In the CHRONO:MEDICINE podcast (formerly known as 247Muscle), your host (Dr. Jan-Frieder Harmsen) interviews scientists in the field of chronobiology, circadian rhythm, skeletal muscle physiology, exercise performance and sleep. The podcast aims to provide translational knowledge from research findings for students, researchers and the generally interested public.
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E28 - The Central Clock & Melatonin with Michael Hastings (EBRS 2025 Spotlight 1)
Saison 2025 · Épisode 3
mardi 25 mars 2025 • Durée 01:14:44
In collaboration with the organizers of the 18th Congress of the European Biological Rhythms Society (EBRS) (taking place in Lübeck in Northern Germany from the 24th to 28th of August 2025), three congress speakers are interviewed to talk about their research. As the first spotlight, Prof. Michael Hastings (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge) talks about his research journey from circatidal rhythms in marine organisms to circadian and circaannual rhythms in mammals. Our main focus is on the neurochemistry within the central clock of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) enabling it to tell time. We discuss the most relevant factors that support the SCN in telling time, and what means the SCN has to synchronize other clocks within our body. With respect to melatonin, we discuss its role in sleep versus informing our body about the current season. We also talk about supplementing melatonin for specific populations. Lastly, Michael shares memories from attending previous EBRS congresses and why you should consider joining it this year.
Martha Gillette and others applied melatonin to brain slides containing the SCN, showing that this could shift the SCN clock, the sensitivity of the SCN to this melatonin effect was found to occur during daytime (when melatonin is not released naturally)
E27 - Part 2: A good night's sleep with Christian Benedict
Saison 2025 · Épisode 2
dimanche 16 mars 2025 • Durée 55:54
In this second part, Dr. Christian Benedict (Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Research and Pharmacology at Uppsala University, Sweden) explains how our sleep changes with aging and upon different challenges of adult life. We discuss the so-called gold-standard method for measuring sleep (Polysomnography, PSG) and how modern wearable technologies perform compared to PSG. In this context, Christian evaluates the potential value of measuring heart rate variability (HRV) to assess sleep quality. He also emphasizes the health threat through obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and how to use simple self-monitoring technologies to determine if you may be affected by OSA yourself. Lastly, we acknowledge poor sleep as a general health risk but also discuss limitations and problems that can arise from overstating this.
Chapters:
(0:00:12) Intro
(0:02:20) Aging and sleep
(0:11:10) Polysomnography (PSG)
(0:22:25) Sleep wearables & HRV
(0:27:07) Obstructive sleep apnea
(0:33:10) Limitations of wearables
(0:36:41) Sleep across chronotypes
(0:44:50) Poor sleep as a health risk?
(0:55:19) Outro
Studies that Christian refers to:
Meta-analysis (2004) PSG data over the lifespan
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15586779/
Paper on app findings of almost a million people asked on “how long do you sleep?”
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36509747/
Studies on PSG vs. some commercial wearables ?
E26 - Part 1: A good night's sleep with Christian Benedict
Saison 2025 · Épisode 1
dimanche 9 mars 2025 • Durée 43:33
Dr. Christian Benedict (Senior Lecturer & Associate Professor at the Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Research and Pharmacology at Uppsala University, Sweden) talks about how to study sleep and its relevance for our overall health. In this first part, Christian introduces us to different definitions of sleep. Together, we try to decipher the concept of sleep quality or in other words how to judge if somebody had a good night’s sleep or not. Christian also summarizes the research around the optimal duration of sleep and discusses the relevanceof spending time in different sleep stages.
Chapters:
(0:00:12) Intro
(0:03:41) Christian Benedict’s career path
(0:13:06) What is sleep?
(0:24:09) Sleep stages & sleep quality
(0:34:06) Sleep quantity/duration
(0:42:08) Outro & Teaser to Part 2
Studies that Christian refers to:
Aversive tobacco smoke during non-REM sleep
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25392505/
Epileptic patients and sleep deprivation
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29106402/
Correlations between time in different sleep stages and daytime alertness are not that good, contradictory evidence
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10678518/
Epworthsleepiness scale and sleep stages are not well correlated
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19110886/
E25 - Part 2: Improving health & sleep through daylight with Christian Cajochen
lundi 28 octobre 2024 • Durée 48:28
In the second part with Prof. Christian Cajochen (Head of
the Centre for Chronobiology at the University of Basel in Switzerland), contributing to the Daylight Awareness Week (28th of October - 2nd of November 2024), we continue our discussion around the impact of daylight on our health, with a special focus on sleep. Christian summarizes the negative effects of bright electric light exposure on sleep and other health outcomes. On the other hand, he highlights the importance of daylight and alternatively increased electric light intensities during daytime for sleep. We also discuss how seasonal changes in daylight affect us more than we think. Christian gives insights into a real-world example of how switching to dynamic lighting at the workplace changed people’s wellbeing. And lastly, we discuss if a medical pill could eventually replace the health effects of daylight.
