Understanding Migraine, including migraine pathophysiology as well as associated symptoms. We also look at how migraine is diagnosed, as well as migraine treatment.

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Migraine?
0:50 Migraine Pathophysiology
3:33 Migraine Symptoms
5:52 Migraine Diagnosis and Red Flags (Mnemonic)
7:30 Migraine Treatment


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

References

1. BMJ Best Practice, 2024. Migraine headache in adults – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/10 (Best Practice)
2. Frimpong-Manson, K., Ortiz, Y.T., McMahon, L.R. & Wilkerson, J.L., 2024. Advances in understanding migraine pathophysiology: a bench to bedside review of research insights and therapeutics. Frontiers in Molecular Neuroscience, 17:1355281. [online] Available at: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/molecular-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnmol.2024.1355281/full (Frontiers)
3. Migraine Trust, 2024. Stages of a migraine attack. [online] Available at: https://migrainetrust.org/understand-migraine/stages-of-a-migraine-attack/ (migrainetrust.org)

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GLP-1 Agonists (Glucagon Like Peptide 1 Agonists) such as Mounjaro and Wegovy are becoming more widely used, here we cover examples of GLP1 Agonists, mechanism of action, as well as GLP1 agonist side effects. 

PDFs Available at: www.rhesusmedicine.com 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps:
0:00 What are GLP-1 Agonists? 
0:23 GLP-1 Agonist Mechanism of Action
1:35 GLP-1 Agonist Indications & Uses
2:37 GLP-1 Agonist Examples 
4:05 GLP-1 Agonist Side Effects

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

References

1. Manne-Goehler, J., Franco, J., 2025. Side effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists. BMJ, 390:r1606. [online] Available at: https://www.bmj.com/content/390/bmj.r1606.full. (bmj.com)
2. Collins, L., 2024. Glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) receptor agonists. StatPearls. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK551568/. (NCBI)
3. Andreasen, C.R., Andersen, A., Knop, F.K. & Vilsbøll, T., 2021. How glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists work. Endocrine Connections, 10(7). [online] Available at: https://ec.bioscientifica.com/view/journals/ec/10/7/EC-21-0130.xml. (ec.bioscientifica.com)
4. Diabetes UK, 2025. GLP-1 agonists – tablets and medication. [online] Available at: https://www.diabetes.org.uk/about-diabetes/looking-after-diabetes/treatments/tablets-and-medication/glp-1. (Diabetes UK)

Understanding Type 2 Diabetes (Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus), including Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology, normal glucose homeostasis, Type 2 Diabetes symptoms as well as complications. We also cover Type 2 Diabetes diagnostic criteria as well as treatment. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Type 2 Diabetes? 
0:30 Normal Glucose Homeostasis
3:02 Type 2 Diabetes Pathophysiology
5:37 Type 2 Diabetes Symptoms
9:12 Type 2 Diabetes Epidemiology
10:17 Type 2 Diabetes Diagnosis
11:43 Type 2 Diabetes Treatment / Management 

LINK TO MNEMONICS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: 
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

1. Lean, M.E.J., Leslie, W.S., Barnes, A.C., et al., 2018. Primary care-led weight management for remission of type 2 diabetes (DiRECT): an open-label, cluster-randomised trial. Lancet, 391(10120), pp.541–551. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1
2. MSD Manuals, n.d. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders. MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/diabetes-mellitus-and-disorders-of-carbohydrate-metabolism/diabetes-mellitus-dm
3. Mogensen, C.E., et al., 2016. Glucose handling by the kidney in health and disease: review of recent findings. Current Opinion in Nephrology and Hypertension, 25(4), pp.292–296. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4952418/
4. Drugs.com, 2023. What is A1C? Normal vs dangerous levels, and how to lower it. Available at: https://www.drugs.com/medical-answers/what-a1c-normal-dangerous-levels-how-lower-3579748/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


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Chronic Pain explained, including a review of pain physiology and pathways, the classification of chronic pain (ICD) as well as chronic pain relief management.

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Timestamps:
0:00 Definition of Pain / What is Chronic Pain? 
0:32 Pain Physiology and Pain Pathways 
4:33 Chronic Pain Pathophysiology
5:56 Chronic Pain Classification (ICD)
8:40 Chronic Pain Treatment

References

1. National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). (2020). Chronic Pain. [online] Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553030/
2. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP). (2020). IASP Announces Revised Definition of Pain. [online] Available at: https://www.iasp-pain.org/publications/iasp-news/iasp-announces-revised-definition-of-pain/
3. Patient.info. (n.d.). Chronic Pain. [online] Available at: https://patient.info/treatment-medication/chronic-pain
4. TeachMePhysiology. (n.d.). Pain Pathway. [online] Available at: https://teachmephysiology.com/nervous-system/sensory-system/pain-pathway/
5. BMJ Best Practice. (n.d.). Chronic pain: Aetiology. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/694/aetiology
6. International Association for the Study of Pain (IASP), 2023. Definitions of chronic pain syndromes. Available at: https://www.iasp-pain.org/advocacy/definitions-of-chronic-pain-syndromes/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Motion Sickness, often also called Travel Sickness, explained clearly including the main causes, symptoms as well as management options including pharmacological and non pharmacological methods. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Motion Sickness?
0:38 Motion Sickness Pathophysiology
2:35 Motion Sickness Epidemiology 
3:04 Motion Sickness Symptoms
3:46 Motion Sickness Diagnosis 
5:07 Motion Sickness Treatment 

References

1. BMJ Best Practice, 2025. Motion sickness. [online] BMJ Best Practice. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1034
2. MSD Manuals, 2025. Motion Sickness - Injuries; Poisoning. [online] MSD Manual Professional Edition. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/injuries-poisoning/motion-sickness/motion-sickness

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Chagas Disease, also known as American Trypanosomiasis, including life cycle of T.Cruzi, pathophysiology of Chagas Disease as well as symptoms. We look at diagnostic methods and Chagas Disease treatment options. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Chagas Disease?
1:18 Chagas Disease Life Cycle
2:47 Chagas Disease Pathophysiology
3:42 Chagas Disease Symptoms
6:22 Chagas Disease Diagnosis
8:07 Chagas Disease Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Chagas Disease”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1160?
2. Marie, C. Petri Jr, W. A, - MSD Manual Pro (2025) “Chagas Disease (American Trypanosomiasis)”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/chagas-disease
3. World Health Organisation (2025) - Chagas Disease (also known as American Trypanosomiasis)”. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/chagas-disease-(american-trypanosomiasis)

Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Dengue, including virology and Dengue pathophysiology. We also look at the 3 clinical stages of Dengue and how that corresponds with Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever and Dengue Shock Syndrome, as well as diagnosis and Dengue treatment options. 

