. Encyclopedia Britannica. https://www.britannica.com/place/Leon-Mexico

Bunker, S. B. (2012). Creating Mexican consumer culture in the age of Porfirio Díaz. University of New Mexico Press.

Casillas, M. L. (2013). Posada & Manilla: Illustrations for Mexican Fairy Tales. RM.

Doyle, S., Grove, J., & Whitney, S. (Eds.). (2019). History of Illustration. Fairchild Books.

Frank, P. (1998). Posada’s Broadsides: Mexican popular imagery, 1890-1910. University of New Mexico Press.

Greenspan, J. (2018, August 31). 6 things you may not know about the Mexican Revolution. HISTORY. https://www.history.com/news/6-things-you-may-not-know-about-the-mexican-revolution

Kennedy, P. (2022, December 7). José Guadalupe Posada: Skulls, Skeletons and Macabre Mischief. Illustration Chronicles. https://illustrationchronicles.com/Jose-Guadalupe-Posada-Skulls-Skeletons-and-Macabre-Mischief

Lagasse, P., & Columbia University. (2018). Díaz, Porfirio. In The Columbia Encyclopedia. Columbia University Press.

Mexican artist José Guadalupe Posada. (n.d.). Posada. https://www.posada-art-foundation.com/about-posada

Mexico. (n.d.). RSF. https://rsf.org/en/country/mexico

Recalls Disaster of 1888.; HUGE WATER WALL HITS LEON, MEXICO. (1926, June 25). The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/1926/06/25/archives/recalls-disaster-of-1888-huge-water-wall-hits-leon-mexico.html

Short biography — The Jean Charlot Foundation. (n.d.). The Jean Charlot Foundation. https://www.jeancharlot.org/short-biography

Taller de Gráfica Popular (Mexico City, Mexico) | The Art Institute of Chicago. (2001, July 4). The Art Institute of Chicago. https://www.artic.edu/artists/72887/taller-de-grafica-popular-mexico-city-mexico

Tyler, R. (1979). Posada’s Mexico. Library of Congress.

From its origins in the 1950s from the pages of books to software like MacDraw in the 1980s to CD Roms, and finally moving online in the 1990s, Clip Art’s evolution took place along with that of graphic design. Even though clip art was mostly created by unnamed designers and illustrators and sold in packages or libraries, there are many important figures we know of whose clip art contributed to the history of graphic design. Joan Shogren, an early computer art pioneer and clip art designer; Frank Fruznya, whose iconic clip art defined an era; and Sean Tejaratchi, whose cult hit zine series Crap Hound celebrates Clip Art and visually meditates on social issues. Ultimately, clip art is a misunderstood element of graphic design that holds an essential place in its history. Clip art in many ways paved the way for stock photo and stock illustration use that is common practice among designers today.

1928 – Tom Tierney born in Beaumont, Texas 
1928–  Dan X. Solo born
1932 – Joan Shogren born 
1941 – Dover Publications founded 
1947 – Jean Larcher born in Rennes, France 
1949 – Tierney graduates from the University of Austin in Texas, majoring in painting and sculpture 
1950s – Clip Art began to be produced in books for commercial sale, such as The Volk Corporation
1951 – Tierney serves in the US Military for 3 years
1952 – Frank Fruznya, prolific Clip Art illustrator, born in Illinois
1953 – Tierney movies to NYC to work as a fashion illustrator 
1954 – Art Chantry born 
1960s – Tom B. Sawyer created Clip Art for Harry Volk Jr’s Volk & Co’s “Clip Book of Line Art”series
1963 – Shogren designs set of rules to make the first computer art with Jim Larsen and Dr. Ralph Fessenden’s assistance at San Jose Univeristy in California 
1963 – “Cybernation” exhibition of early computer art featuring Shogren took place at the San Jose State Partna Book Store 
1962 – Solotype founded 
1965 – Larcher graduates after  studying  typographic art at the Paris Chaamber of Commerce 
1969 – Artist and illustrator Mitch O’Connell starts to freelance Clip Art illustration for Dynamic Graphics 
1970s – Dover begins publishing Clip Art books 
1970 – Sean Tejartchi born 
1973 –  Larcher begins freelance design work 
1974 –  Fruznya started to work for H&R; then was recruited to work for Dynamic Graphics 
1976 – Tierney publishes his first paper doll book, “Thirty from the 30s” which attracted the attention of Dover 
1979 – Peter Roizen and Heidi Roizen, brother and sister, co-found T/Maker 
1981 –  IBM introduces the first personal computer 
1983 –  Heidi Roizen takes over as president at T/Maker 
1983 – ImageWriter printer released
1983 – VCN ExecuVision published IBM’s first Clip Art library 
1984 – Shogren starts to work for T/Maker for ClickArt 
1984 – T/Maker releases ClickArt Publications digital Clip Art collection 
1984 –  Brad Fregger creates Clip Art for Activision 
1984 –  Nova Development founded 
1984 – MacPaint comes pre installed on Macintosh computers 
1985 – “The Year of the Computer” mass production of personal computers helps change the world 
1985 – LaserWriter printer is introduced
1986 –  Graphic Source published Clip Art Books 
1986 – Apple introduces the Macintosh Computer 
1986 – Mac Plus released 
1987 – MacPaint to longer pre installed on Macintosh computers
1987 –  T/Maker introduced first vector Clip Art made with Adobe Illustrator 
1988 – Adobe Systems released Adobe Illustrator 
1989 –  Company 3G Graphics published “Images with Impact!” 
1994 – Crap Hound first published 
1994 – Deluxe Corp buys remaining software lines from T/Maker, including ClickArt 
1996 – Zedcor was the first company to offer Clip Art images as part of an online subscription service
1996 – Microsoft began to include Clip Art in it’s built in libraries 
1996 – Animation Factory founded 
1998-2001 – T/Makers ClickArt library sold each year due to large mergers and acquisitions to companies like Mattel and The Learning Company
1998 – Crap Hound ceases publishing 
1999 – Animation Factory sold 
2003 – Fruznya quits Dynamic Graphics after anonymously being the Clip Art world’s star illustrator in the 80s and 90s 
2005 – Jupitermedia purchased Creatas, now owning all of Dynamic Grapahic’s clip art library 
2005 – Tejaratchi begins to publish Crap Hound again 
2009 –  Jupitermedia went out of business
2009 –  Fruzyna moves to Paradise, Michigan with his partner to paint 
2012 –  Solo passes away
2014 –  Tierney passes away 
2014 –  Microsoft discontinues it’s Clip Art library in favor of Bing Image Search 
2015 – Dat Boi, an Animation Factory asset, becomes an early internet meme 
2015 – Larcher passes away 

Arntson, Amy E. (1988). Graphic Design Basics. Saunders College Publishing. 

Borrell, J. (1988, January). Verbatim: An Interview With Heidi Roizen. MacWorld, 74–86. 

Boudrot, T. (1989, October). New Graphics Take the Rough Edges Off Clip Art. Electronic Learning, 9(2), 54–56. 