(0:20:33) Can higher light intensities during daytime reduce negative effects of evening light?
(0:25:47) How to tackle the lack of daylight as a society?
(0:36:00) Take-home message on daylight & health
(0:37:39) Christian’s career goals & future research
(0:41:15) Funny anecdotes
(0:47:18) Outro & Teaser to Part 2
E24 - Part 1: Improving health & sleep through daylight with Christian Cajochen
lundi 28 octobre 2024 • Durée 57:44
As part of the Daylight Awareness Week (28th of October - 2nd of November 2024), Prof. Christian Cajochen (Head of the Centre for Chronobiology at the University of Basel in Switzerland) talks about the impact of daylight on our health, with a special focus on sleep. In the first part, we talk about the importance of light for the circadian timing system within our bodies, with melatonin playing an important role. Christian explains why light can have very different effects on our health depending on the time of day of light exposure, and highlights the most important time to see daylight. Christian points out the benefits of daylight particularly for older people. We also critically discuss how difficult it is to study the health effects of daylight without any confounding from other "side-benefits" outdoors. And lastly, we discuss the effects of light on our cardiovascular system (like heart rate and blood pressure) as well as alertness.
(0:30:43) How to study health effects of daylight without confounders?
(0:38:32) Light & Cardiovascular health
(0:45:31) Warm feet to promote sleep
(0:52:14) Light & Blood pressure
(0:56:11) Outro & Teaser to Part 2
E23 - Part 2: Timing of caloric restriction for longevity with Victoria Acosta-Rodriguez
vendredi 27 septembre 2024 • Durée 01:09:52
After discussing in the first part how caloric restriction can extend lifespan, Dr. Victoria Acosta-Rodriguez (Leader of the Circadian Biology of Aging Unit at the National Institute on Aging (NIA), USA) talks in the second part about her recent study showing that eating these reduced calories always at a certain time of day extends the lifespan of mice even further. Beyond longevity, her study reveals that enhanced health benefits are achieved when feeding versus fasting times are aligned with the natural active and rest phase of mice as dictated by circadian clocks. In the end, we discuss the feasibility of long-term caloric restriction for humans and if similar health benefits could be expected in humans.
Chapters:
(00:00:45) Recap Part 1
(00:01:28) Part 2 topics
(00:02:09) Interview start
(00:03:28) Explaining the study design
(00:10:01) What kind of food did mice eat and why?
(00:13:56) Body weight changes over the lifespan
(00:15:58) Relevance of fasting duration
(00:19:45) A calorie is a calorie?
(00:22:47) The longest-lived mice
(00:25:49) Cause of death for 300 mice
(00:29:46) Physical activity as a survival predictor
(00:31:56) Body composition & metabolic health
(00:35:55) 48-hour liver samples
(00:47:18) Study limitations
(00:51:59) Monkey studies
(00:55:16) Feasibility of caloric restriction for humans
(00:59:21) Personal perspective
(01:09:00) Outro
E22 - Part 1: Timing of caloric restriction for longevity with Victoria Acosta-Rodriguez
mardi 20 août 2024 • Durée 45:31
Dr. Victoria Acosta-Rodriguez (Leader of the Circadian Biology of Aging Unit at the National Institute on Aging (NIA), USA) talks about her research on longevity and caloric restriction. In this first part, Victoria introduces us to longevity research: what kind of interventions and drugs are known to promote longevity and why precise terminology separating life- and healthspan is important. We discuss how the lifespan of mice relates to the lifespan of humans and to what degree we can therefore translate mice studies to the human setting. As we will learn, one intervention to promote longevity is caloric restriction, that is why Victoria also summarizes our current understanding of caloric restriction and defines its different forms.
Chapters:
(00:00:45) Podcast name and host updates
(00:02:51) Introducing Victoria Acosta-Rodriguez
(00:04:43) Interview start
(00:05:26) Victoria’s personal background
(00:09:04) Terminology: Lifespan vs. healthspan
(00:12:25) What interventions promote longevity?
(00:17:24) Defining caloric restriction
(00:21:57) Relevance of feeding time for mice
(00:30:12) Mice vs. humans for longevity studies
(00:38:25) Changes in circadian rhythms upon aging?
(00:44:26) Outro
Main study that we will discuss in depth:
Acosta-Rodriguez, V., Rijo-Ferreira, F., Izumo, M.,
Xu, P., Wight-Carter, M., Green, C.B., and Takahashi, J.S. (2022). Circadian alignment of early onset caloric restriction promotes longevity in male C57BL/6J mice. Science 376, 1192-1202. 10.1126/science.abk0297.
