Rhesus Medicine Podcast - Medical Education – Details, episodes & analysis

Understanding Migraine, including migraine pathophysiology as well as associated symptoms. We also look at how migraine is diagnosed, as well as migraine treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Migraine?
0:50 Migraine Pathophysiology
3:33 Migraine Symptoms
5:52 Migraine Diagnosis and Red Flags (Mnemonic)
7:30 Migraine Treatment


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

References

1. BMJ Best Practice, 2024. Migraine headache in adults – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/10 (Best Practice)
2. Frimpong-Manson, K., Ortiz, Y.T., McMahon, L.R. & Wilkerson, J.L., 2024. Advances in understanding migraine pathophysiology: a bench to bedside review of research insights and therapeutics. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 17:1355281. [online] Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2024.1355281/full (Frontiers)
3. Migraine Trust, 2024. Stages of a migraine attack. [online] Available at: https://migrainetrust.org/understand-migraine/stages-of-a-migraine-attack/ (migrainetrust.org)

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GLP-1 Agonists (Glucagon Like Peptide 1 Agonists) such as Mounjaro and Wegovy are becoming more widely used, here we cover examples of GLP1 Agonists, mechanism of action, as well as GLP1 agonist side effects. 

PDFs Available at: www.rhesusmedicine.com 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What are GLP-1 Agonists? 
0:23 GLP-1 Agonist Mechanism of Action
1:35 GLP-1 Agonist Indications & Uses
2:37 GLP-1 Agonist Examples 
4:05 GLP-1 Agonist Side Effects

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

References

1. Manne-Goehler, J., Franco, J., 2025. Side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists. BMJ, 390:r1606. [online] Available at: https://www.bmj.com/content/390/bmj.r1606.full. (bmj.com)
2. Collins, L., 2024. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. StatPearls. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551568/. (NCBI)
3. Andreasen, C.R., Andersen, A., Knop, F.K. & Vilsbøll, T., 2021. How glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists work. Endocrine Connections, 10(7). [online] Available at: https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/10/7/EC-21-0130.xml. (ec.bioscientifica.com)
4. Diabetes UK, 2025. GLP-1 agonists – tablets and medication. [online] Available at: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/looking-after-diabetes/treatments/tablets-and-medication/glp-1. (Diabetes UK)

Understanding Type 2 Diabetes (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus), including Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology, normal glucose homeostasis, Type 2 Diabetes symptoms as well as complications. We also cover Type 2 Diabetes diagnostic criteria as well as treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Type 2 Diabetes? 
0:30 Normal Glucose Homeostasis
3:02 Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology
5:37 Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms
9:12 Type 2 Diabetes Epidemiology
10:17 Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis
11:43 Type 2 Diabetes Treatment / Management 

LINK TO MNEMONICS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: 
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References

1. Lean, M.E.J., Leslie, W.S., Barnes, A.C., et al., 2018. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet, 391(10120), pp.541–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1
2. MSD Manuals, n.d. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm
3. Mogensen, C.E., et al., 2016. Glucose handling by the kidney in health and disease: review of recent findings. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 25(4), pp.292–296. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4952418/
4. Drugs.com, 2023. What is A1C? Normal vs dangerous levels, and how to lower it. Available at: https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/what-a1c-normal-dangerous-levels-how-lower-3579748/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


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Chronic Pain explained, including a review of pain physiology and pathways, the classification of chronic pain (ICD) as well as chronic pain relief management.

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Timestamps:
0:00 Definition of Pain / What is Chronic Pain? 
0:32 Pain Physiology and Pain Pathways 
4:33 Chronic Pain Pathophysiology
5:56 Chronic Pain Classification (ICD)
8:40 Chronic Pain Treatment

References

1. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). (2020). Chronic Pain. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553030/
2. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). (2020). IASP Announces Revised Definition of Pain. [online] Available at: https://www.iasp-pain.org/publications/iasp-news/iasp-announces-revised-definition-of-pain/
3. Patient.info. (n.d.). Chronic Pain. [online] Available at: https://patient.info/treatment-medication/chronic-pain
4. TeachMePhysiology. (n.d.). Pain Pathway. [online] Available at: https://teachmephysiology.com/nervous-system/sensory-system/pain-pathway/
5. BMJ Best Practice. (n.d.). Chronic pain: Aetiology. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/694/aetiology
6. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 2023. Definitions of chronic pain syndromes. Available at: https://www.iasp-pain.org/advocacy/definitions-of-chronic-pain-syndromes/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Motion Sickness, often also called Travel Sickness, explained clearly including the main causes, symptoms as well as management options including pharmacological and non pharmacological methods. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Motion Sickness?
0:38 Motion Sickness Pathophysiology
2:35 Motion Sickness Epidemiology 
3:04 Motion Sickness Symptoms
3:46 Motion Sickness Diagnosis 
5:07 Motion Sickness Treatment 

References

1. BMJ Best Practice, 2025. Motion sickness. [online] BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1034
2. MSD Manuals, 2025. Motion Sickness - Injuries; Poisoning. [online] MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/motion-sickness/motion-sickness

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Chagas Disease, also known as American Trypanosomiasis, including life cycle of T.Cruzi, pathophysiology of Chagas Disease as well as symptoms. We look at diagnostic methods and Chagas Disease treatment options. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Chagas Disease?
1:18 Chagas Disease Life Cycle
2:47 Chagas Disease Pathophysiology
3:42 Chagas Disease Symptoms
6:22 Chagas Disease Diagnosis
8:07 Chagas Disease Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Chagas Disease”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1160?
2. Marie, C. Petri Jr, W. A, - MSD Manual Pro (2025) “Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/chagas-disease
3. World Health Organisation (2025) - Chagas Disease (also known as American Trypanosomiasis)”. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)

Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Dengue, including virology and Dengue pathophysiology. We also look at the 3 clinical stages of Dengue and how that corresponds with Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome, as well as diagnosis and Dengue treatment options. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Dengue Virus? 
0:23 Dengue Virology
1:08 Dengue Epidemiology 
1:35 Dengue Pathophysiology
2:27 Dengue Symptoms
4:10 Dengue WHO Classification (Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever / Dengue Shock Syndrome) 
5:02 Dengue Diagnosis
7:29 Dengue Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Dengue fever”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1197/
2. Omar Saeed, Ahmer Asif, Chapter 2 - Dengue virus disease; the origins, Editor(s): Adnan I. Qureshi, Omar Saeed, Dengue Virus Disease, Academic Press, 2020, Pages 9-16, ISBN 9780128182703, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818270-3.00002-3. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128182703000023)

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


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Understanding HIV and AIDS, including HIV virology, epidemiology as well as HIV symptoms (including WHO clinical classification and CDC CD4 count classification). Also covered is diagnosis and treatment including anti retroviral therapy (ART). 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is HIV? 
0:28 HIV Microbiology
1:36 HIV Pathophysiology
2:17 HIV Epidemiology
3:17 HIV Symptoms & Clinical Stages
6:25 HIV Diagnosis
8:00 HIV Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “HIV in adults”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/555
2. Mpiko Ntsekhe, MD, PhD and Jason V. Baker, MD, MSc (2022) - “Cardiovascular Disease Among Persons Living With HIV: New Insights Into Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations in a Global Context”. Available at https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.057443
3. Virology Research Services (2022) - “The Virus of the Month - HIV”. Available at https://virologyresearchservices.com/2022/09/04/the-virus-of-the-month-hiv/
4. Waymack JR, Sundareshan V. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. [Updated 2023 May 3]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537293/
5. Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. ANNEX 10, WHO clinical staging of HIV disease in adults, adolescents and children. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK374293/f
6. Virtual Mentor. 2010;12(3):202-206. doi: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2010.12.3.cprl1-1003. Available at https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/who-clinical-staging-system-hivaids/2010-03

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Gambling Disorder (Gambling Addiction or Problem Gambling) explained, a very under-recognised condition. Includes the 9 core symptoms and diagnostic criteria, as well as treatment options. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Gambling Disorder?
0:38 Gambling Disorder Symptoms
1:40 Gambling Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
2:16 Gambling Disorder Risk Factors
3:12 Gambling Disorder Treatment

References

1. American Psychiatric Association Hector Colon-Rivera, M.D., CMRO, Kavita Fischer M.D., DFAPA (2024) - “What is Gambling Disorder?”. Available at https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gambling-disorder/what-is-gambling-disorder
2. Menchon JM, Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Fernández-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S. An overview of gambling disorder: from treatment approaches to risk factors. F1000Res. 2018 Apr 9;7:434. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.12784.1. PMID: 30090625; PMCID: PMC5893944. Available at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5893944/
3. World Health Organisation (2024) - “Gambling”. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/gambling
4. Thomas SA, Merkouris SS, Browning CJ, Radermacher H, Feldman S, Enticott J, Jackson AC. The PROblem Gambling RESearch Study (PROGRESS) research protocol: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of psychological interventions for problem gambling. BMJ Open. 2015 Nov 24;5(11):e009385. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009385. PMID: 26603250; PMCID: PMC4663416. Available at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4663416/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Erectile Dysfunction (ED), a common problem with multiple underlying causes ranging from organic to psychogenic. Includes these causes in more detail, as well as physiology of erections, diagnosis of erectile dysfunction as well as erectile dysfunction treatment options. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Erectile Dysfunction? 
0:17 Erectile Dysfunction Pathophysiology
2:38 Erectile Dysfunction Causes
4:10 Erectile Dysfunction Diagnosis 
6:13 Erectile Dysfunction Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Erectile Dysfunction”. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/213/diagnosis-approach
2. Pranau K. Panchatsharam; Justin Durland; Patrick M. Zito. StatPearls (2023) - “Physiology, Erection”. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513278/
3. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Erectile Dysfunction”. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/erectile-dysfunction/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.