Cconsider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Dengue Virus? 
0:23 Dengue Virology
1:08 Dengue Epidemiology 
1:35 Dengue Pathophysiology
2:27 Dengue Symptoms
4:10 Dengue WHO Classification (Dengue Haemorrhagic Fever / Dengue Shock Syndrome) 
5:02 Dengue Diagnosis
7:29 Dengue Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Dengue fever”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1197/
2. Omar Saeed, Ahmer Asif, Chapter 2 - Dengue virus disease; the origins, Editor(s): Adnan I. Qureshi, Omar Saeed, Dengue Virus Disease, Academic Press, 2020, Pages 9-16, ISBN 9780128182703, https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-818270-3.00002-3. (https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128182703000023)

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


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Understanding HIV and AIDS, including HIV virology, epidemiology as well as HIV symptoms (including WHO clinical classification and CDC CD4 count classification). Also covered is diagnosis and treatment including anti retroviral therapy (ART). 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is HIV? 
0:28 HIV Microbiology
1:36 HIV Pathophysiology
2:17 HIV Epidemiology
3:17 HIV Symptoms & Clinical Stages
6:25 HIV Diagnosis
8:00 HIV Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “HIV in adults”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/555
2. Mpiko Ntsekhe, MD, PhD and Jason V. Baker, MD, MSc (2022) - “Cardiovascular Disease Among Persons Living With HIV: New Insights Into Pathogenesis and Clinical Manifestations in a Global Context”. Available at https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.122.057443
3. Virology Research Services (2022) - “The Virus of the Month - HIV”. Available at https://virologyresearchservices.com/2022/09/04/the-virus-of-the-month-hiv/
4. Waymack JR, Sundareshan V. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome. [Updated 2023 May 3]. In: StatPearls [Internet]. Treasure Island (FL): StatPearls Publishing; 2025 Jan-. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537293/
5. Consolidated Guidelines on the Use of Antiretroviral Drugs for Treating and Preventing HIV Infection: Recommendations for a Public Health Approach. 2nd edition. Geneva: World Health Organization; 2016. ANNEX 10, WHO clinical staging of HIV disease in adults, adolescents and children. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK374293/f
6. Virtual Mentor. 2010;12(3):202-206. doi: 10.1001/virtualmentor.2010.12.3.cprl1-1003. Available at https://journalofethics.ama-assn.org/article/who-clinical-staging-system-hivaids/2010-03

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Gambling Disorder (Gambling Addiction or Problem Gambling) explained, a very under-recognised condition. Includes the 9 core symptoms and diagnostic criteria, as well as treatment options. 

Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Gambling Disorder?
0:38 Gambling Disorder Symptoms
1:40 Gambling Disorder Diagnostic Criteria
2:16 Gambling Disorder Risk Factors
3:12 Gambling Disorder Treatment

References

1. American Psychiatric Association Hector Colon-Rivera, M.D., CMRO, Kavita Fischer M.D., DFAPA (2024) - “What is Gambling Disorder?”. Available at https://www.psychiatry.org/patients-families/gambling-disorder/what-is-gambling-disorder
2. Menchon JM, Mestre-Bach G, Steward T, Fernández-Aranda F, Jiménez-Murcia S. An overview of gambling disorder: from treatment approaches to risk factors. F1000Res. 2018 Apr 9;7:434. doi: 10.12688/f1000research.12784.1. PMID: 30090625; PMCID: PMC5893944. Available at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5893944/
3. World Health Organisation (2024) - “Gambling”. Available at https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/gambling
4. Thomas SA, Merkouris SS, Browning CJ, Radermacher H, Feldman S, Enticott J, Jackson AC. The PROblem Gambling RESearch Study (PROGRESS) research protocol: a pragmatic randomised controlled trial of psychological interventions for problem gambling. BMJ Open. 2015 Nov 24;5(11):e009385. doi: 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-009385. PMID: 26603250; PMCID: PMC4663416. Available at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4663416/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Erectile Dysfunction (ED), a common problem with multiple underlying causes ranging from organic to psychogenic. Includes these causes in more detail, as well as physiology of erections, diagnosis of erectile dysfunction as well as erectile dysfunction treatment options. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Erectile Dysfunction? 
0:17 Erectile Dysfunction Pathophysiology
2:38 Erectile Dysfunction Causes
4:10 Erectile Dysfunction Diagnosis 
6:13 Erectile Dysfunction Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Erectile Dysfunction”. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/213/diagnosis-approach
2. Pranau K. Panchatsharam; Justin Durland; Patrick M. Zito. StatPearls (2023) - “Physiology, Erection”. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK513278/
3. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Erectile Dysfunction”. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/erectile-dysfunction/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Adhesive Capsulitis, more commonly known as Frozen Shoulder. Includes pathophysiology and risk factors, as well as the different stages (Freezing, Frozen and Thawing). Also includes diagnosis and treatment.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Frozen Shoulder?
0:26 Shoulder Anatomy
1:17 Frozen Shoulder Symptoms
3:07 Frozen Shoulder Causes & Pathophysiology
4:00 Frozen Shoulder Diagnosis
5:06 Frozen Shoulder Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2025) - “Adhesive Capsulitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1043
2. Am Fam Physician. 2019;99(5):297-300 “Adhesive Capsulitis: Diagnosis and Management”. Available at https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0301/p297.html
3. Physiopedia contributors. Frozen Shoulder [Internet]. Physiopedia, ; 2023 Jun 30, 15:00 UTC [cited 2025 Feb 9]. Available from: https://www.physio-pedia.com/index.php?title=Frozen_Shoulder&oldid=337801.

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

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Understanding Hodgkin's Lymphoma, featuring pathophysiology and most common symptoms of Hodgkin's Lymphoma, as well as proposed pathophysiology. Includes classification, diagnosis (with Reed Sternberg Cells), and treatment options. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps: 
0:00 What is Hodgkin’s Lymphoma? 
2:04 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Classification
3:20 Signs and Symptoms of Hodgkin’s Lymphoma
5:00 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Causes & Pathophysiology
6:10 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Diagnosis 
7:45 Reed-Sternberg Cells
9:10 Hodgkin's Lymphoma Staging (Lugano and Ann Arbor)
10:05 Hodgkin’s Lymphoma Treatment


References:

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/487
2. Weerakkody Y, Rizk M, Bell D, et al. Plantar fasciitis. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-22645
3. Wearing, S - Musculoskeletal Key (2016) - “Anatomy of the Plantar Fascia”. Available at https://musculoskeletalkey.com/anatomy-of-the-plantar-fascia/
4. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2020) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/plantar-fasciitis/
5. Am Fam Physician 2019;99(12):744-750. Available at https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p744.html