Brock, D. C. (2019, October 8). Slide logic: The emergence of presentation software and the Prehistory of PowerPoint. Computer History Museum. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://computerhistory.org/blog/slide-logic-the-emergence-of-presentation-software-and-the-prehistory-of-powerpoint/?key=slide-logic-the-emergence-of-presentation-software-and-the-prehistory-of-powerpoint

Chantry, A., & Rochester Monica René. (2015). Art Chantry Speaks: A Heretic's history of 20th-century graphic design. Feral House. 

Clip Art Images: Definition, history, examples and sources. blog.icons8.com. (2020, September 7). Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://blog.icons8.com/articles/clip-art-images/

Cretan, J. (2011). Macpaint.org: Clip Art Historical Gallery. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from http://www.macpaint.org/clipart.html

 Devroye, L. (n.d.). Dan X. Solo. Luc Devroye, School of Computer Science, McGill University. http://luc.devroye.org/solo.html

Eskilson, S. (2019). Graphic design: A New History. Yale University Press. 

Fregger, B. (2018, November). Joan Shogren Computer Art Pioneer. http://fregger.com/Joan/index.html

Garber, M. (2014, December 2). A Eulogy to Clip Art, in Clip Art. The Atlantic. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2014/12/a-eulogy-to-clipart-in-clipart/383322/

Grant-Marsh, S. (Ed.). (1994, September). Editors' Choice: The Best Products Featured in MacWorld. MacWorld, 201–221. 

Heller, S. (2012, May 25). Dan X. Solo, Type Revivalist, Dies. PRINT Magazine. https://www.printmag.com/daily-heller/dan-x-solo-type-revivalist-dies/

Heller, S. (2022, June 6). The Daily Heller: Art Chantry Reconsidered in His Own Words. PRINT Magazine. https://www.printmag.com/daily-heller/the-daily-heller-the-real-art-chantry-reconsidered/

Heid­­, J. (1987, August). Getting Started with Macintosh Graphics. MacWorld, 193–202. 

Historic Zinesters Talking. (2009, October 24). Crap Hound Zine -- Sean Tejaratchi. Slide Share. https://www.slideshare.net/StaffDay/crap-hound-zine-sean-tejaratchi

Leifpeng. (2008, June 19). Tom Sawyer and Harry Volk. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://todaysinspiration.blogspot.com/2008/06/tom-sawyer-and-harry-volk_19.html.

Lopez, G. (2016, May 27). Dat boi, explained. Vox. https://www.vox.com/2016/5/27/11789968/dat-boi-o-shit-waddup

Mak, A. (2022, March 29). A Reminder That GIFs Didn’t Always Move. Slate Magazine. https://slate.com/technology/2022/03/the-history-of-gifs.html

Manely, D. (2016, December 2). History of clip art via Wikipedia. OldCuts. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://www.oldcuts.co/blogs/news/history-of-clip-art-via-wikipedia

Middleton, C., & Herriot, L. (2007). Instant graphics: Source and remix images for professional design. RotoVision. 

Original Apple Macintosh 18 Page Brochure (Dec 1983). DigiBarn ads: Original Apple Macintosh 18 Page Brochure (Dec 1983). (1998). Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://www.digibarn.com/collections/ads/apple-mac/index.htm.

Paper Doll Author Tom Tierney. (2022). Dover Publications. https://www.doverpublications.com/tomtierney/

Pot, J. (2014, December 5). Clip Art is gone! here's how to find free images instead. MUO. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://www.makeuseof.com/tag/clip-art-gone-heres-find-free-images-instead/

 Sandberg-Diment, E. (1985, November 26). Personal Computers; Desktop Publishing Comes of Age . New York Times, p. 4. 

Sanders, S., & Larchuk, T. (2014, December 3). Microsoft says goodbye to clip art. NPR. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://www.npr.org/sections/alltechconsidered/2014/12/02/368060012/microsoft-says-goodbye-to-clip-art

Sawyer, T. B. (n.d.). Illustration Artwork. Thomas B. Sawyer. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from http://thomasbsawyer.com/illustrationartwork.html

 Solenthaler, B. (2021, November). The Bart&Co.. historic clip art collection. Flickr. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://www.flickr.com/photos/bartsol/sets/72157627595663028.

Smith, E. (2018, August 30). The history of Clip Art: They sold it in books. Tedium. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://tedium.co/2018/08/30/clip-art-history/

Sutton, B. (2014, December 4). In honor of the death of Clip Art, a brief illustrated history of Clip Art. Hyperallergic. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://hyperallergic.com/166533/in-honor-of-the-death-of-clip-art-a-brief-illustrated-history-of-clip-art/

Tejaratchi, S. (2014). Crap Hound (Vol. 5). Show & Tell Press. 

The Microsoft 365 Marketing Team, & Thomas, D. (2014, December 14). CLIP art is now powered by Bing Images. Microsoft 365 Blog. Retrieved November 15, 2022, from https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2014/12/01/clip-art-now-powered-bing-images/

Tom Tierney Studios. (n.d.). Tom Tierney Studios. Retrieved November 1, 2022, from https://www.tomtierneystudios.com/

Vogt, P. J., & Goldman, A. (Hosts). (2016, April 14). Bbay King (No. 61) [Audio podcast episode]. In Reply all. Gimlet. https://gimletmedia.com/shows/reply-all/emhwx6/61-baby-king

Zantal-Wiener, A. (2017, August 27). Clip art through the years: A nostalgic look back. HubSpot Blog. Retrieved November 15, 2021, from https://blog.hubspot.com/marketing/clip-art-history

During the 1960s, the Chicano Movement or "El Movimiento" gave way for Chicano artists, designers, and printmakers to emerge. The Chicano Movement united Chicanos, Americans of Mexican heritage who chose that label, in a new shared identity to fight for social and political empowerment. One of the creatives that made their mark in support of this movement was Yolanda Margarita López, a feminist painter, printmaker, educator, and film producer. She was best known for her works focusing on the experiences of Mexican-American and Chicana women, often challenging the harmful ethnic stereotypes associated with them. López is most known for the Guadalupe series, where she reimagines Our Lady of Guadalupe in the image of the everyday Chicana woman. López was essential to the case of Los Siete de La Raza, or The Seven of the Hispanic Community. In this case, seven Latino youths were falsely accused of killing police officer Joseph Brodnick in San Francisco on May 1st, 1969. The political art and design work she produced in support of the seven falsely accused helped rally the San Francisco community together in support and led to the acquitting of the seven youths. López, through her activism, challenged stereotypes of Chicana women and advocated for the Latino community as well as other marginalized communities over the course of her creative career.  