From the 11th to the 13th of March 2024, the 247Muscle podcast has been invited to cover the ERATO UK - Japan Joint Symposium on Circadian rhythms & Sleep, which took place at the University of Oxford. The symposium aimed to promote research exchange and collaboration in the fields of sleep and circadian clocks between the UK and Japan. In this episode, your host Frieder summarizes scientific insights from the symposium and shares short interviews conducted with speakers during the symposium.
More information about the ERATO UK - Japan Joint Symposium: https://sys-pharm.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp/erato-uk/
Chapters:
(00:00:54) Background of the ERATO symposium
(00:02:40) Introduction by Hiroki Ueda
(00:07:25) Summary of the welcome ceremony
(00:10:03) Russell Foster on EEG and large sleep databases
(00:12:19) Wearables to measure sleep
(00:15:20) Andrew Millar on plant vs. human clocks and metabolism
(00:25:05) The concept of “Arrival” for circadian research
(00:36:35) Historical perspective on sleep research
(00:39:47) Anne Skeldon on mathematical models for sleep
(00:41:12) Koji Ode on CaMK2
(00:47:14) Hiroyuki Kanaya on anesthetics
(00:49:55) Akifumi Kishi on human sleep phenotypes
(00:50:44) Amin Mottahedin on stroke time
(00:53:01) Alex Webb on chronoculture and space culturing
(00:56:15) Sleep restriction therapy
(01:00:44) Attendants and organizers sharing their highlights
E20 - Part 2: Fundamentals of cellular timekeeping with John O'Neill
Saison 3 · Épisode 2
lundi 25 mars 2024 • Durée 01:14:09
In this second part, Dr. John O'Neill (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge) provides deep insights from his recent study on how the timing of food intake mechanistically modifies circadian clocks in cells and animals. He explains the research journey of how his group identified systemic time cues associated with food intake. John highlights the indispensable role of the vital protein kinase called mTOR for the cell to process the timing of food intake. Lastly, we discuss how the mechanistic knowledge from John's research might translate to practical eating strategies for shiftwork and jetlag.
More information about the ERATO UK - Japan Joint Symposium: https://sys-pharm.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp/erato-uk/
Chapters:
(0:00:11) Intro
(0:02:23) Food-entrainable oscillator?
(0:06:06) How insulin emerged as a suspect
(0:08:38) Food timing entrains all cell clocks except for the
SCN
(0:10:32) What other candidates than insulin were
considered?
(0:12:29) How insulin modifies clocks
(0:16:35) Insulin action in vitro vs. in vivo
(0:25:07) Why the SCN remains mostly irresponsive to food
timing
(0:31:13) How conflicting time cues impair circadian
organization
(0:34:38) What about skipping breakfast?
(0:39:07) The role of meal frequency and snacking
(0:42:39) Combining time cues to support health
(0:45:37) The role of mTor in daily cellular timekeeping
(0:48:33) Translational perspective on shift work
E19 - Part 1: Fundamentals of cellular timekeeping with John O'Neill
Saison 3 · Épisode 1
lundi 11 mars 2024 • Durée 49:41
Dr. John O'Neill (MRC Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge) discusses his research focusing on the fundamentals of cellular timekeeping. In this first part, John explains the advantages of cells as a model to study circadian rhythms. He provides evidence of why we might consider questioning the current paradigm of how cells keep time, since his group for example demonstrated that even cells without nuclei show circadian rhythms. We further highlight a fascinating study in fibroblasts showing that wounds heal much faster when inflicted during the day vs. night. Lastly, John shares his knowledge of the vital protein kinase called mTOR, and its role in daily physiology.
More information about the ERATO UK - Japan Joint Symposium: https://sys-pharm.m.u-tokyo.ac.jp/erato-uk/
Effect of Bright Light and Melatonin on Cognitive and Noncognitive Function in Elderly Residents of Group Care Facilities: A Randomized Controlled Trial
Acosta-Rodriguez, V., Rijo-Ferreira, F., Izumo, M.,
Xu, P., Wight-Carter, M., Green, C.B., and Takahashi, J.S. (2022). Circadian alignment of early onset caloric restriction promotes longevity in male C57BL/6J mice. Science 376, 1192-1202. 10.1126/science.abk0297.
Additional papers that Victoria refers to:
Rhesus Monkeys - Caloric restriction & Lifespan
Mattison, J. A. et al. Impact of caloric restriction on health and survival in rhesus monkeys from the NIA study. Nature 489, 318–321 (2012).
Colman, R. J. et al. Caloric restriction reduces age-related and all-cause mortality in rhesus monkeys. Nat. Commun. 5, 3557 (2014).
Mattison, J. A. et al. Caloric restriction improves health and survival of rhesus monkeys. Nat. Commun. 8, 14063 (2017).