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Hyperthyroidism explained, including causes of hyperthyroidism such as Grave's Disease and Toxic Multinodular Goitre! We also look at hyperthyroidism symptoms, as well as diagnosis and hyperthyroidism treatment

PDFs Available Here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

Consider subscribing (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Hyperthyroidism?
0:27 Thyroid Hormone Physiology
2:00 Grave’s Disease
3:22 Toxic Multinodular Goitre
3:45  Other Causes of Hyperthyroidism 
5:10 Hyperthyroidism Symptoms
6:13 Thyroid Storm (Thyrotoxic Crisis) 
6:42 Hyperthyroidism Diagnosis
8:19 Hyperthyroidism Treatment

References

1. MSD Manuals, 2025. Hyperthyroidism – Endocrine and Metabolic Disorders / Thyroid Disorders. [online] Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/endocrine-and-metabolic-disorders/thyroid-disorders/hyperthyroidism.
2. Geeky Medics, 2023. Thyrotoxicosis and hyperthyroidism. [online] Available at: https://geekymedics.com/thyrotoxicosis-and-hyperthyroidism/.
3. BMJ Best Practice, 2025. History & exam – Thyroid dysfunction. [online] Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/32/history-exam.

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Plantar Fasciitis, the most common cause for heel / foot pain. Includes most common causes and risk factors, as well as multiple treatment options for plantar fasciitis.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Plantar Fasciitis?
0:34 Plantar Fasciitis Pathophysiology
1:25 Plantar Fasciitis Symptoms
2:16 Plantar Fasciitis Causes and Risk Factors
3:23 Plantar Fasciitis Diagnosis
4:31 Plantar Fasciitis Treatment


LINK TO MNEMONICS:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p-XE7PiwGgE&list=PLGNSE_HvIV4t7a33bbHN1fq-j_tge0Gmp

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA: 
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/


References:

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/487
2. Weerakkody Y, Rizk M, Bell D, et al. Plantar fasciitis. Reference article, Radiopaedia.org https://doi.org/10.53347/rID-22645
3. Wearing, S - Musculoskeletal Key (2016) - “Anatomy of the Plantar Fascia”. Available at https://musculoskeletalkey.com/anatomy-of-the-plantar-fascia/
4. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2020) - “Plantar Fasciitis”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/plantar-fasciitis/
5. Am Fam Physician 2019;99(12):744-750. Available at https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2019/0615/p744.html

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome (LEMS) explained, including pathophysiology, subtype and classification and symptoms. Also covers diagnosis and treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome? 
0:20 Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Pathophysiology
1:35  Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Symptoms
3:20  Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Causes
4:39 Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Diagnosis 
6:50 Lambert Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome Treatment


References:

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1052/
2. Apoorva Jayarangaiah; Forshing Lui; Pramod Theetha Kariyann - Stat Pearls (2023) - “Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507891/
3. Matthew C. Varon, MD; and Mazen M. Dimachkie, MD - Practical Neurology (2024**) - “**Diagnosis and Treatment of Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome“. Available at https://practicalneurology.com/articles/2024-apr/diagnosis-and-treatment-of-lambert-eaton-myasthenic-syndrome

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Myasthenia Gravis, including pathophysiology and causes. Also features Myasthenia Gravis symptoms (and crisis!), as well as diagnosis and treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Myasthenia Gravis?
0:19 Myasthenia Gravis Pathophysiology
1:38 Myasthenia Gravis Symptoms
3:44 Myasthenia Gravis Causes
4:30 Myasthenia Gravis Diagnosis 
6:15 Myasthenia Gravis Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Myasthenia Gravis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/238
2. National Institute of Neurological Disorder and Stroke - “Myasthenia Gravis”. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/myasthenia-gravis
3. Rubin, M - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Myasthenia Gravis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/peripheral-nervous-system-and-motor-unit-disorders/myasthenia-gravis
4. Myasthenia Gravis Foundation Of America - “Cautionary Drugs”. Available at https://myasthenia.org/living-with-mg/mg-emergency-preparedness/cautionary-drugs/
5. Phillips, D. W (2016) - “Pathogenesis of myasthenia gravis: update on disease types, models, and mechanisms**”.** Available at https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4926737/
6. MyastheniaGravis.Com - Available at https://myasthenia-gravis.com/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Functional Neurological Disorder or FND explained, including common  symptoms, risk factors and diagnostic criteria. Also includes FND treatment as well as distinguishing features from other conditions. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Functional Neurological Disorder? 
0:40 Functional Neurological Disorder Symptoms
1:52 Functional Neurological Disorder Causes and Risk Factors 
3:00 Functional Neurological Disorder Diagnosis 
4:43 Functional Neurological Disorder DSM V Criteria
5:20 Functional Neurological Disorder Treatment 

Links to FND Resources:
https://fndhope.org/
https://neurosymptoms.org/en/

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Functional neurological and somatic symptom disorders”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/989
2. Prof. J. Stone - Neurosymptoms (2021) - Available at https://neurosymptoms.org/en/
3. S. C. Lidstone, R. Araújo, J. Stone, B. R. Bloem (2020) - “Ten myths about functional neurological disorder”. Available at https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ene.14310
4. Selma Aybek, David L Perez, **(2022) - “Diagnosis and management of functional neurological disorder”. Available at https://www.bmj.com/content/376/bmj.o64
5. National Institution of Neurological Disorders and Stroke (2024) - “Functional Neurologic Disorder”. Available at https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/functional-neurologic-disorder

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, including cases, pathophysiology, main symptoms as well as diagnosis and treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Croup? 
0:32 Croup Pathophysiology
1:08 Croup Symptoms
1:56 Croup Diagnosis
2:34 Croup Treatment

References:

1. Bhatia, R - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Croup”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-disorders-in-young-children/croup
2. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) - “Croup”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/croup/
3. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Croup”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/681

Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Vertigo explained, including a way to easily remember the causes of Vertigo, as well as the different symptoms associated and the HINTS exam. Also covers vertigo pathophysiology, as well as the different treatment options for vertigo.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Vertigo? 
1:11 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
2:52 Vestibular Migraine
3:52 Meniere’s Disease
5:15 Persistent Postural Perceptual Dizziness
6:59 Vestibular Neuritis
8:17 Posterior Circulation Stroke
9:24 HINTS Examination Central vs Peripheral Vertigo

References:

1. Kaylie D, M - MSD Manual Pro (2022) - “Dizziness and Vertigo”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-ear-problems/dizziness-and-vertigo
2. Hamiter, M - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “ Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/inner-ear-disorders/benign-paroxysmal-positional-vertigo
3. Lilien, V - The British Medical Journal (2019) - “Vestibular migraine”. Available at https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l4213.full
4. Meniere’s UK - “Migraine Associated Vertigo”. Available at https://www.menieres.org.uk/information-and-support/symptoms-and-conditions/migraine-associated-vertigo
5. Hohnen, H - Geeky Medics (2020) - “The Head Impulse, Nystagmus, Test of Skew (HINTS) Examination”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/the-head-impulse-nystagmus-test-of-skew-hints-examination/
6. Practical Neurology (2016) - “Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD): a common, characteristic and treatable cause of chronic dizziness”. Available at https://pn.bmj.com/content/18/1/5
7. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Ménière's disease”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/menieres-disease/
8. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Vestibular neuronitis”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/vestibular-neuronitis/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Summaries of both Bronchiolitis and Viral Induced Wheeze featuring the key points, as well as the main differences between them. Includes pathophysiology, symptoms and treatment for each. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 Bronchiolitis Pathophysiology and Causes
1:10 Bronchiolitis Symptoms
2:25 Bronchiolitis Treatment
03:13 Viral Induced Wheeze Pathophysiology and Causes
4:02 Viral Induced Wheeze Symptoms
5:07 Viral Induced Wheeze Treatment
5:44 Important Differentials 

References

1. Bhatia, R - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Bronchiolitis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-disorders-in-young-children/bronchiolitis
2. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Cough - acute with chest signs in children”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/cough-acute-with-chest-signs-in-children/diagnosis/diagnosis-of-cause/
3. Zaininger, P - Geeky Medics (2024) - “Viral Induced Wheeze and Asthma”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/viral-induced-wheeze-and-asthma/
4. Snelson, E - RCEM Learning (2024) - “Coughing, Wheezy and Stridulous Children”. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/foamed/coughing-wheezy-and-stridulous-children/
5. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia - “Heart Failure in Children”. Available at https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/heart-failure-children

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Osteoarthritis, including pathophysiology, most common symptoms of Osteoarthritis, diagnosis with a mnemonic on X Ray findings as well as Osteoarthritis treatment options.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Osteoarthritis?
0:17 Osteoarthritis Pathophysiology
1:54 Osteoarthritis Symptoms
3:38 Osteoarthritis Causes and Risk Factors
4:48 Osteoarthritis Diagnosis
5:45 Osteoarthritis Treatment

References

1. Yaseen, K - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Osteoarthritis”. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/joint-disorders/osteoarthritis-oa
2. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Osteoarthritis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/192?q=Osteoarthritis
3. Watson, A - Geeky Medics (20233) - “Hip Anatomy”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/hip-joint
4. Dahbi, R - Radiopaedia (2020) - “Osteoarthritis (Mnemonic)”. Available at https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-mnemonic

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) explained, including GBS pathophysiology and causes, symptoms and how they vary between the GBS subtypes (e.g Miller Fisher, AMAN). Also includes diagnosis and GBS treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Guillain Barre Syndrome? 
0:36 Guillain Barre Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:29 Guillain Barre Syndrome Symptoms
4:40 Guillain Barre Syndrome Subtypes
5:38 Guillain Barre Syndrome Causes
6:21 Guillain Barre Syndrome Diagnosis
7:50 Guillain Barre Syndrome Treatment

References

1. Rubin, M - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/neurologic-disorders/peripheral-nervous-system-and-motor-unit-disorders/guillain-barré-syndrome-gbs
2. BMJ Best Practice (2022) - “Guillain-Barre Syndrome”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/176
3. StatPearls -Thy P. Nguyen; Roger S. Taylor (2023) “Guillain-Barre Syndrome”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532254

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Psoriasis explained, including the different types and treatment options for each. Also includes psoriasis pathophysiology, causes and aggravating factors.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Psoriasis?
0:21 Psoriasis Pathophysiology
1:57 Psoriasis Causes and Triggering Factors
3:42 Psoriasis Symptoms & Psoriasis Types
7:28 Psoriasis Diagnosis
8:10 Psoriasis Treatment


References

1. Jones, C (2023) - DermNetNZ - “Psoriasis”. Available at https://dermnetnz.org/topics/psoriasis
2. Wu, B (2017) - DermNetNZ - “Drug-Induced Psoriasis”. Available at https://dermnetnz.org/topics/drug-induced-psoriasis
3. National Psoriasis Foundation (2022) - “Psoriasis: Causes & Triggers”. Available at https://www.psoriasis.org/causes/
4. British Association of Dermatologists (2018) - “PSORIASIS – AN OVERVIEW”. Available at https://cdn.bad.org.uk/uploads/2021/12/29200253/Psoriasis-an-overview-update-October-2018-Lay-review-October-2018.pdf
5. Witold Owczarek (2022) - “The role of HLA-Cw6 in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9661405/
6. Psoriasis Association (2016) - “Types of Psoriasis “. Available at https://www.psoriasis-association.org.uk/media/InformationSheets/Types.pdf
7. American Academy of Dermatology Association - “Management of Adult Psoriasis with Topicals”. Available at https://assets.ctfassets.net/1ny4yoiyrqia/56bNCO2qMLxBtICdr9biM6/204ac5f5d98243e116bce0b5725b9f92/AAD-Guideline-Topical-Psoriasis-Clinical-Pathway-May-2023-Update.pdf
8. Hani, Y - (2024) - “Anatomy, Skin (Integument), Epidermis”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470464/#:~:text=The epidermis, the skin's outermost layer, is composed of
9. Rendon, A (2019) - “Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6471628/#:~:text=Our discussion begins by addressing the inflammatory

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Hypothyroidism, including thyroid physiology, hypothyroidism causes and classification, as well as hypothyroidism symptoms. We also look at diagnosis and hypothyroidism treatment. 