1942 – Born on November 1 in San Diego, CA
1968 – Third World Liberation Strikes
1969 – Los Siete de La Raza
1971 – Enrolled at San Diego State University
1975 – Graduated with a Bachelor of Arts degree in painting and drawing
1977 – ¿A Donde Vas, Chicana?
1978 – Start of Guadalupe Series
1979 – University of California, San Diego, receiving a Master of Fine Arts
2021 – Yolanda dies of complications from Liver Cancer 

Daly, C.-S. (2021) Yolanda López, artist who painted the iconic Virgen de Guadalupe series, dies at 79, Mission Local. Available at: https://missionlocal.org/2021/09/yolanda-lopez-artist-who-painted-the-iconic-virgen-de-guadalupe-series-dies-at-79/ (Accessed: November 27, 2022). 

Davalos, K.M. (2008) Yolanda M. López. Los Angeles, CA: UCLA Chicano Studies Research Center Press. 

Duke Human Rights Center at the Franklin Humanities Institute (no date) Chavez, the UFW and the "wetback" problem, News RSS. Available at: https://humanrights.fhi.duke.edu/chavez-ufw-and-wetback-problem/ (Accessed: November 27, 2022). 

Genial generating engagement and new initiatives for ... - exploratorium (no date). Available at: https://www.exploratorium.edu/sites/default/files/Genial\_2017\_Terms\_of\_Usage.pdf (Accessed: November 28, 2022). 

Seth Combs Oct. 10, 2021 5:15 A.M.P.T.F.T.S.more sharing optionsS.C.extra sharing options F.T.L.I.E.C.L.U.R.L.C.P. (2021) The art and activism of Yolanda López, Tribune. Available at: https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/entertainment/story/2021-10-10/the-art-and-activism-of-yolanda-lopez (Accessed: November 27, 2022). 

¡Printing the revolution!: The rise and impact of Chicano graphics, 1965 to now (no date) ¡Printing the Revolution!: The Rise and Impact of Chicano Graphics, 1965 to Now | Amon Carter Museum of American Art. Available at: https://www.cartermuseum.org/exhibitions/printing-revolution-rise-and-impact-chicano-graphics-1965-now (Accessed: November 27, 2022).

There is a rich history of Black films and filmmaking in the United States that stems from the history of segregation, which created a need for separate films for separate audiences. Since mainstream Hollywood ignored Black audiences, Black filmmakers took the lead in making all Black or “colored” cast films for their audiences. These films have become known as race films. The goal was to shoot films for and about Black folks that were positive and uplifting, to counteract the stereotyped portrayals of mainstream movies. The era of race films dates from roughly 1912-1950 when following World War II movie theaters began to desegregate, Black culture began to be subsumed by white culture, and Black music, dancing, and other performances began to be seen as profitable by Hollywood studios.  Much like mainstream white movies, Black films were advertised and marketed to Black audiences through film posters. In many cases where the original films were not well preserved, all that remains as evidence of these films are posters.

1912-1950 – Race films were made by Black filmmakers and producers with “All colored cast”
1915 – Deeply racist film, The Birth of a Nation is screened, protests of which leads to the formation of the NAACP
1919 – The Homesteader, first film written by Black Filmmaker Oscar Micheaux
1923  – The Bull-dogger is filmed in Oklahoma by the Norman Manufacturing Company staring Black rodeo performer Bill Pickett
1943 – Some of the first mainstream Hollywood films for Black audiences include Stormy Weather and Cabin in the Sky
1948 – The Betrayal, last film written by Black Filmmaker Oscar Micheaux
1953 – Movie theaters desegregated, resulting from a U.S. Supreme court ruling to desegregate restaurants, though many southern states would hold out for at least another decade. 
1971 – Sweet Sweetback’s Baadasssss Song, the first Blaxploitation film premieres, written and directed by Black filmmaker Melvin Van Peebles
1984 – Art Sims designs film poster for Steven Speilberg’s The Color Purple
1992 – John Duke Kisch published a book on his collection of Black film posters called A Separate Cinema
1995 – Art Sims designs controversial film poster for Spike Lee’s Clockers
1995 – Edward Mapp donates a substantial collection of Black film posters to the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences collection in the Margaret Herrick Library
2000 – Art Sims designs a controversial film poster for Spike Lee’s Bamboozled, depicting racist stereotypes, which audiences pushed back on, until they realized that designer and filmmaker were Black and the stereotypes were intentionally satirical.
2000-2011  – The Mapp Collection, donated to Indiana University by Dr. Edward Mapp of New York City, consists of two series: Film Publicity, 1930-2002 and Films, 1934-2004.
2005 –  Portions of Mapp's collection of Black-cast film posters toured the country with the Smithsonian’s Traveling Exhibition Service as Close Up in Black: African American Film Posters.
2020 – John Kisch’s Collection was purchased by The Lucas Museum of Narrative Art 

Art Sims visionary designer of spike lee's movie posters gets NY honor at the AIGA national design center May 19th. (2010, May 17). PR Newswire https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/wire-feeds/art-sims-visionary-designer-spike-lees-movie/docview/288129084/se-2

Caro, M. (1995, Sep 13). `CLOCKERS' AD CAMPAIGN GETTING A NEW LOOK: [NORTH SPORTS FINAL, CN EDITION]. Chicago Tribune (Pre-1997 Fulltext) Retrieved from https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.libproxy.uco.edu/newspapers/clockers-ad-campaign-getting-new-look/docview/283992830/se-2

Collins, S. (1996, Feb 08). Leaving a paper trail; african americans spent many years at the periphery of hollywood in films with all-black casts. some posters the academy recently acquired are the only surviving chronicle of much of this history.: [home edition]. Los Angeles Times (Pre-1997 Fulltext) Retrieved from https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.libproxy.uco.edu/newspapers/leaving-paper-trail-african-americans-spent-many/docview/293272302/se-2

Cripps, M. T. &. (2022, October 19). Close-Up in Black: African-American Films Posters from the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences (Apparent First Edition). Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences.

Edward Mapp Collection, 1937-2011 - Archives online at Indiana University. (n.d.). https://archives.iu.edu/catalog/VAC1069

Kisch, J., Nourmand, T., Lee, S., Gates, H. L., & Doggett, P. (2014, September 18). Separate Cinema: The First 100 Years of Black Poster Art (First Edition). Reel Art Press.