Humans -TRF
Sutton, E.F., Beyl, R., Early, K.S., Cefalu, W.T., Ravussin, E., and Peterson, C.M. (2018). Early Time-Restricted Feeding Improves Insulin Sensitivity, Blood Pressure, and Oxidative Stress Even without Weight Loss in Men with Prediabetes. Cell Metab 27, 1212-1221 e1213. 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.04.010.
Humans - CALERIE study
Martin, C. K. et al. Effect of calorie restriction on mood, quality of life, sleep,and sexual function in healthy nonobese adults: the CALERIE 2 randomized clinical trial. JAMA Intern. Med. 176, 743–752 (2016).
Das, S. K. et al. Body-composition changes in the Comprehensive Assessmentof Long-term Effects of Reducing Intake of Energy (CALERIE)-2 study: a 2-year randomized controlled trial of calorie restriction in nonobese humans. Am. J. Clin. Nutr. 105, 913–927 (2017).
Francesca Macchiarini, Richard A. Miller, Randy
Strong, Nadia Rosenthal, David E. Harrison,
Chapter 10 - NIA Interventions Testing Program: A collaborative approach for investigating interventions to promote healthy aging, In Handbooks of Aging, Handbook of the Biology of Aging (Ninth Edition),
Academic Press, 2021, Pages 219-235, ISBN 9780128159620,
Damiola, F., Le Minh, N., Preitner, N., Kornmann, B.,
Fleury-Olela, F., and Schibler, U. (2000). Restricted feeding uncouples circadian oscillators in peripheral tissues from the central pacemaker in the suprachiasmatic nucleus. Genes Dev 14, 2950-2961.
Mice - on a high-fat diet & time-restricted feeding
Kohsaka, A., Laposky, A.D., Ramsey, K.M., Estrada, C.,
Joshu, C., Kobayashi, Y., Turek, F.W., and Bass, J. (2007). High-fat dietcdisrupts behavioral and molecular circadian rhythms in mice. Cell Metab 6, 414-421. 10.1016/j.cmet.2007.09.006.
Arble, D.M., Bass, J., Laposky, A.D., Vitaterna, M.H.,
and Turek, F.W. (2009). Circadian timing of food intake contributes to weight gain. Obesity (Silver Spring) 17, 2100-2102. 10.1038/oby.2009.264.
Vollmers, C., Gill, S., DiTacchio, L., Pulivarthy,
S.R., Le, H.D., and Panda, S. (2009). Time of feeding and the intrinsic circadian clock drive rhythms in hepatic gene expression. Proc Natl Acad Sci U
S A 106, 21453-21458. 10.1073/pnas.0909591106.
Hatori, M., Vollmers, C., Zarrinpar, A., DiTacchio, L., Bushong, E.A., Gill, S., Leblanc, M., Chaix, A., Joens, M., Fitzpatrick, J.A., et al. (2012). Time-restricted feeding without reducing caloric intake prevents metabolic diseases in mice fed a high-fat diet. Cell Metab 15, 848-860. 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.04.019.
Mice -Calories, Fasting &
important variables influencing Lifespan
Mitchell, S.J., Bernier, M., Mattison, J.A., Aon, M.A., Kaiser, T.A., Anson, R.M., Ikeno, Y., Anderson, R.M., Ingram, D.K., and de Cabo, R. (2019). Daily Fasting Improves Health and Survival in Male Mice Independent of Diet Composition and Calories. Cell Metab 29, 221-228 e223. 10.1016/j.cmet.2018.08.011.
Mitchell, S.J., Madrigal-Matute, J., Scheibye-Knudsen, M., Fang, E., Aon, M., Gonzalez-Reyes, J.A., Cortassa, S., Kaushik, S., Gonzalez-Freire, M., Patel, B., et al. (2016). Effects of Sex, Strain, and Energy Intake on Hallmarks of Aging in Mice. Cell Metab 23, 1093-1112. 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.05.027.
Acosta-Rodriguez, V.A., de Groot, M.H.M., Rijo-Ferreira, F., Green, C.B., and Takahashi, J.S. (2017). Mice under Caloric Restriction Self-Impose a Temporal Restriction of Food Intake as Revealed by an Automated Feeder System. Cell Metab 26, 267-277 e262. 10.1016/j.cmet.2017.06.007.
Acosta-Rodriguez, V.A., Rijo-Ferreira, F., Green, C.B., and Takahashi, J.S. (2021). Importance of circadian timing for aging and longevity. Nat Commun 12, 2862. 10.1038/s41467-021-22922-6.
(0:58:05) John’s perspective on the ERATO symposium
(1:01:20) John’s future research
(1:05:20) John’s career ambitions
(1:08:01) Funny anecdote
(1:12:09) Outro
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