PDFs available here: https://rhesusmedicine.com/

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Hypothyroidism?
0:12 Thyroid Hormone Physiology
1:45 Primary vs Secondary Hypothyroidism
2:24 Primary Hypothyroidism
3:34 Central Hypothyroidism (Secondary & Tertiary)
4:05 Hypothyroidism Symptoms
5:44 Hypothyroidism Diagnosis
7:49 Hypothyroidism Treatment
 

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


References

1. TeachMePhysiology. The Thyroid Gland. Last updated 8 February 2024. Available at: https://teachmephysiology.com/endocrine-system/thyroid-parathyroid-gland/thyroid-gland/
2. Geeky Medics. Thyroid Function Test (TFT) Interpretation. Published 28 April 2018. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/thyroid-function-test-tft-interpretation/
3. BMJ Best Practice. Thyroid Disorders – Background / Epidemiology / Screening / Prevention. Updated 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/36
4. BMJ Best Practice. Primary Hypothyroidism – Diagnosis / Management. Updated 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/535?q=Primary hypothyroidism&c=recentlyviewed
5. British Thyroid Foundation (BTF). Thyroid Function Tests. Last revised 10 September 2022. Available at: https://www.btf-thyroid.org/thyroid-function-tests

A look at Histrionic Personality Disorder, a Cluster B Disorder in the DSM 5, including the main symptoms and traits, as well as the diagnostic criteria. Also includes treatment approach. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps
0:00 What is a Personality Disorder?
0:22 What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?
0:55 Histrionic Personality Disorder Symptoms
2:10 Histrionic Personality Disorder Diagnosis (DSM 5 Criteria)
2:34 Histrionic Personality Disorder Causes & Epidemiology
3:24 Histrionic Personality Disorder Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

1. Zimmerman, M - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Histrionic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/histrionic-personality-disorder-hpd
2. T,J. Torrico - StatPearls (2024) - “Histrionic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542325/
3. PsychDB (2024) - “Histrionic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.psychdb.com/personality/histrionic

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), including the 9 core signs and symptoms as well as the DSM 5 criteria for diagnosis. Also includes treatment / management options. 

Free Practice Material:
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/k5eIx6VHKWXwmpbUZGSb?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is a Personality Disorder? 
0:22 What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder? 
0:39 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Symptoms
2:36 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Diagnosis (DSM 5 Criteria)
3:29 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Causes & Epidemiology 
4:17 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Treatment

References

1. Zimmerman, M - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/narcissistic-personality-disorder-npd
2. Ronningstam, E - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A Basic Guide for Providers**”.** Available at ****Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Guide for Providers at McLean Hospital
3. Po Wenger, C (2024) - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder**”.** Available at https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/narcissistic-personality-disorder
4. PsychDB (2024) - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder**”.** Available at https://www.psychdb.com/personality/narcissistic
5. Yu, L.L.L, Huajian, C - (2018) “The Etiology of Narcissism: A Review of Behavioral Genetic Studies”. Available at https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_16?sharing_token=8TalAHCcduvcrHiO1LQzFfe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY7JlesuMlHV_YZiYCFlxHB5LfgxgMqHTxbtyuZ5Jrkn16vlsJ3o4Ybjmi6BrAeCngLOZ2-cRUzkcXhWjh5rg8kyQl63wbG19HsppBGGIdm7QPUNrT94c_9-yf6xTyhYfgs%3D

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding sciatica, including pathophysiology and causes, as well as red flag symptoms of sciatica, its diagnosis and sciatica treatment. 

Free Practice Material: 
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/XScCpeACwXr0jlY55I9a?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:04 What is Sciatica?
0:42 Sciatica Pathophysiology
1:21 What causes sciatica? 
2:54 Sciatica Symptoms
4:27 Sciatica Red Flag Symptoms
5:16 Sciatica Diagnosis
5:37 Sciatica Treatment

References

1. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Sciatica (lumbar radiculopathy)”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/sciatica-lumbar-radiculopathy/
2. Moley, P.J - MSD Manual (2022) - “Sciatica**”.** Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/neck-and-back-pain/sciatica#Diagnosis_v908535
3. Teach Me Orthopedics (2024) - “Sciatica**”.** Available at https://teachmeorthopedics.info/sciatica-2/
4. Davis, D - StatPearls (2024) - “Sciatica”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507908/
5. Simoens, F - Physiopedia - “Disc Herniation”. Available at https://www.physio-pedia.com/Disc_Herniation

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Chronic cough causes explained, looking at the differential diagnosis of a chronic cough as well as treatment options. Includes red flag symptoms associated with chronic cough.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is a cough?
0:30 Acute vs Chronic Cough
1:38 Causes of a Chronic Cough 
4:11 Chronic Cough Red Flags
5:25 Chronic Cough Treatment

References

1. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Cough”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/cough/
2. Parker, S, M - British Thoracic Society (2023) - “British Thoracic Society Clinical Statement on chronic cough in adults**”.** Available at https://thorax.bmj.com/content/78/Suppl_6/s3
3. Pinto, B (2020) “ACEI-induced cough: A review of current evidence and its practical implications for optimal CV risk reduction**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7670268/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A summary of the main contraceptive methods including the pill, mini pill, implant, injection and intrauterine devices. Also includes a classification to make them easier to remember. We also cover the main features of each and general contraindications. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill (The Pill)
4:06 Progesterone Only Pill (POP / Mini Pill)
5:34 Intrauterine System (IUS / Hormonal Coil)
6:59 Progesterone Implant 
7:52 Progesterone Injection 
9:06 Barrier Methods 
9:55 Natural Family Planning
10:24 Copper Intrauterine Device (Cu-IUD)

References

1. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Contraception - combined hormonal methods**”.** Available at ****https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/contraception-combined-hormonal-methods/
2. TeachMeObGyn - Fitzgerald, G, Wes (2023 & 2022) - “Contraception”. Available at ****https://teachmeobgyn.com/sexual-health/contraception/
3. Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Health (2019) “UK Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (UKMEC**)”**. Available at https://www.fsrh.org/Public/Public/Standards-and-Guidance/uk-medical-eligibility-criteria-for-contraceptive-use-ukmec.aspx?hkey=82727ce6-756b-4b88-a5ab-acaf27c48669
4. Electronic Medicines Compendium (2024) - “Mirena 20 micrograms/24 hours intrauterine delivery system**”.** Available at https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1132/smpc
5. Geeky Medics - Beattie, A (2023) “Methods of Contraception”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/methods-of-contraception/

Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Aortic Stenosis explained clearly, including  pathophysiology and causes. Also features the aortic stenosis murmur sound, and treatment including TAVI vs SAVR. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Aortic Stenosis? 
0:51 Aortic Stenosis Pathophysiology
2:16 Aortic Stenosis Causes
3:39 Aortic Stenosis Symptoms
5:04 Aortic Stenosis Murmur 
6:46 Aortic Stenosis Diagnosis
7:10 Aortic Stenosis Treatment - TAVI 
08:06 Aortic Stenosis Treatment - SAVR

Heart sounds by:
Professional Skill Builder, Copyright 2005-2015 by The Regents of the University of Michigan (https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/psb_open/html/repo/primer_heartsound/primer_heartsound.html)
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Aortic Stenosis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/325
2. Guy P. Armstrong*, MD -* MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Aortic Stenosis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/aortic-stenosis
3. Guillaume Marquis-Gravel, MD, Msc - AHA Journals (2016) - “Medical Management of Aortic Stenosis”. Available at https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023997

Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Acute Sore Throat explained, including different causes including strep throat and peritonsillar abscess, with treatment of each. Also includes common associated symptoms as well as more worrying symptoms and a viral vs bacterial scoring system for acute sore throat. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is a sore throat?
0:30 Sore Throat Symptoms
1:50 Tonsillopharyngitis / Acute Pharyngitis / Strep Throat
4:34 Infectious Mononucleosis 
5:37 Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy) 
7:04 Parapharyngeal Abscess & Retropharyngeal Abscess
8:42 Epiglottitis

References:

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) “Acute Pharyngitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/5/

2. Cheng, A.G - MSD Manual Pro (2024) “Tonsillopharyngitis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/oral-and-pharyngeal-disorders/tonsillopharyngitis#Symptoms-and-Signs_v946859

3. Laura Sauve, A - Canadian Paediatric Society (2021) “Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis: A practical guide to diagnosis and treatment”. Available at https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/group-a-streptococcal

4. Efi Mantzourani (2022) - “Characteristics of the sore throat test and treat service in community pharmacies (STREP) in Wales: cross-sectional analysis of 11 304 consultations using anonymized electronic pharmacy records”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780525/#:~:text=Acute%20sore%20throat%20is%20a%20common%20presentation%20in,GABHS%20and%20viral%20infections%20is%20less%20accurate.%2011 

5. ENTSHO (2022) - “Acute Sore Throat”. Available at https://entsho.com/triage-acute-sore-throat

6. Watkins, R - Geeky Medics (2024) - “Rheumatic Fever”. Available at  https://geekymedics.com/rheumatic-fever/

7. Kenneth, M.K - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Infectious Mononucleosis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/herpesviruses/infectious-mononucleosis

8. Cheng, A.G - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Epiglottitis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/oral-and-pharyngeal-disorders/epiglottitis

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Systematic approach to taking a good medical history, including example structure. Also includes key questions and information to ask, as well as generating a differential and management plan. 

Free Practice Material:
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/G5TCwMXZ8xZEXipwAtoG/sepsis-flashcards-multiple-choice-questions-quiz?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

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Timestamps:
0:25 Before Beginning
1:16 History of Presenting Complaint
4:55 Review of Systems
6:28 Past Medical History
6:59 Drug History
7:46 Social History
8:08 Family History 
8:27 Integrating Examination & Investigations
9:05 Diagnosis and Management 

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

References

1. OSCE Stop - “The Medical History”. Available at https://oscestop.education/history-taking/the-medical-history/
2. University College London (2015-2016) - "Guide to History Taking and Examination”. Available at https://www.ucl.ac.uk/epidemiology-health-care/sites/epidemiology-health-care/files/history-exam.pdf
3. Geeky Medics (2023) - “Presenting A History - OSCE Guide”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/presenting-a-history-osce-guide/
4. Oxford Medical Education (2016) - “History Taking - Overview”. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/history/medical-general/
5. StatPearls - Jonathan R. Nichol; Joshua Henrina Sundjaja; Grant Nelson (2024) “Medical History”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534249/

Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder / ASD) explained, including common symptoms, risk factors and DSM 5 diagnostic criteria, as well as treatment options. 

Free Practice Material: 
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/ioRaCFhMl7O3KeStjXPn/autism-spectrum-diso-flashcards-multiple-choice-questions-quiz?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? 
0:56 Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms (Autism Symptoms) 
4:04 Autism Spectrum Disorder Causes
5:16 Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis (Autism Diagnostic Criteria) 
7:18 Autism Spectrum Disorder Management (Autism Treatment) 

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Autism spectrum disorder**”.** Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/379/
2. Sulkes, S, B MD - MSD Manual Pro (2024) “Autism Spectrum Disorder**”.** Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/autism-spectrum-disorder#Diagnosis_v1104819

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) explained clearly, including most common obsessions and compulsions, possible causes, diagnostic criteria for OCD as well as OCD treatment. 

Free Practice Material:
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/AZ3oKJkYN1rsMm006FEh/obsessive-compulsive-flashcards-multiple-choice-questions-quiz?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

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Timestamps:
0:24 What is OCD?
1:05 OCD Symptoms
2:08 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Causes
3:12 OCD Epidemiology
3:58 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Diagnosis (OCD Diagnostic Criteria) 

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/362
2. Katharine Anne Phillips, MD, Dan J. Stein, MD, PhD - MSD Manual Pro (2023) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-and-related-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd
3. Hannah Brock; Manassa Hany - StatPearls (2023) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553162/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

An approach to anaemia, including MCV classification of the different causes of anaemia in a structured easy to remember layout. 

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Timestamps: 
0:00 What is Anaemia?
1:55 Microcytic Anaemia - Iron Deficiency Anaemia
3:48 Microcytic Anaemia - Thalassemia 
4:57 Microcytic Anaemia - Anaemia of Chronic Disease 
6:02 Microcytic Anaemia - Sideroblastic Anaemia 
7:09 Normocytic Anaemia - Hypoproliferative 
8:49 Normocytic Anaemia - Hyperproliferative 
10:04 Normocytic Anaemia - Mixed
10:33 Macrocytic Anaemia - Megaloblastic (Vitamin B12 / Folate Deficiency) 
11:48 Macrocytic Anaemia - Non Megaloblastic 
12:20 Anaemia Symptoms
13:39 Anaemia Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice. Assessment of anaemia – Diagnosis Approach. Updated 24 September 2024. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/93/diagnosis-approach
2. MDCalc. Mentzer Index. Published 2017. Available at: https://www.mdcalc.com/calc/10534/mentzer-index#evidence
3. Geeky Medics. Anaemia Overview. Published 3 April 2021. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/anaemia-overview/
4. StatPearls. Anemia. StatPearls Publishing; last updated 8 August 2023. Available at: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499994/
5. American Academy of Family Physicians (AAFP). Evaluation of Anemia in Children. American Family Physician, 2009;79(3):203-208. Available at: https://www.aafp.org/pubs/afp/issues/2009/0201/p203/jcr:content/root/aafp-article-primary-content-container/aafp_article_main_par/aafp_figure1.enlarge.html

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

We take a look at Chlamydia, including the most common signs and symptoms, life cycle, diagnosis as well as treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:24 What is Chlamydia?
0:54 Chlamydia Life Cycle
1:42 Chlamydia Epidemiology
2:20 Chlamydia Symptoms
4:49 Chlamydia Diagnosis
5:27 Chlamydia Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Genital Tract Chlamydia Infection”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/52
2. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Chlamydia - Uncomplicated Genital”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/chlamydia-uncomplicated-genital/
3. Margaret R. Hammerschlag*,* MD, MSD Manual Pro Edition (2023) - “Chlamydia”. Available at Chlamydia - Infectious Diseases - MSD Manual Professional Edition (msdmanuals.com)

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

The Chemotherapy Toxicity Man (Chemo Tox Man), is a memory tool used to easily remember the main dose limiting side effects of various chemotherapies. 