Laski, B. (1995, September 18). U switches ‘Clockers’ art after ‘Anatomy’ lesson. Variety. https://variety.com/1995/scene/markets-festivals/u-switches-clockers-art-after-anatomy-lesson-99130142/

McCluskey, A. T. (2003). Director’s Notes: Imaging Blackness, 1915-2002: Exhibit Documents Black Hollywood through Film Posters. Black Camera, 18(2), 1–2. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27761620

Machemer, T. (2020, January 16). George Lucas' New Museum Acquires Major Archive of African American Film History. Smithsonian Magazine. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/smart-news/george-lucas-museum-acquires-huge-archive-african-american-cinema-180973999/

Mapp, E., & McCluskey, A. T. (2003). An Interview with Dr. Edward Mapp: A Passion for Collecting Black Film. Black Camera, 18(2), 1–10. http://www.jstor.org/stable/27761621

Martin, M.. (2018). GALLERY: Poster Art as Cultural Labor in the Cinematic Archive of Claire Denis. Black Camera, 10(1), 144–155. https://doi.org/10.2979/blackcamera.10.1.08

Octane, & Octane. (2021). Celebrating America’s Pioneer Black Graphic Designers: Art Sims (1954 – Present) | Octane Design Studios. Octane Design Studios | #MoreThanGraphics. https://lexoctane.com/?p=15067

Pearce-Doughlin, S., Goldsmith, A., & Hamilton, D. (2013). Colorism. In P. L. Mason (Ed.), Encyclopedia of race and racism (2nd ed.). Gale. Credo Reference: https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/galerace/colorism/0?institutionId=1845

PrintMag. (2013, December 11). Spike Lee’s Other Poster Design Bamboozle: Saul Bass. PRINT Magazine. https://www.printmag.com/graphic-design/spike-lee-s-other-poster-design-bamboozle-saul-bass/

Reid, M. A. (2005, March 17). Black Lenses, Black Voices: African American Film Now (Genre and Beyond: A Film Studies Series) (Edition Unstated). Rowman & Littlefield Publishers.

Richburg, C. (2016, March 27). Art Sims Talks Creating Iconic ‘New Jack City’ Movie Poster, Film’s 25th Anniversary. EURweb. https://eurweb.com/2016/03/27/art-sims-talks-creating-new-jack-city-movie-poster/

Schaefer, S. (1995, September 8). Poster Imposter. EW.com. https://ew.com/article/1995/09/08/poster-imposter/

Shivers, K. (2000, Mar 22). Sims shows how a picture is worth a box office hit. Los Angeles Sentinel. Retrieved from https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.libproxy.uco.edu/newspapers/sims-shows-how-picture-is-worth-box-office-hit/docview/369327904/se-2

Smith, I. H. (2018, October 3). Selling the Movie: The Art of the Film Poster. University of Texas Press.

Stevens, I_._ (2020, June 3) I turn my back on you: black movie poster art | The pictures | Sight & Sound. British Film Institute. https://www2.bfi.org.uk/explore-film-tv/sight-sound-magazine/sight-sound-articles/features/pictures/i-turn-my-back-you-black

Type Directors Club. (2020, December 2). Kelly Walters - Ain’t dat a shame [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q8sLYAFnCdE

Web Editor. (2022, February 2). The Activists who Desegregated Arlington’s Movie Theaters. https://library.arlingtonva.us/2022/02/02/the-activists-who-desegregated-arlingtons-movie-theaters/#:~:text=Finally%2C%20in%201953%2C%20a%20U.S.,to%20local%20theaters%20as%20well.

Wilson, M., & Benson, O. (2014). Colorism. In S. Thompson (Ed.), Encyclopedia of diversity and social justice. Rowman & Littlefield Publishers. Credo Reference: https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://search.credoreference.com/content/entry/rowmandasj/colorism/0?institutionId=1845

Edward Gorey was probably best known as an author and illustrator of more than 100 books in his lifetime. Collector's items today, his books have become icons in and of themselves, darkly humorous and humorously dark. The books defied genres and publishers sometimes had a hard time determining how to market them. They were illustrated yes, but the dark and sometimes gruesome tales certainly weren’t children's books. This contribution was undoubtedly significant, but this was not the limit of his career, which included designing book covers, sets, and costumes for theater and ballet (including the Tony award-winning designs for Dracula in 1977), and the illustrations for animations for the PBS Mystery! series, a shortened version of which can still be seen today. Gorey’s book cover designs are often identifiable by his hand-lettered titles, which he claims he did because he didn’t know much about type. Additionally, Gorey was an icon of fashion in the New York scene, he and his extensive collection of fur coats were the subjects of multiple articles on the New York Fashion scene. Yet despite his numerous contributions, he is not mentioned in design or illustration history books, is his absence from the design history canon a result of gatekeeping? Was it because he mostly designed book covers for inexpensive paperback books rather than glamorous hardcovers? Or Possibly because his own work was described by critics as “macabre”, “gothic”, or even “campy”. Or was it because of his association with the LGBT community? Many have speculated about his sexual orientation, even though Gorey was not “out” and he preferred ambiguity only going so far as to admit to an interviewer that he supposed he was gay, but didn’t “identify with it much”.

1925 – b Chicago, Illinois, as Edward St. John Gorey
1942 – was accepted to Harvard
1942 – Drafted into the Army, served stateside during WWII at the Dugway Proving Grounds in Utah, deferred college entrance
1946 – Begins at Harvard, education is paid for by the G.I. Bill, majoring in French Literature
1953– Hired at Anchor /Doubleday as a book cover designer, moves to NYC
1953 – Publishes first book of his own, The Unstrung Harp
1962 – Founds the Fantod Press to publish his own books
1962-63 – Hired as an art director at Bobbs-Merrill, publisher
1963 – Begins working as a Freelance book designer and illustrator, begins living part-time at the cape
1963 – Publishes abecedary, The Gashlycrumb Tinies, along with The Insect God and The West Wing
1977 – Designs sets and costumes for Broadway revival of Dracula, wins a Tony award for both
1980 – Creates illustrations for animated introduction to PBS Mystery!
1983 – Resolves to leave the city (NYC), moves permanently and full-time to the Cape
2000 – d Gorey dies at age 75
2002 – Edward Gorey’s home at the cape becomes a museum, The Edward Gorey House

Borrelli-Persson, L. (2021, October 30). Celebrating Edward Gorey, Style Icon. Vogue. https://www.vogue.com/article/celebrating-edward-gorey-style-icon

Brottman, M. (2005) High theory/low culture. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Curwen, T. (2004, Jul 18). ART; light from a dark star; before the current rise of graphic novels, there was Edward Gorey, whose tales and drawings still baffle -- and attract -- new fans.: [HOME EDITION]. Los Angeles Times Retrieved from https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://www-proquest-com.libproxy.uco.edu/newspapers/art-light-dark-star-before-current-rise-graphic/docview/422042911/se-2?accountid=14516

Dery, M. (2018). Born to Be Posthumous: The Eccentric Life and Mysterious Genius of Edward Gorey (Illustrated ed.). Little, Brown and Company.

Dery, M. (2020, January-February). Edward Gorey's Gothic Nonsense. The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide, 27(1), 18+. https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A616752005/LitRC?u=edmo56673&sid=bookmark-LitRC&xid=f73cab8e

Devers, A. N. (2011, January 5). The Coats of Edward Gorey. The Paris Review. https://www.theparisreview.org/blog/2011/01/04/the-coats-of-edward-gorey/

Dubner, S. (2022, May 20). The University of Impossible-to-Get-Into. Freakonomics. https://freakonomics.com/podcast/the-university-of-impossible-to-get-into/

Gottlieb, R. (2018, December 31). Superb Oddities: Robert Gottlieb Reviews a Biography of Edward Gorey. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/31/books/review/edward-gorey-mark-dery-born-to-be-posthumous.html

Green, J. (2020, April 1). The Gay History of America’s Classic Children’s Books. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/02/07/t-magazine/gay-children-book-authors.html

Gussow, M. (2000, April 17). Edward Gorey, Artist and Author Who Turned the Macabre Into a Career, Dies at 75. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2000/04/17/arts/edward-gorey-artist-and-author-who-turned-the-macabre-into-a-career-dies-at-75.html

Heller. (1999). “Book Covers, Edward Gorey”. Design Literacy (continued) : understanding graphic design.

Heller, S. (1999, Jan 06). Edward Gorey's cover story: [toronto edition]. National Post Retrieved from https://libproxy.uco.edu/login?url=https://www.proquest.com/newspapers/edward-goreys-cover-story/docview/329355783/se-2?accountid=14516

Kurutz, S. (2018, November 1). The Granddaddy of Goth. New York Times, D1(L). https://link.gale.com/apps/doc/A560663228/OVIC?u=edmo56673&sid=bookmark-OVIC&xid=4e2ba0c0

Myers, Q. (2020, March 30). Why Did We Grow Up Thinking a Piercing in the Right Ear Was Gay? MEL Magazine. https://melmagazine.com/en-us/story/gay-piercing-right-ear-left-ear-history

Nadel, A. (2019). The Lavender Scare. The Journal of American History (Bloomington, Ind.), 106(3), 845–847. https://doi.org/10.1093/jahist/jaz663

Petermann, E. (2018). The child's death as punishment or nonsense? Edward Gorey's "The Gashlycrumb Tinies" (1963) and the cautionary verse tradition. Bookbird, 56(4), 22. doi:https://doi.org/10.1353/bkb.2018.0062

Schneider, R. (2020). Start of a Decade: "Camp Leaders" The Gay & Lesbian Review Worldwide, 27(1), 4–4.

Seufert, C. [Christopher Seufert]. (2020, May 8). Dick Cavett Interviews Edward Gorey, Nov. 30, 1977 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cng3K8FGj28

Sontag, S. (2018). Notes on Camp. Penguin Classics.

Sontag, S. (2018). One Culture and The New Sensibility. In Notes On Camp (pp. 34–55). Penguin Classics.

Spark Admissions. (2021, June 8). Exploring Ivy League Acceptance Rates. https://www.sparkadmissions.com/blog/ivy-league-acceptance-rates-just-how-hard-is-it-to-get-in/

Stonewall UK. (2022, July 19). Convictions and cautions for gross indecency. Stonewall. 

https://www.stonewall.org.uk/help-advice/information-and-resources/criminal-law/convictions-and-cautions-gross-indecency#:%7E:text=The%20Criminal%20Justice%20and%20Public,were%20deleted%20from%20the%20statutes

The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense was founded in 1966 in Oakland, California by Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale. The Black Panther Party was founded during the turbulent times of the sixties that saw many changes in America. Newton at first led the party with an ideology called their Ten Point Program, and with the idea that arming Black communities was essential for their protection and survival. Through community assistance programs and armed community patrols to prevent police brutality, the Black Panther Party sought to protect and uplift their communities, stepping in where the government had failed them.  In order to promote their party’s ideals, generate revenue, and recruit new members, the Party began publishing the Black Panther newspaper. It grew from 4 pages to 32, adding color and better design under the direction of Emory Douglas who was the Black Panthers’ Minister of Culture and the paper’s editor. Douglas’s skills as a graphic designer and illustrator produced the imagery that would define not only the Black Panther Party but the entire Black Power movement. The success of the paper grew, had distribution across the United States, and later reached other countries as well. Internal strife among leadership and members, as well as extensive government interference, led to the crumbling of the Black Panther Party. With it went their iconic newspaper that for over a decade was a visual record of the Black Panther Party, the Black Power movement, and the struggle for civil rights.

1827 – Freedom’s Journal first published
1936 – Robert George Seale was born in Liberty, Texas
1942 – Huey Percy Newton is born in Monroe, Louisiana 
1943 – Emory Douglas was born in Grand Rapids, Michigan
1960 – Emory Douglas started studying Graphic Design at City College of San Francisco 
1963 – Martin Luther King Jr delivers “I Have A Dream” speech
1965 – Lowndes County Freedom Organization was founded by Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee in Alabama
1966 – Huey P. Newton and Bobby Seale met in Oakland, CA, and founded The Black Panther Party for Self-Defense
1966 – BPP developed survival programs 
1967 – California Governor Ronald Regan signed Mulford Act 
1967 – Sale and Newton established the BPP first headquarters in Oakland, CA
1967 – Black Panther Intercommunal News Service
1967 – Newton was shot and jailed after a standoff with a police officer
1967 – Emory Douglas met Newton and Seale and joins the BPP
1967 – David Hilliard, BPP chief of staff, first arrested for selling the Newspaper
1968 – Kerner Commission publishes findings on potential race war; faults white institutions
1968 – Martin Luther King Jr assassinated, race riots erupt across USA 
1968 – Newton was convicted of manslaughter for killing a police officer 
1970 – FBI memo says circulation for BPP Newspaper was 139,000 a week
1970 – Newton was released due to his conviction being overturned on appeal
1971 – Newton shifts BPP focus to community programs, leadership is challenged by other part members 
1971 – Newton expels 21 members, the “panther 21” over rumors of kidnapping and fratricide; also expels Eldridge Cleaver over suspicions of assassination through letters
1971 – Cleaver’s followers tied up Sam Napier in NY distribution office for the BPP newspaper and shot him, set fire to office
1974 – Netwon fled to Cuba on accusations of murdering a prostitute, Elaine Brown takes over as leader of BPP
1974 – End of BPP
1977 – Newton returns to California to stand trial for the murder of a prostitute
1978 – Jonina Abron takes over as editor of BPP Newspaper 
1980 – Last year BPP Newspaper is published 

Alkebulan, P. (2012). Survival pending revolution: The history of the Black Panther Party. The University of Alabama Press. 

Berry, A. H., Collie, K., Laker, P. A., Noel, L.-A., Rittner, J., & Walters, K. (2022). The black experience in design: Identity, Expression & Reflection. Allworth Press. 

bperki8. (n.d.). R/communism - A complete archive of the Black Panther Party's newspapers from beginning to end. reddit ; r/communism. Retrieved June 2, 2016, from https://www.reddit.com/r/communism/comments/4m7axa/a\_complete\_archive\_of\_the\_black\_panther\_partys/

Carroll, F. (2017). Race News: Black journalists and the fight for racial justice in the Twentieth Century. University of Illinois Press. 

Carroll, F. J. (2011). Race News: How black reporters and readers shaped the fight for racial justice, 1877-1978 (thesis). Fred Carroll, Ann Arbor, MI. 

Duncan, M. (2016). Emory Douglas and the art of the black panther party. Spectrum: A Journal on Black Men, 5(1), 117–135. https://doi.org/10.2979/spectrum.5.1.06

Fagan, B. (2018). The Black Newspaper and the Chosen Nation. The University of Georgia Press. 