Free Practice Material: https://app.wisdolia.com/deck-overview/nYkSPa93LkHe96LS7br8?r=AktEDxk84PSiR5geXURFJtHIG2G2?ref=rhesusmedicine

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Video Timestamps:
0:28 The Chemo Tox Man 

References

1. Diaz, G (2021) - GrepMed “Chemo Man”. Available at https://www.grepmed.com/images/13767/chemo-effects-toxicities-man-side
2. Busti, A (2019) - “anti-NEO PLASTIC man”. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kB6R1SOca8s

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Bulimia Nervosa explained, including differences between Bulimia and Anorexia, as well as Bulimia symptoms. Also includes Bulimia Nervosa diagnostic criteria and treatment.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Bulimia Nervosa?
0:42 Bulimia Epidemiology
1:21 Bulimia Symptoms
3:55 Bulimia Diagnosis (Bulimia Nervosa DSM 5 Criteria)
4:54 Bulimia Treatment


References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) “Bulimia Nervosa”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/441
2. Di Evelyn Attia, MD, B. Timothy Walsh, MD - MSD Manual Pro (2023) “Bulimia Nervosa”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/it/professionale/disturbi-psichiatrici/disturbi-dell-alimentazione/bulimia-nervosa
3. Cynthia M. Bulik, Ph.D. (2012) “The Changing “Weightscape” of Bulimia Nervosa”. Available at https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010147
4. Blas Garcia Garcia (2018) “Bilateral Parotid Sialadenosis Associated with Long-Standing Bulimia: A Case Report and Literature Review”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5878158/
5. The Bulimia Project “Bulimia Diagnostic Criteria”. Available at https://bulimia.com/bulimia-diagnostic-criteria/
6. Annelies E. van Eeden (2021) “Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8500372/
7. Guillermo Firman (2020) “Diagnostic Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa (DSM-5)”. Available at https://medicalcriteria.com/web/bulimia/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Anorexia Nervosa explained, looking particularly at Anorexia symptoms including criteria for diagnosis. Also includes Anorexia treatment and epidemiology. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Anorexia?
0:19 Who is affected by Anorexia? 
1:22 Anorexia Symptoms
3:26 Anorexia Diagnosis
5:10 Anorexia Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) Anorexia Nervosa. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/440/
2. MSD Manual Pro (2022) Anorexia Nervosa. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa

Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A systematic approach to the Upper Limb Neurological Examination, including key features of Upper vs Lower Motor Neuron lesions, as well as mnemonics and high yield points.  

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Timestamps:
0:00 Preparation
0:53 Inspection
2:13 Tone
3:36 Power
6:22 Reflexes
8:13 Co-Ordination
9:15 Sensation
10:31 Concluding the Examination

References

1. Bargiela, D - Geeky Medics (2024) Upper Limb Neurological Examination. Available at https://geekymedics.com/upper-limb-neurological-examination/
2. TeachMeSurgery (2022) Upper and Lower Limb Neurological Examination. Available at https://teachmesurgery.com/examinations/neurological/peripheral-neurological/
3. Oxford Medical Education (2016) Neurological Examination. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/neurological-examination/
4. Nickon, C - Life in The Fast Lane (2020) Myotomes and Differentiating Nerve Lesions. Available at https://litfl.com/myotomes-and-differentiating-nerve-lesions/

Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) explained clearly, including pathophysiology and risk factors, as well  as the diagnostic criteria and treatment options

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea
0:19 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Pathophysiology
1:54 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Caues (Risk Factors) 
3:01 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Signs and Symptoms 
4:35 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diagnosis
5:51 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treatment 

References

1. Jennifer M. Slowik; Abdulghani Sankari; Jacob F. Collen. - Stat Pearls (2022) Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459252/
2. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/215

Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A complete summary of Gout, including how people get Gout (Gout pathophysiology), as well as its causes and signs and symptoms. Also includes diagnostic criteria and gout treatment, including diet changes. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Gout? 
0:18 Gout Pathophysiology 
1:32 Gout Risk Factors / Causes
3:29 Gout Signs and Symptoms
6:10 Gout Diagnosis
7:35 Gout Treatment

References

1. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Gout. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/gout/
2. Ardy Fenando; Manjeera Rednam; Rahul Gujarathi; Jason Widrich. - StatPearls (2022) Gout. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546606/
3. Christina George; Stephen W. Leslie; David A. Minter. - StatPearls (2023) Hyperuricemia. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459218/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

We cover both Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN), including their definitions, causes and pathophysiology. Also includes the signs and symptoms, diagnosis and severity scoring, and treatment options. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Stevens-Johnson Syndrome / What is Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis? 
0:37 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:15 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Signs and Symptoms
3:23 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Diagnosis
4:39 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice (2022) Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/237
2. Julia Benedetti  MD - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) ****Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/hypersensitivity-and-reactive-skin-disorders/stevens-johnson-syndrome-sjs-and-toxic-epidermal-necrolysis-ten

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A systematic approach to reading an Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) in 5 clear steps that will increase confidence in ECG interpretation. 

Primary reference recommended for further reading: 
Life In The Fast Lane - https://litfl.com/ecg-library/

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Timestamps:
0:00 ECG – The Basics You Need To Know 
1:13 ECG Interpretation – Details and Settings 
1:44 ECG Interpretation – Axis
3:02 ECG Interpretation – Rate 
4:09 ECG Interpretation – Rhythm 
6:39 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (QRS)
8:41 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (ST Segment)
10:09 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (T Waves)
10:58 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (QT Interval)
11:42 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (U Waves)
11:54 Flow Chart   
12:18 Important Considerations 

References

1. Life In The Fast Lane - ECG Library. Available at https://litfl.com/ecg-library/
2. ECG Waves - A Systemic Approach to ECG interpretation: an efficient and safe method. Available at https://ecgwaves.com/topic/systematic-clinical-ecg-interpretation-review-guide/
3. Oxford Medical Education (2014) ECG (EKG) Interpretation. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/ecgs/ecg-interpretation
4. Thoracic Key (2020) The ECG in healthy people. Available at https://thoracickey.com/the-ecg-in-healthy-people-2/
5. MedSchool - Basics of ECG Interpretation. Available at https://medschool.co/tests/ecg-basics

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A look at nosebleeds (Epistaxis), including the most common causes and pathophysiology, possible consequences, and epistaxis management including nasal first aid, second line therapies and surgery. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Epistaxis? 
0:13 Epistaxis Pathophysiology
1:01 Epistaxis Causes (Nosebleed Causes) 
2:07 Epistaxis Diagnosis
2:55 Epistaxis Treatment (Nosebleed Treatment Including Nosebleed First Aid) 

References

1. ENT SHO (2022) Epistaxis. Available at https://entsho.com/epistaxis
2. Ayesha Tabassom; Julia J. Dahlstrom - Stat Pearls (2022) Epistaxis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435997/.)