FEARNLEY, A. M. (2018). The Black Panther Party's publishing strategies and the financial underpinnings of activism, 1968–1975. The Historical Journal, 62(1), 195–217. https://doi.org/10.1017/s0018246x18000201

Freedom Archives (n.d.). Black Panther Party Community News Service. Freedom Archives Search Engine. Retrieved April 7, 2022, from https://search.freedomarchives.org/search.php?view\_collection=90&page=1

G., L. B. H. (1974). Perspectives of the Black Press, 1974. Mercer House Press. 

Harris, J. C. (2000). Revolutionary black nationalism: The Black Panther Party. The Journal of Negro History , 85(3), 162–174. 

Hilliard, D. (2008). The Black Panther Party: Service to the people programs. University of New Mexico Press. 

Hilliard, D. (2007). The black panther: Intercommunal News Service. Atria Books. 

Hilliard, D. (2002). This side of glory: The autobiography of David Hilliard and the story of the Black Panther Party. Chicago Review Press. 

Jackson, T. (2016). Pioneering cartoonists of color. University Press of Mississippi. 

Jeffries, J. L. (2011). On the ground. Univ. Press of Mississippi. 

Jennings, B. X. (2019, May 22). Remembering the Black Panther Party newspaper, April 25, 1967- September 1980. San Francisco Bay View. Retrieved April 7, 2022, from http://sfbayview.com/2015/05/remembering-the-black-panther-party-newspaper-april-25-1967-september-1980/

Kifner, J. (1998, May 2). Eldridge Cleaver, Black Panther Who Became G.O.P. Conservative, Is Dead at 62. New York Times, pp. 8–8. 

Michaeli, E. (2018). The defender how the legendary Black Newspaper Changed America: From the age of the pullman porters to the age of obama. Mariner Books/Houghton Mifflin Harcourt. 

Morgan, J.-A. (2020). The Black Arts Movement and the Black Panther Party in American Visual culture. Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group. 

Ng, D. (2007, October 18). Art; So you want a revolution? Check out Emory Douglas' art for the Black Panthers. LA Times.

Ongiri, A. A. (2010). Spectacular blackness the cultural politics of the Black Power movement and the search for a black aesthetic. University of Virginia Press. 

Psaltis, A.-A. (2018). ARTPOLITICAL environment: Richard Bell and Emory Douglas’s Burnett Lane mural. Electronic Melbourne Art Journal, (10). https://doi.org/10.38030/emaj.2018.10.1

Scott, V. H. F. (2021). Art, global maoism and the Chinese Cultural Revolution. (J. Galimberti & N. De Haro Garcia, Eds.). MANCHESTER UNIV PRESS. 

Shames, S., & Seale, B. (2016). Power to the people: The world of the black panthers. Abrams. 

Smethurst, J. E. (2006). The Black Arts Movement: Literary nationalism in the 1960s and 1970s. The University of North Carolina Press. 

Suggs, H. L. (1983). The Black Press in the South, 1865-1979. Greenwood Press.

Thornton, B., & Cassidy, W. P. (2008). Black newspapers in 1968 offer Panthers Little Support. Newspaper Research Journal, 29(1), 6–20. https://doi.org/10.1177/073953290802900102  

Waters, E. P. (1987). American Diary: A personal history of the Black Press. Path Press.

In 1922 William Harmon, a white real estate mogul from Ohio, started the Harmon foundation which, among other things, supported Black artists. His hope for the foundation was that it would help these artists gain recognition and help them to sell their work, regardless of their skin color. The foundation organized exhibitions and awards for Black artists, all with the explicit intent to stimulate their success. Despite its good intentions, the foundation met with criticism from the Black community. The work the foundation did was seen as patriarchal and fulfilling a “white savior” complex rather than effecting real change and achieving equity. While it can be argued that the Harmon Foundation did a lot to support Black artists, one of the main criticisms is its role in maintaining the segregation of Black artists. Harmon Foundation exhibits featured Black artists alongside other Black artists, instead of integrating with white artists. The foundation's awards were also juried by white judges who selected winners based on a white ideal of excellence rather than understanding the work and its value or role in Black culture. While the Harmon Foundation’s efforts weren’t always welcome, it still spent 45 years promoting Black artists, helping them gain well-deserved attention and recognition.

1862 – b Ohio, William E. Harmon
1887 – Founds Harmon National Real Estate Company
1922 – Harmon Foundation is founded
1925 – Harmon Foundation begins issuing cash awards for distinguished achievement in a number of fields, including fine arts
1925 – Harmon Foundation supports the Religious Motion Picture foundation
1928 – William Harmon dies
1928-33 – Harmon Foundation recognized as first to give national recognition to achievements of African Americans
1933-36 – Harmon Foundation supports films: “The Negro and Art” and “We Are All Artists”
1935 – Artist Romare Beardon accused the foundation of “coddling artists and lowering artistic standards”
1935 – The Harlem Artists Guild founded, to support artists and to pressure the Federal Arts Project to accept more African-American participants
1935 – Harmon National Real Estate Company becomes one of the largest real estate companies in the world
1936 – Harmon Foundation sponsors films: “What Africa Is”, “How Africa Lives”, and “From Fetishes to Faith”.
1938-41 – Harmon Foundation supports film series: “The African Motion Picture Project”
1969 – ‘Harlem on My Mind, 1900-1968’ exhibition at the Metropolitan Museum of Art, opens to criticism for absence of Black curators or consulting the Harlem community
1967 – Harmon Foundation ceases operations

Baum, K., Robles, M., & Yount, S. (2021, February 17). “Harlem on Whose Mind?”: The Met and Civil Rights. The Met. Retrieved June 23, 2022, from https://www.metmuseum.org/blogs/now-at-the-met/2021/harlem-on-my-mind

Brown, A. C., III. (2015, January 20). James A. Porter: The Father of African American Art History. The Baltimore Renaissance. Retrieved June 23, 2022, from https://thelyfe.wordpress.com/2015/01/20/james-a-porter-the-father-of-african-american-art-history/#:%7E:text=Porter%3A%20The%20Father%20of%20African%20American%20Art%20History,-Professor%20James%20A&text=James%20Amos%20Porter%20was%20born,of%20Science%20degree%20in%20art.

Harmon Foundation, I. Harmon Foundation, inc., records. [Manuscript/Mixed Material] Retrieved from the Library of Congress, https://lccn.loc.gov/mm78051615.

Malan, N. E. (1973). Photographs in the Harmon Foundation Collection. African Arts, 6(2), 33–32. https://doi.org/10.2307/3334777

Williams, G. (2013, February 22). African American art and the Harmon Foundation. Smithsonian Libraries / Unbound. https://blog.library.si.edu/blog/2013/02/22/african-american-art-and-the-harmon-foundation/#.YfQ3AljMJ4G

Posters as political tools are nothing new. In the Middle East, two revolutionary movements led to some of the most potent and vibrant posters in design history. The Iranian Revolution and the expulsion of Palestinians due to civil war and the continued fight to reclaim Palestinian homelands from Israel. These posters effectively gave voice to the struggles of ordinary people resisting the influence and meddling of various Western powers. For Iran, that meant keeping the dream of an Islamic state free and independent from Western countries that had been trying for decades to install a democratic government. And once so much of Palestine had been taken over by Israel, the Palestinian resistance fought back with ideas as well as guns. Using powerful graphic imagery common to each of their respective cultures, like calligraphy, Islamic iconography, and the colors red, black, white, and green, resistance posters of both movements kept the fire of resistance burning brightly. The Iranian Revolution effectively concluded once the Shah of Iran was overthrown and power consolidated under the rule of Ayatollah Khomeini in 1979. Palestine wasn’t so lucky. While their resistance began much earlier than Iran’s, their fight still isn’t over and their resistance posters have continued, spilling over into the digital domain in a continued effort to reclaim their native homeland.

1908 – Prince Yusuf Kamal founded the School of Fine Arts in Cairo, Egypt
1917 – Britain made Balfour Declaration to establish Palestine as a place for Jewish people
1921 – Hashemite Kingdom of Iraq declared independence from Britain
1922 – Egypt declared independence from Britain
1934 – University of Tehran Founded in Iran
1941 – Syria declared independence from France
1943 – Lebanon declared independence from France
1945 – End of WW II; Britain hands matter of Palestine to the USA
1948 – 750,000 Palestinians were forced to leave their homes due to Israeli takeover
1947 – United Nations Partition of Palestine, followed by Civil War in Palestine (Arab-Israeli War)
1948 – British completely withdrew from Palestine, and Israeli statehood declared
1949 – Syria's president Husni al-Za’im overthrown by a military coup
 1950-54 – Designer & Artist Ismail Shammout attends the University of Cairo 
1950s – Saqqakhana Group formed 
1951 – Libya declared independence from France
1952 – Egyptian Monarchy overthrown by Free Officers Coup
1953 – USA and UK leaders helped to install Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi (overthrew Democratically elected Prime Minister Mossadegh) 
1956 – Sudan declares independence from France, Israel attacked Egypt (Six Days War) 
1958 – Iraq Monarchy overthrown, Shammout studies in a private graphic design workshop in Berlin, Egypt and Syria form the United Arab Republic
1959 – Yasser Arafat founded The Palestinian National Liberation Movement
1963 – Algeria declares independence from France
1965 – The Peoples Mojahedin Iranian organization was founded at the University of Tehran
1967 – Palestine National Liberation Movement joins the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) 
1977- Iranian Revolution begins; Mostafa Khomeini, eldest son of Ayatollah Ruholla Khomeini, dies of an unknown cause at age 47; Protest & violent, repressive response cycles begin in dozens of Iranian cities. 
1978 – Cinema Rex Fire in Tehran; 477 Iranians killed in fire. 
1978 – Black Friday, where government tanks and helicopters opened fire on 1,000+ protestos in Tehran
1979 –  On Jan. 16, Shah Mohammed Reza Pahlavi fled Iran ; On Feb. 1st,  Ayatollah Khomeini started The Islamic Republic of Iran as its leader. 
1982 –  PLO expelled from Lebanon, Israeli invasion of Lebanon
1988 –  Palestinian Declaration of Independence

Abedini, R., & Wolbers, H. (2006). New Visual Culture Of Modern Iran. BIS Publishers. 

Adamova, A. T., & Bayani, M. (2015). Persian Painting: The Arts Of The Book And Portraiture . Thames & Hudson. 

Bloom, J. M., & Blair, S. S. (2019). Islamic art: Past, present, future. Yale University Press. 

Charles River Editors. (2014). The Iranian Revolution: The islamic revolution that reshaped the Middle East. CreateSpace. 

Chelkowski, P. (2002, December 15). GRAPHIC ARTS. Encyclopedia Iranica . Retrieved February 3, 2022, from https://iranicaonline.org/articles/graphic-arts

Eigner, S. (2015). Art of the Middle East: Modern and contemporary art of the Arab world and Iran. Merrell. 

Fotouhi, S. (2015). The literature of the Iranian diaspora: Meaning and identity since the Islamic Revolution. I.B. Tauris. 

The genius of Iranian graphic design. Graphéine - Agence de communication Paris Lyon. (2022, February 1). Retrieved February 3, 2022, from https://www.grapheine.com/en/graphic-design-en/graphic-design-in-iran-persian-heritage-and-modernity

Guity, N. (2012, January 7). Modern Communication Design in Iran. The History of Graphic Design in Iran. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from http://gdiran.blogspot.com/2012/01/this-being-human-is-guest-house.html?view=snapshot

Gumpert, L., & Balaghi, S. (2003). Picturing Iran: Art, society and revolution. I.B. Tauris. 

Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center. (n.d.). Guide to the Middle Eastern Posters Collection 1970s-1990s. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/e/scrc/findingaids/view.php?eadid=ICU.SPCL.MEPOSTERS&q=iranian+posters

Louis, W. R. (2012). The 1967 arab-israeli war: Origins and consequences. Cambridge University Press. 

Nazar Research and Cultural Institute. (2007). Iranian typography: 50 years of calligraphy and typography in iranian graphic design. 

Osborn, J. R. (2017). Letters of light: Arabic script in calligraphy, print, and Digital Design. Harvard University Press. 

Pappe, I. L. A. N. (2022). History of modern palestine. Cambridge University Press.

Parsons, A. (1984). The pride and the fall: Iran, 1974-1979. J. Cape. 

Pearlman, W. (2014). Violence, nonviolence, and the Palestinian National Movement. Cambridge University Press. 

Qumsiyeh, M. B. (2011). Popular resistance in Palestine a history of hope and empowerment. Pluto Press. 

Rauh, E. (2013, November 26). “Posters and history of the Iranian Revolution”. Graphic Art News. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from https://www.graphicart-news.com/posters-and-history-of-the-iranian-revolution-in-history/

ROUTLEDGE. (2019). Rethinking place in South Asian and Islamic art, 1500-present. 

Saikal, A. (2021). Rise and fall of the shah. Princeton University Press. 

Shehab, B., & Nawar, H. (2020). A history of Arab graphic design. The American University in Cairo Press. 

Sheikh Zadegan, A., & Meier, A. (2017). Beyond the islamic revolution perceptions of modernity and tradition in Iran before and after 1979. De Gruyter. 

The University of Chicago Library: The Hanna Holborn Gray Special Collections Research Center. (2011, October 15). The Graphics of Revolution and War: Iranian Poster Arts . The Graphics of Revolution and War - The University of Chicago Library. Retrieved February 3, 2022, from https://www.lib.uchicago.edu/collex/exhibits/graphics-revolution-and-war-iranian-poster-arts/

Sylvia Harris has been described as a public designer, her own words, and a citizen designer, but whatever you want to call it, Harris was dedicated to designing for the good of the people. She was committed to creating designs that helped people to navigate their world. Harris grew up in Richmond, Virginia where she experienced the desegregation of her school, which likely had a significant impact on her entire life.  As a Black designer who was educated and entrenched in modernist design practices, created by western and European “elite” designers, she sought to discover what the Black aesthetic in America was for herself, and she shared her findings with the world. Her work ranges from the redesign of the US Census in 2000, which succeeded in creating a design that resulted in a larger number of responses that were more complete and accurate, to the design for the ACLU’s initial brand design. Sylvia Harris is a designer who can teach us a lot about what it is to be a Black designer in America, where to possibly look for Black designers in graphic design history, as well as what it means to create design for good. 

1953 – b Richmond, Virginia
1959 – State of Virginia is officially desegregated, the state continued to fight desegregation and was not fully desegregated until 1970
1971 - Entered Design school
1975 - Graduates from Virginia Commonwealth University where she was a student of Philip Meggs
1975 - Works for WGBH design department in Boston alongside, Chris Pullman, an AIGA Medalist 
1980 - Graduates from Yale with MFA in design
1980 - Founds 212 Associates with David Gibson & Juanita Dugale
1993 - Hired to redesign the Census (design released in 2000)
1994-1997 - Serves on AIGA board of directors
1994 - Leaves 212 to found her own company Sylvia Harris, LLC
1996 - Publishes What is it? Searching for the Black Aesthetic in American graphic design
2000 - Design census released
2011 - Rebrands her company to focus on “Citizen Research & Design”
2011 - Untimely death, complications due to heart failure she was 57
2014 - posthumously awarded AIGA Medal

AIGA. (n.d.). 2014 AIGA Medalist: Sylvia Harris. AIGA. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from https://www.aiga.org/inspiration/talks/sylvia-harris-2014-aiga-medalist-sylvia-harris

Allbrittin, D. (2021, December 14). Richmond Schools today: RPS still fighting to improve segregation, 51 years after busing. ABC 8 News. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from https://www.wric.com/news/local-news/richmond/richmond-schools-today-rps-still-fighting-to-improve-segregation-51-years-after-busing/

Daugherity, B. J. (n.d.). Desegregation in Public Schools – Encyclopedia Virginia. Encyclopedia Virginia. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from https://encyclopediavirginia.org/entries/desegregation-in-public-schools/#:%7E:text=Desegregation%20began%20in%20Virginia%20on,in%20the%20spring%20of%201956

Citizen Research & Design. (n.d.). About The Company | Citizen Research & Design. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20110806102912/http://citizenrd.com/about

Citizen Research & Design. (n.d.-b). U.S. Census 2000 | Citizen Research & Design. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20111007192600/http://citizenrd.com/projects/us-census-2000

Gibson, D. (n.d.). Sylvia Harris | SEGD. SEGD. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from https://segd.org/sylvia-harris

Harris, S. (1996). What It Is? Searching for a Black Aesthetic in American Graphic Design. The International Review of African American Art, 13(1), 38–38.

Helfand, J. (11–07-25). Remembering Sylvia Harris. Design Observer. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from https://designobserver.com/feature/remembering-sylvia-harris/29118

House, L. (n.d.). Sylvia Harris Biography. AIGA. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from https://web.archive.org/web/20111004035114/http://www.aiga.org/design-journeys-sylvia-harris/

Two Twelve. (2014, May 14). Sylvia Harris Receives 2014 AIGA Medal - Voice - Two Twelve. Two Twelve Voice. Retrieved June 16, 2022, from http://www.twotwelve.com/voice/sylvia-harris-receives-2014-aiga-medal.html

There is a long history of racism behind famous brands, characters, and design that often goes unnoticed. Blatantly racist caricatures began with minstrel shows and the use of blackface, where white actors would use black makeup and overdrawn lips to depict Black people. These drove stereotypes that would be used in film, television, and branding. White actors depicted other minorities in an ill manner. From Mickey Rooney playing a Japanese man, Mr. Yunioshi, to Claudia Cardinale playing Indian Princess Dala, actors continued to manipulate their physical features to display the American audience’s ideas of these different ethnicities. Cartoons like Disney’s Peter Pan used Indigenous stereotypes for its character Tiger Lily and her tribe of Piccaninny, along with the song “What Makes the Red Man Red?” Big production companies such as Disney and Warner Bros. are guilty of distributing offensive caricatures that poorly reflect Black, Asian, Indigenous, and other ethnic groups. Brand mascots like Aunt Jemima were created to uphold the mammy stereotype, a Black woman who is subservient to white people and their children. She was meant to contain white anxieties about increasing the mobility of Black people within spaces of mass production and consumption post-emancipation. At this time other brand mascots like Rastus for Cream of Wheat and Uncle Ben’s Rice similarly demeaned Black men. Ethnic mascots are also very popular in sports, primarily mascots of Indigenous American men who are shown as savages. It’s only been since 2020 that brands have started to shift away from these racist images but the damage of BIPOC caricatures lingers.

1833 – One of the first examples of blackface, in Bowery Theatre, New York, Thomas Darmouth Rice played the caricature Jim Crow
1889 – Aunt Jemima brand was first introduced and featured mascot/character as a stereotype of a  mammy
1893 – Cream of Wheat launched using a mascot named Rastus,  a term used for Black men who were depicted as simple-minded
1904  – first US stage production of Peter Pan features white actress, Margaret Gordon as Tiger Lily 
1927 – posters of advertising performances of Joesphine Baker by Paul Colin: ‘La Revue Negre, feature racist stereotypes: Black figures with large red lips and overly sexualized depictions of Baker
1928 – Land O’Lakes butter premieres with a sexualized mascot/character of a Indegnous women called Mia
1935-36 – Shirley Temple appears in blackface and clothing which depict the ‘mammy’ caricature in The Littlest Rebel’ and dances on a stage with two men in blackface in ‘Dimples’
1940 – Tom and Jerry cartoon introduces a character named Mammy Two Shoes, a heavyset Black woman who was responsible for taking care of the house
1947 – Florida State adopted the name Seminoles 
1953 – Disney version of Peter Pan , the tribe of Piccaninny are designed to play the exotic and savage trope and performs the song, “What Makes the Red Man Red?”
1961 – white actor Mickey Rooney plays a Japanese man, Mr. Yunioshi, in Breakfast at Tiffany’s
1978 –  FSU Seminoles began a new tradition: At home football games a Seminole warrior would ride a horse onto the field, known as Chief Osceola and Renegade
2013– Daniel Synder, owner of the football team The Washington Redskins, vowed to never alter the name or imagery
2019 – the Cleveland Indians  and MLB made the decision to remove native caricature Chief Wahoo from their brand
2020 – Aunt Jemima is retires and the company rebrands to become Pearl Milling Company
2020 – B&G Foods announced they were removing the Rastus character from Cream of Wheat
2020 – during a rebrand Mia is removed from Land O’Lakes packaging
2020 – Washington Redskins announced name change and logo retirement

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