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A look at Leishmaniasis, including parasitology of the Leishmania parasite, as well as types, Leishmania symptoms and diagnosis as well as treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Leishmaniasis
0:11 Leishmania Parasitology 
0:53 Leishmaniasis Life Cycle
1:55 Leishmania Types
3:10 Leishmaniasis Symptoms
5:39 Leishmaniasis Diagnosis
6:58 Leishmaniasis Treatment

References

1. MSD Manuals. Leishmaniasis – Diagnosis. Reviewed/Revised December 2022; modified April 2025. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/extraintestinal-protozoa/leishmaniasis#Diagnosis_v1016364
2. World Health Organization (WHO). Leishmaniasis Fact Sheet. Published 2022. Available at: https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/leishmaniasis
3. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). Clinical Overview of Leishmaniasis. Published 13 March 2024. Available at: https://www.cdc.gov/leishmaniasis/hcp/clinical-overview/index.html
4. BMJ Best Practice. Leishmaniasis – Symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. Last updated 2023. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/527

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


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Wilson's Disease explained (Hepatolenticular Degeneration), including its pathophysiology and genetics, signs and symptoms, diagnosis (with criteria!) and treatment options. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Wilson’s Disease
0:21 Wilson’s Disease Pathophysiology
2:06 Wilson’s Disease Symptoms
3:37 Wilson’s Disease Causes
4:07 Wilson’s Disease Diagnosis 
5:46 Wilson’s Disease Criteria (Leipzig Score)
6:20 Wilson’s Disease Treatment 

References:

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) Wilson’s Disease. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/427/
2. Larry E. Johnson - MSD Manual Pro (2023) Wilson Disease. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/mineral-deficiency-and-toxicity/wilson-disease
3. Gaillard F, Deng F, Weerakkody Y, et al. (2020) Face of the giant panda sign (midbrain). Available at https://radiopaedia.org/articles/face-of-the-giant-panda-sign-midbrain
4. Wu, Fei & Wang, Jing & Pu, Chunwen & Qiao, Liang & Jiang, Chunmeng (2015) Wilson’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review of the Molecular Mechanisms. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Copper-is-delivered-by-HCTR1-to-cytosol-where-it-mainly-binds-to-Atox1-Atox1-transfers_fig2_276910514

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A systematic approach to the Lower Limb Neurological Examination, including mnemonics and high yield points.  

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Timestamps:
0:00 Preparation
0:49 Inspection
2:01 Tone
3:48 Power
5:29 Reflexes
7:23 Co-Ordination
9:32 Sensation
10:50 Concluding the Examination

References

1. Oxford Medical Education (2016) Neurological Examination. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/neurological-examination/
2. Newman, G. - MSD Manual Pro (2023) How to Assess Muscle Strength. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/neurologic-examination/how-to-assess-muscle-strength
3. Bargiela, D - Geeky Medics (2010) Lower Limb Neurological Examination – OSCE Guide. Available at https://geekymedics.com/lower-limb-neurological-examination/
4. M. Flower, M. Rose and J. Stern - MRCPUK (2019) Nervous system examination for PACES. Available at https://www.mrcpuk.org/sites/default/files/documents/Nervous system examination for PACES (002).pdf
5. Hector A. Gonzalez-Usigli - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Tremor. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/movement-and-cerebellar-disorders/tremor
6. Teach Me Orthopedics (2023 ) The Deep Tendon Or Muscle Stretch Reflexes. ****Available at https://teachmeorthopedics.info/the-deep-tendon-or-muscle-stretch-reflexes/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) reviewed, including its subtypes, pathophysiology and risk factors. We also look at Multiple Sclerosis symptoms, as well as the diagnosis and treatment. 

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Revised McDonald’s Criteria (2017): https://www.va.gov/MS/Professionals/diagnosis/Updated_McDonald_Criteria_2017.pdf

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Multiple Sclerosis? 
0:24 Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology
2:37 Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms
3:41 Multiple Sclerosis Types
5:24 Multiple Sclerosis Causes and Risk Factors
7:06 Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis
8:00 Multiple Sclerosis Treatment

References

1. BMJ Best Practice Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/140
2. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/multiple-sclerosis/
3. Multiple Sclerosis Centers of Excellence (2021) Summary of 2017 McDonald Criteria for the Diagnosis of MS. Available at https://www.va.gov/MS/Professionals/diagnosis/Updated_McDonald_Criteria_2017.pdf
4. Dawood Tafti (2022) Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499849/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

A systematic approach to blood gas interpretation (blood gas analysis) in 6 main steps,  including some extra tips.  

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Timestamps:
0:00 What does a blood gas show? 
0:34 Systematic Approach - 1) Details
1:05 Systematic Approach - 2) Partial Pressures
3:05 Systematic Approach - 3) Haemoglobin 
4:09 Systematic Approach - 4) pH -General 
5:30 Systematic Approach - 5) pH - Specific 
7:34 Systematic Approach - 6) pH- Compensation
8:15 Systematic Approach - 7) Lactate 
9:24 Systematic Approach - 8) Electrolytes & Glucose 
9:57 Blood Gas Pearls

References

1. David A. Kaufman - American Thoracic Society Interpretation of Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs). Available at https://www.thoracic.org/professionals/clinical-resources/critical-care/clinical-education/abgs.php
2. Oxford Medical Education (2014) Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) interpretation for medical students, OSCEs and MRCP PACES. Available at **https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/abgs/abg-interpretation/
3. Gillian Kelly - Royal College of Emergency Medicine (2021) Arterial Blood Gas Analysis. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/reference/arterial-blood-gas-analysis/
4. Nickson, C - Life in the Fast Lane (2020) Anion Gap. Available at https://litfl.com/anion-gap/
5. Scott A Helgeson (2017) Normal carboxyhaemoglobin level in carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Available at https://casereports.bmj.com/content/2017/bcr-2017-221174
6. SKYLER LENTZ - Emergency Physician Monthly (2019) Blood Gases: ABG vs. VBG. Available at https://epmonthly.com/article/blood-gases-abg-vs-vbg/
7. Yarstev, A - Deranged Physiology (2023) Concentration of total haemoglobin in the ABG sample. Available at https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-system/Chapter 122/concentration-total-haemoglobin-abg-sample

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice.