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Simply put, to make better digital cameras, you need image sensors with higher numbers of larger photosites. Engineers know this. In fact, it’s basically how they’ve made the best cameras humanity have: giant telescopes that take photos of deep space. But phones don't even have as much sensor space as a standard DSLR camera, let alone the surface area of a massive telescope. In fact, most phone camera sensors are no larger than a pea.简单来说，要制造更好的数码相机，就需要拥有更多、更大的感光元件（photosites）的图像传感器。工程师们对此心知肚明。事实上，人类迄今为止制造出的最强大“相机”——那些拍摄深空的巨型望远镜——正是基于这一原理。然而，手机的传感器面积远小于单反相机，更不用说庞大的望远镜镜面了。实际上，大多数手机相机的传感器都不过豌豆大小。

Fortunately, these devices have a technological trick to compensate for their cameras’ tiny size: powerful processors. When you snap a picture on your phone, this pocket-computer starts running complex algorithms, which often begin by secretly taking a string of photos in rapid succession. The algorithms then manipulate these pictures, using math to perfectly align them and identify their best parts before combining the images into one high-quality photo. The end result is an image with less noise, wider dynamic range, and higher resolution than its sensors should be able to achieve.幸运的是，手机拥有一种可以弥补摄像头尺寸不足的技术手段——强大的处理器。当你按下快门拍照时，这个掌上电脑会立即运行复杂的算法，通常会在你毫无察觉的情况下快速连拍多张照片。然后算法会对这些照片进行数学运算，精确对齐每一张图像，挑选出最优部分，再将它们融合成一张高质量的照片。最终生成的图像噪点更少、动态范围更宽、分辨率也远超传感器本身的物理极限。

This approach is known as computational photography, and advances here are likely how phone companies will continue to advertise increasingly better cameras without improving their image sensors. Today, these algorithms often leverage machine learning, where phones learn to improve your shots based on patterns found in massive photo databases. For example, night mode prioritizes dynamic range and noise reduction, while portrait mode tells your phone to focus on a central subject and blur the background. Machine learning also allows our phones to do the opposite, unblurring faces to grab quick candid shots. And newer programs can even help you remove unwanted elements altogether.这种方法被称为计算摄影（computational photography）。未来，手机厂商很可能会继续依靠这项技术来宣传“更好的相机”，而不必真正提升传感器硬件。如今，这些算法常常借助机器学习（machine learning），让手机从海量图片数据库中学习如何自动优化你的照片。比如，夜景模式会优先增强动态范围、减少噪点；人像模式则让手机聚焦于主体人物并虚化背景。而机器学习还能反向操作，让手机“去模糊”人脸，从而捕捉自然瞬间。更先进的程序甚至能帮你直接移除照片中不想要的元素。

So, with the help of software, even phones with the smallest cameras can snap crisp, detailed photos of loved ones, spectacular views, and of course, lots and lots of food.因此，在强大软件的加持下，即使是最小的手机摄像头，也能拍出清晰细腻的照片——无论是所爱之人的笑容、壮丽的风景，还是那一盘盘令人垂涎的美食。

When the Visualphone VP210 hit the market in 1999, it advertised a never-before-seen feature: a camera. With only 0.11 megapixels and storage for 20 photos, the Visualphone is a relic compared to modern devices sporting three distinct cameras, each with up to 100 times more resolution. But while this technology has improved dramatically in the 21st century, engineers are rapidly approaching a hard limit on phone camera quality.1999年，当Visualphone VP210上市时，它宣传了一项前所未有的功能——摄像头。这个摄像头仅有0.11百万像素，最多能储存20张照片。与当今配备三颗摄像头、分辨率高出上百倍的智能手机相比，Visualphone简直就是古董。然而，尽管这项技术在21世纪突飞猛进，工程师们如今正迅速接近手机相机质量的硬性极限。

To understand this limit, we first need to know how phone cameras work. Just like any other digital camera, when your phone takes a picture, light enters through its lens. This lens focuses the light onto an image sensor covered in a grid of photosites— microscopic light sensors roughly 100 times smaller than a grain of sand. There are millions of these sensors, and each one is covered by a red, green, or blue filter, allowing it to measure how much of that color is in the light hitting its location. Then these measurements are simplified, rounding them to less detailed numbers. This stepsacrificessome data, thus lowering the final images’ quality, but it’s essential for the camera’s processor. This computer can only handle so much information as it decrypts the three sets of color data to assemble a digital recreation of the image.要理解这个极限，我们首先得了解手机摄像头的工作原理。和其他数码相机一样，当手机拍照时，光线会通过镜头进入。镜头将光线聚焦到一个图像传感器上，这个传感器表面覆盖着由光敏单元（photosites）组成的网格——这些微型感光元件比一粒沙子小约100倍。这样的感光元件有上百万个，每一个上面都有红、绿或蓝的滤光片，使它能够测量到达该位置的光线中对应颜色的强度。接着，这些测量值会被简化，四舍五入成较粗略的数字。这一步虽然会牺牲部分数据，从而降低最终图像的质量，但却是摄像头处理器运作所必需的。因为这个微型计算机在解读三组颜色数据、重建数字图像的过程中，所能处理的信息量是有限的。

While the quality of this final photo depends on every part of the camera, nothing determines the look of a digital picture more than the image sensor. And engineers judge the quality of image sensors based on their performance in three areas. The first is resolution, or level of detail. Sensors with higher numbers of photosites offer better resolution, as the camera can collect more granular light data. Second and third are dynamic range and noise. Dynamic range is the span from light to dark within a single photo, and noise is the graininess that can come from poor lighting, long exposure times, or an overheating camera. Both these factors can be improved by using larger photosites, which can capture more light overall. This wider range of data helps processors better measure the intensity of the incoming light, adding contrast and reducing noise.虽然最终照片的质量取决于相机的每一个部分，但决定数码图像观感的关键因素，莫过于图像传感器。工程师通常从三个方面评估传感器的质量。第一是分辨率，即细节的清晰程度。拥有更多感光元件的传感器能提供更高的分辨率，因为它能收集更细微的光线数据。第二和第三是动态范围与噪点。动态范围指的是一张照片中从最亮到最暗的跨度，而噪点则是由于光线不足、曝光时间过长或摄像头过热而产生的颗粒感。这两者都可以通过使用更大的感光元件来改善，因为更大的感光面积能捕捉到更多光线。更宽的数据范围让处理器能更准确地判断光线强度，从而提升对比度并减少噪点。

So we ended up taking the car back, it was no longer functional, and we decided to place it in an art gallery in Los Angeles. And at this gallery, actually, I got to attend the opening, and at the opening I observed something that I totally did not expect to see, which was purchasers of the key had flown in from all over the country, not just to see the thing that they had touched and interacted with show up in a gallery, but they were actually there to meet each other for the first time. I watched them taking photos and sharing stories of their own individual escapades with the car, and I took a step back and realized this project was never about the car. It was never about the keys. It was about the people. Like, it really was about the friends you make along the way.最后我们把那辆车收回来了，它已经无法使用了，于是我们决定把它放在洛杉矶的一家艺术馆里。开幕那天我也有幸参加，结果我看到了一个完全没预料到的场景——那些曾经买过钥匙的人从全美各地飞来，不只是为了看他们曾经触碰和互动过的东西出现在画廊里，而是为了第一次彼此见面。我看到他们拍照、分享自己和这辆车的冒险故事。那一刻我退后一步，意识到这个项目从来不是关于车，也不是关于钥匙，而是关于人，关于一路上你结交的朋友。

And now if you see the car, you'll see it outside, I mean, it looks nothing like it did when we started out. The faux wood paneling is gone, regrettably, but now it's covered in paint, drawings, scribbled messages from complete strangers to other total strangers. It's no longer a car. Now it's a rallying point for this weird little random community that sprang up out of nowhere and gave this thing a life of its own.如果你现在看到那辆车，你会发现它完全不像最初的样子了。人造木板装饰已经没了，虽然有点遗憾，但如今车身上覆盖着涂鸦、画作，以及陌生人写给陌生人的随手留言。它已经不再是一辆车，而成了一个奇怪而随机的社区的聚集点，这个社区凭空出现，却让它拥有了自己的生命。

And with that, I'd like to invite each and every one of you to reach under your seat. Because I've placed -- Sorry, sorry, sorry.说到这里，我想邀请在座的每一位伸手到你们的座位下面。因为我放了——啊，对不起，对不起，对不起。

They told me not to do that. I did it anyways. This is my first and last TED Talk. Whatever.他们曾经告诉我不要这么做。但我还是做了。这是我第一次也是最后一次TED演讲。随便吧。

Anyways, we all know that keys, they start cars just like ATM machines are supposed to dispense cash. Just like Big Red Boots are supposed to be shoes. But in the case of the bad idea, none of these ended up being what they appeared to be on the surface. They ended up taking a life of their own, and they all became something else entirely, for better or for worse. And to me, that's the most exciting thing about it all.总之，我们都知道钥匙是用来发动汽车的，就像ATM机是用来吐钞票的，就像大红靴子理应是鞋子一样。但在“坏点子”的案例里，它们最后都不是表面上看起来的那个东西。它们有了自己的生命，完全变成了别的东西，不论好坏。而对我来说，这正是其中最令人兴奋的地方。

I'm not necessarily saying that bad ideas are good ideas. All I'm saying is give yourself a chance to explore the thing that makes you uncomfortable, because you just never know what might happen.我并不是在说坏点子就是好点子。我想说的只是：给自己一个机会去探索那些让你感到不舒服的事物，因为你永远不知道会发生什么。

When you open Pandora's box of bad ideas, clearly the sky's the limit. So let's keep pushing it. I got three minutes.当你打开“坏点子”的潘多拉魔盒时，很明显，没有什么是不能尝试的。所以让我们继续往前推。我还有三分钟。

This is a big fruit loop. I don't -- there's not much else to say. It's real. It's about the size of a dinner plate. It takes a lot of milk to put down, but I assure you, it's just as good as the original.这是一个巨大的麦圈。我没什么别的好说的。它是真的，大小差不多有一只餐盘那么大。需要很多牛奶才能吃下去，但我保证，它的味道和原版一样好。

This is what we call an Alexagate. It's an electronics device armed with seven ultrasonic speakers at its base that blasts white noise into the mic of any Alexa device to keep it from eavesdropping on you when you're not using it.这是我们称之为 Alexagate 的东西。它是一种电子设备，底部装有七个超声波扬声器，会向 Alexa 设备的麦克风发射白噪音，从而防止 Alexa 在你不用的时候偷听你。

And then this one is a life-size sculpture that keeps track of and counts the number of times anyone has touched it. Because if you ever go to a gallery or museum, you know you're not supposed to touch the art. So this is supposed to discourage people touching the art.然后这是一个真人大小的雕塑，它会记录并统计每个人触碰它的次数。因为如果你去过美术馆或博物馆，你就知道艺术品是不能随便碰的。而这个作品的目的，就是让人们更不敢去碰艺术品。

Right. Actually, I wanted to wrap up the story about the car because it is real. If you take a second later, it's parked outside. It's here on the loop, so go find it. The car was real. The 5,000 keys were real. We released this to the world in the fall of 2022, and for the following nine months, we actually got to watch this thing change hands hundreds, if not thousands of times, mostly via very peaceful communal meetups and the occasional Grand Theft Auto, which I can't really talk too much about here.好的。实际上，我想把关于那辆车的故事收尾，因为它是真的。等会儿你们可以去看看，它就停在外面，在这附近，所以自己去找吧。车是真的，5,000 把钥匙也是真的。我们在 2022 年秋天把它释放到这个世界里，在接下来的九个月里，我们真的看到它几百次，甚至上千次易手，大多数情况是很和平的社区聚会，当然偶尔也会有“侠盗猎车”的场景出现——不过这个我在这里不能细说。

Over that nine months, it started in New York, it made its way down to Philadelphia, it stayed in Philadelphia for a few days. Grand Theft Auto. And then eventually made its way across the Midwest to the West Coast, where nine months later, I mean, the GPS stopped. We kind of assumed that the project was over. Which is OK. It had a glorious life. But then one day I get a call, and it's a call from a tow pound. And the tow pound is saying, "Hey, we're pretty sure that we have your car because it is registered under your name. But it's such a weird thing because people keep showing up and claiming the car, and they all have keys that work."在那九个月中，它最初出现在纽约，然后一路到费城，在费城停留了几天（期间发生了一次“侠盗猎车”事件）。后来，它又穿过中西部，一直到了西海岸。九个月后，GPS 信号消失了，我们就以为这个项目结束了。没关系，它已经有过辉煌的一生。但某天我接到一个电话，来自一个拖车场。拖车场的人说：“嘿，我们很确定有一辆车是你的，因为它登记在你的名下。但怪事是，不断有人来认领这辆车，而且他们手里都有能开的钥匙。”

I'm glad you guys think it's funny. I thought it was horrifying. So it wasn't enough for us to just make this. We had to put it in the right place. Does it go outside our studio in Brooklyn? Do we put it in Times Square? My colleagues and I conferred for a little bit, and we realized there's only one place that this thing can ever go. It's Art Basel Miami.很高兴你们觉得这件事好笑。但在我看来，它其实挺可怕的。所以，光是做出这台机器还不够，我们必须把它放在合适的地方。是放在布鲁克林的工作室门口？还是放在时代广场？我和同事们商量了一下，最后发现，这东西唯一合适的地方就是 迈阿密巴塞尔艺术展。

So we take it to Miami. Somehow, we get our way into a gallery and we get into a booth. And on day one, people were actually a little bit hesitant to engage, which I totally get it. It's a little bit shady. It's participatory, I understand. But eventually people would muster up the courage to swipe their card. They would clock in at like 100 dollars in their bank account balance, maybe 1,200 dollars in their bank account balance. By the end of the day, however, someone ended up swiping and clocked in at 12,000 dollars in their bank account balance. And then things started to get a little bit weird.于是我们把它运到迈阿密。不知怎么的，我们成功挤进了一家画廊，弄到一个展位。第一天，人们其实有点犹豫，不太敢尝试，我完全理解——它看起来确实有点阴间操作，而且是参与式的。但最终，人们还是鼓起勇气刷了卡。有人显示账户里有 100 美元，有人显示 1,200 美元。但到了当天结束时，有人刷卡显示账户里有 12,000 美元，事情开始变得微妙起来。

The next day, a famous celebrity DJ named Diplo showed up with his entire entourage, pulled out his debit card, swiped it in the machine, clocked in at three million dollars in his bank account, and shot to the top of the leaderboard. And honestly, the rest is kind of hazy because a crowd amassed so huge around the ATM machine for the following three days that the art fair actually assigned five extra security guards not to protect the ATM machine, but to keep the crowd from bumping into the artworks of the neighboring galleries, which was actually very funny.第二天，一位著名的明星 DJ —— Diplo 带着他的随行人员出现在展会。他掏出借记卡，在机器上刷了一下，结果账户余额显示 三百万美元，直接登上排行榜首位。接下来的情况有点模糊了，因为在随后的三天里，这台 ATM 机前聚集了庞大的人群，以至于艺术博览会不得不额外安排五个保安——不是为了保护这台 ATM 机，而是为了防止人群撞到隔壁画廊的艺术品。这件事本身就很搞笑。

But the most interesting thing that I got to observe here was this unexpected crowd dynamic where when people with astonishingly low bank accounts would swipe their cards, in front of this captive audience, by the way -- and I'm talking really low, like two dollars, concerningly low --但对我来说，最有趣的观察点在于，那些账户余额极低的人刷卡时，意外引发的人群反应。注意，我说的是真的很低，比如只有 两美元，低到令人担心的程度——而且是在一群观众面前公开显示的时候。

They would swipe, they would get ranked at the bottom, and then they would turn around to face the audience, and the audience would lose their minds -- they were cheering and screaming and celebrating and clapping and taking pictures. And it was sincere. It was actually like this wholesome "one of us"-like celebration, which was not anything that we expected.↳他们刷完卡，显示在排行榜最底端，然后转过身面对观众。观众却沸腾了——欢呼、尖叫、庆祝、鼓掌、拍照，而且是发自内心的。那感觉就像一种真诚的“你是我们中的一员”的集体庆祝，这完全出乎我们的意料。

And then to sort of wrap up that week, the funny thing is, a buyer ended up acquiring the ATM machine as a sculpture for a whopping 75,000 dollars. But the funny thing to me is, I don't think that person ever realized that the artwork was not the ATM machine. The artwork was the act of people engaging with the ATM machine. The actual artwork was the relationships that people developed with one another via the ATM machine.到了那周的尾声，最有趣的是，有人最后以 7.5 万美元 的高价把这台 ATM 当作雕塑买走了。但在我看来好笑的是，我不觉得那位买家意识到：真正的艺术作品并不是这台 ATM 机本身，而是人们与这台 ATM 的互动。真正的艺术，是人们通过这台机器彼此之间建立的关系。

See, when we made this thing originally, we were pretty sure it was going to reflect all the worst parts of humanity at Art Basel Miami. But we were wrong. It ended up just being a random crowd of total strangers having a great time together in one big awkward, shared moment of financial transparency.你要知道，当我们最初制作这个东西时，我们确信它会在迈阿密巴塞尔艺术展上揭露人性最糟糕的一面。但我们错了。最后它却成了一个随机的陌生人群体，在一种巨大而尴尬、却共同的“财务透明时刻”中，一起度过了愉快的时光。
Oh, I'm not done yet. I'm not done yet. So.哦，我还没讲完呢，我真的还没讲完。好了

So you've probably figured out by now that I'm not actually here to sell you keys to a car. Today I'm here to talk to you about bad ideas. The kind of ideas that typically die on the vine because reason or work colleagues get in the way. But to me, these are the most exciting ideas because you just never know what might happen.你们大概已经猜到了，我其实不是来卖车钥匙的。今天我想谈的是“坏点子”。这种点子通常在一开始就会被扼杀，因为理性思考或同事的否决会把它挡在路上。但在我看来，这些恰恰是最令人兴奋的点子，因为你永远不知道它们最终会变成什么。

Take these crazy-looking shoes, for example. I think it was like the spring of 2023. My colleagues and I were sketching out the initial prototypes of the Big Red Boot. I remember us being equal parts terrified because, of course, like, who's going to wear these, much less spend money on them? But at the same time, the moment that we put on the initial prototypes ourselves --就拿这双长得很疯狂的鞋子来说吧。我记得那大概是 2023 年的春天，我和同事们在画 Big Red Boot 的最初原型。当时我们既兴奋又害怕，因为很自然的想法就是——谁会穿这种鞋？更别提花钱去买了。但与此同时，当我们自己第一次穿上原型鞋的那一刻——

We were filled with such a chaotic sense of glee that we were like, you know what, we just got to do it. So we committed to making a couple hundred pairs, we priced them at 350 dollars and we just prayed that there would be a few hundred people out there in the world who would spend money on these crazy-looking things.我们心里涌起了一种混乱却强烈的喜悦感，于是我们想：“算了，不管了，干吧！”于是我们决定做几百双，把价格定在 350 美元，只能祈祷世界上会有几百个人愿意花钱买下这种看起来疯狂的东西。

So a week before the drop, we leaked this image through a friend's Instagram account. Again, just hoping that people don't hate it, or even worse, that they don't ignore it. In hindsight, we needn't have worried. The algorithm smiled quite fondly upon the Big Red Boot, and all of a sudden this thing was everywhere. Like, I don't even, I can't even. It's basically like a blur. I don't understand what happened.在正式发售前一周，我们通过一个朋友的 Instagram 账号泄露了这张照片。再次，只是希望人们不要讨厌它，更不要完全无视它。结果回过头来看，我们根本不需要担心。算法很“宠爱”这双 Big Red Boot，突然之间，它火遍了各个角落。老实说，我甚至都说不清楚是怎么回事，一切都像是一阵模糊的旋风。

All of a sudden, people were wearing them courtside at NBA games. I saw Lil Wayne wearing them in amusicvideo. I remember my dad calling me and saying, "Hey, Gabe, there's a professional WWE wrestler wearing your boots on live pay-per-view TV. And he just curb stomped another guy."转眼之间，人们穿着它出现在 NBA 球场边。我看到 Lil Wayne 在一支音乐录影带里穿着它。我还记得我爸打电话告诉我：“嘿，Gabe，有个职业 WWE 摔跤选手在付费直播里穿着你的靴子，他刚刚用它踩翻了另一个人。”

It's incredible. And yet we almost didn't do it. This is almost where it ended. Just as an internal project on the cutting room floor. People told us it was not a great business decision. And honestly, I get it. But what started as a bad idea ended up becoming a very interesting idea.这太不可思议了。但我们差点就没做这件事，差点它就停留在内部项目阶段，被放在角落里废弃。很多人告诉我们，这不是一个很好的商业决策。说实话，我理解他们的想法。但一个最初的坏点子，最终却变成了一个非常有趣的点子。

Here's another one. The idea was an ATM machine. Totally normal, functional, operational, extremely legal ATM machine, with one catch. Attached to the ATM machine, as you see, is a digital leaderboard that ranks people based on the amount of money in their remaining account balances.再来一个例子。这次的点子是一台自动取款机。完全正常、功能齐全、合法合规的 ATM 机，但有一个特别之处：在 ATM 机上安装了一块电子排行榜，它会根据用户账户的剩余余额多少来对他们进行排名。

Good morning everyone. My name is Gabe. I'm a traveling car salesman. So today, I'm here to sell you the keys to this car, this beautiful vintage PT Cruiser. I mean, look at that faux wood side paneling. I'm told it's got turbo. Look. It's a work of art. Trust me.大家早上好。我叫 Gabe。我是一名四处奔波的汽车推销员。今天，我来是要把这辆车的钥匙卖给你们——这辆漂亮的复古 PT Cruiser。看看这仿木纹的侧板，多特别。我听说它还有涡轮增压。看看吧，这就是一件艺术品。相信我。

Now, when I say that I'm selling the keys to this car, I really mean it. I have 5,000 of these keys, and every single last one of them works to that car. You click the key fob once, it unlocks the door, you click it twice, it starts the engine. If you buy any one of these 5,000 keys from me, naturally you get access to the car, but so do 4,999 other people. Whatever happens beyond that is not necessarily my problem. Like I said, I'm just a car salesman.当我说我要卖这辆车的钥匙时，我是认真的。我有 5,000 把这样的钥匙，而且每一把都能打开这辆车。按一次遥控器，它就解锁车门；按两次，它就启动引擎。如果你从我这里买走这 5,000 把钥匙中的任意一把，你当然能开这辆车，但另外 4,999 个人也能开。至于之后会发生什么，那不一定是我的问题。就像我说的，我只是个卖车的。

So you're probably wondering at this point, is this real? Is this guy just making this stuff up? Well, it is real. My name is Gabe, and I'm actually the founder of an art collective based in New York City, called Mschf. These are our logos.你们现在大概会想，这是真的吗？这家伙是不是在胡编乱造？其实，这是真的。我叫 Gabe，我实际上是一个艺术团体的创始人，这个团体位于纽约市，名字叫 Mschf。这些是我们的标志。

Mischief is a bit of a difficult beast to explain, and I'm not going to even try to describe it. Let me give you a couple examples to help paint that picture or confuse you even further.Mschf（恶作剧）是个很难解释的东西，我甚至不打算尝试去定义它。让我给你几个例子，可能能帮你了解一点，或者让你更加困惑。

Handbags. Handbags are really expensive, and incredibly, the smaller they get, the more expensive they become. So a few summers ago, we actually endeavored to make the world's smallest handbag, microscopic, in fact, and somehow it ended up selling at auction for 63,000 dollars, incidentally making it the world's most expensive handbag per volume.手袋。手袋非常昂贵，而且不可思议的是，它们越小，反而越贵。于是几年前的一个夏天，我们真的去尝试制作了世界上最小的手袋——实际上是显微镜下才能看到的大小。结果它竟然在拍卖会上以 63,000 美元成交，顺便也让它成了单位体积价格最贵的手袋。

Here's another one. This is nothing like a handbag. You’ve probably seen those Boston Dynamics Spot dog robots that do TikTok dances with K-pop stars on YouTube. Well, we managed to get one. Instead of making it dance, we strapped a paintball gun to it and we connected it remotely to a website where people could take turns driving it and firing it at an art gallery that we constructed. Boston Dynamics did not like that one very much.再举一个例子。这和手袋完全不同。你们大概见过波士顿动力公司的 Spot 机器人狗吧？在 YouTube 上它们常常和韩流明星一起跳 TikTok 舞。我们设法搞到了一只。但我们没让它跳舞，而是给它绑上一把彩弹枪，然后把它远程连接到一个网站上，让人们轮流操控它，开着它朝我们搭建的艺术画廊射击。波士顿动力公司对这件事可不太高兴。

Once again, there are many possibilities, all consistent with the data. Some with a lot more metal, some with less. And the difference is a measure of uncertainties. This enables us to know where we should collect information next, where we should drill the next hole, and when we can stop drilling and actually start building a mine.再一次，我们面对的是许多种可能性，而这些可能性都与现有数据相符。有些含有更多金属，有些则更少。而这种差异，正是我们对不确定性的衡量。这让我们能够判断下一步该在哪里收集信息、在哪里钻下一个孔，以及什么时候可以停止钻探，转而真正开始建矿。

To build the mine of the future, we continue to contend with this uncertainty. The industry designs an entire mine based on a single model. We're developing KoBold mine, a mine-design optimization tool that looks at the many possible mine designs against the many possible ore body geometries that we talked about earlier. This enables the best decisions about how much ore we're going to mine, how much waste we're going to produce, how much water we'll use, the cash flows, and so on.为了建造未来的矿山，我们必须继续应对这种不确定性。矿业行业往往是基于单一模型去设计整个矿山。而我们正在开发 KoBold Mine——一种矿山设计优化工具，它会结合我们之前提到的各种可能的矿体几何结构，来对比和评估多种矿山设计方案。这使我们能够做出最优决策，比如将开采多少矿石、会产生多少废料、需要多少用水、现金流如何等等。

This enables the best mine planning decisions about where to put permanent infrastructure, like a shaft. Where the traffic and the tunnels will be placed so we can make efficient decisions, and also how we can maximize the ore and the metal we get and minimize the waste. This technology will move into mine operations to help guide day-to-day decisions for efficiencies.这还使我们能在矿山规划中做出最佳决策，例如永久性基础设施（如竖井）应该放在哪里，交通路线和隧道应该如何布局，以便做出高效的选择。同时还能帮助我们最大化矿石和金属的产出，并将废料最小化。这项技术最终会被应用到矿山运营中，用来指导日常决策，提升效率。

Better predictions don't just mean profitability. It means a safer mine, knowing where the rocks are weaker. It means an environmentally sustainable mine so we can lessen our impact on the environment. And it also means a resilient mine with cash flows to support local communities and businesses through different commodity pricing cycles.更好的预测不仅仅意味着更高的盈利，它还意味着矿山的安全性更高，因为我们能知道哪些地方的岩石更脆弱。它意味着更具环境可持续性的矿山，从而减少对环境的影响。它也意味着矿山具备更强的韧性，能够在不同商品价格周期中，依然保持现金流，进而支持当地社区和企业的发展。

Our Mingomba project in Zambia will be the mine of the future. It's being designed and developed by amazing talent from around the world, including Zambians and Africans like myself. We face the reality that our need for these materials will continue to grow because our lifestyles are going to advance and they're going to demand for it. So the mining industry must ensure they transform so we can become responsible miners and build better mines with better technology. Asante and thank you.我们在赞比亚的明贡巴（Mingomba）项目将成为未来的矿山。它正在由来自世界各地的杰出人才设计和开发，其中也包括像我这样的赞比亚人和非洲人。我们必须面对一个现实：对这些资源的需求将会持续增长，因为我们的生活方式在不断进步，而进步本身就会带来需求。因此，矿业必须确保自身实现转型，让我们能够成为负责任的矿工，利用更先进的技术去建设更好的矿山。Asante！（谢谢）非常感谢大家。

The incumbent industry deals with this problem by ignoring it. They pick one possible answer and act like the other ones don't exist. And as a result, we design suboptimal mines, make suboptimal decisions, often mining unnecessary material.现有的矿业行业处理这个问题的方式是忽视它。他们只选择一个可能的答案，然后假装其他可能性不存在。结果就是，我们设计出的矿山并不理想，做出的决策也并不优化，经常还会开采大量不必要的物料。

We've invented a different way. We collect all the possibilities consistent with the data measured, and we do this by simulating the physical response of each of the arrangement of rocks. We do this 10,000 times faster by training an AI to learn the relevant physics of the rock beneath, in the time it takes the conventional method to test one. That means we collect better data, we make better predictions of where to look next. So if you had a rock body and a rock body that's denser than material around it, you might drill through the middle of it. But if you have all the hundreds of thousands of possible solutions, the best thing you can do is to collect data where you're the most uncertain and rigorously eliminate as many possibilities as possible. This enables us to maximize the information we get for every dollar we spend, and we do this repeatedly so we can quantify our uncertainties.我们发明了一种不同的方法。我们会收集所有与测量数据相符的可能性，并通过模拟各种岩石组合的物理反应来实现这一点。借助人工智能学习地下岩石相关物理特性，我们的速度比传统方法快上 10,000 倍——在传统方法只能测试一个的时间里，我们能完成成千上万次模拟。这意味着我们能收集到更好的数据，进而对下一步的勘探地点做出更好的预测。比如，如果你发现一个岩体，其密度大于周围的物质，你可能会选择直接在它的中间钻探。但如果你手上有成千上万种可能的解决方案，最明智的做法就是在最不确定的地方收集数据，并尽可能严格地排除掉不可能的情况。这让我们能够最大化每一美元投入所获得的信息，并且我们会不断重复这一过程，从而量化我们的不确定性。

Even after we've made an ore body discovery, we still have to contend with this uncertainty. We have to define the size and shape of this ore body. Let me illustrate how difficult this is. So now, 1,000 meters below your feet, you drilled, you sampled the rock and you determined that it has five percent copper. So now you know, you've got your data point and your observation. Now, I ask you to make a prediction of the concentration of copper of the person sitting next to you.即便我们发现了一个矿体，仍然需要面对这种不确定性。我们必须界定这个矿体的大小和形状。让我来说明这有多困难。假设现在你在脚下 1000 米处钻探，取出了岩石样本，并测定其铜含量为 5%。到这里，你得到了一条数据点和一个观测结果。接下来，我让你预测一下：坐在你旁边的人脚下 1000 米处的铜含量是多少？

What would your prediction be and how confident would you be in your prediction? What about across the room? Think of any person across this room and try to predict 1,000 meters below them. What about in the next building or the next city? This is the vast challenge that we face. We've only sampled a tiny fraction of rock, collected several football fields apart from each other, for which we're trying to make predictions of all the rock properties in between.你的预测会是什么？你对这个预测有多少信心？那么房间另一头呢？想象一下房间那头的某个人，试着预测他脚下 1000 米处的铜含量。那隔壁大楼呢？或者下一座城市呢？这就是我们面临的巨大挑战。我们只采集了极少量的岩石样本，而且这些样本之间相隔相当于几个足球场的距离，却要用这些数据去预测其间所有岩石的属性。

This technology has helped us move fast in Zambia, where I come from, to design and develop a mine based on our predictions for which we've only sampled a tiny fraction of rock.这种技术已经帮助我们在我来自的赞比亚快速推进，仅凭极少量的岩石样本和我们的预测，就能够设计并开发出一座矿山。

So we need to look deeper. Controversially, we've been taught that these materials will run out. We don't lack ore body deposits. We lack information of where they lie. So if you had a crystal ball, you'd just look into it and start digging out the rocks that are the best and generate the least waste. But we don't have a crystal ball. So the thing that we should do is make predictions of where these materials lie.所以我们需要向更深处探索。一直以来，存在一种争议性的说法：这些矿产资源会枯竭。但实际上，我们并不缺少矿体，我们缺少的是关于它们分布位置的信息。如果你有一个水晶球，只要看一眼，就能直接去挖掘那些品质最好、废料最少的矿石。但现实是我们没有水晶球，所以我们必须依靠预测，推断这些矿产究竟分布在哪里。

My colleagues and I at KoBold are doing what the industry has neglected to do. We aim to predict everything, quantify what we don't know and collect information efficiently. So we're all going to try that right now. I want you to predict 1,000 meters below your feet what the concentration of copper is right where you're sitting. I want you to predict how hard it is, how fractured it is, what's its density? We aim to predict all these things and more. We're developing machine learning technologies that help us predict all of this and rigorously quantify our uncertainties in these predictions. So what does this look like in practice?我和在 KoBold 的同事们正在做这个行业长期忽视的事情。我们的目标是尽可能预测一切，将未知进行量化，并高效地收集信息。现在我想让你们也来尝试一下：试着预测你脚下 1000 米深处的铜浓度是多少？它的硬度如何？裂隙程度怎样？密度又是多少？我们希望能够预测所有这些，甚至更多。为此，我们正在开发机器学习技术，帮助我们完成这些预测，并严格地量化预测中的不确定性。那么，这在实际操作中会是什么样子呢？

When we're exploring for mines, we often fly aircraft thousands of kilometers across the Earth to try collect information such as the Earth's magnetism, its gravitational field, that tells us something about the rocks beneath. But there's a problem. For everything that we're looking at, there are going to be an infinite number of possibilities. And that's because we're building three-dimensional models to fit two-dimensional data. So if a body was smaller and closer to the surface or larger and further away, the measurement would be the same. So this body will also fit the data. And will this one, and this one, and many more.当我们进行矿产勘探时，通常会驾驶飞机在地球上飞行数千公里，以收集数据，例如地球的磁场和引力场信息，这些数据能告诉我们地表下岩石的一些特征。但这里有一个问题：我们观察到的每一个现象，都可能对应无数种可能的解释。这是因为我们用二维数据去构建三维模型。举例来说，如果一个矿体比较小但更接近地表，或者比较大但埋得更深，它们的测量结果可能完全一样。所以，这个矿体可以匹配数据，而另一个也可以，再一个也行，还有更多。

I was born and raised in Zambia, a country known for its rich copper mining history. Alignment of the stars meant that by birth and by science, I became a miner. Everything we build and use was either grown or mined. From the walls to the windows, the tables and the chairs, your phones, your computers, the stage, my copper earrings and maybe your jewelry.我在赞比亚出生并长大，这个国家以丰富的铜矿开采历史闻名。命运与科学的安排，使我自然而然成为了一名矿工。我们建造和使用的一切，要么是种出来的，要么是挖出来的。从墙壁到窗户，从桌子到椅子，从你的手机到电脑，从舞台到我戴的铜耳环，甚至可能还有你的首饰。

So today when we talk about building a circular economy, we mean we need to electrify everything. Our economies will have cars and trucks, robots, drones and aircraft powered by batteries. Our children will need computers in all schools with equal access, and we'll have data centers full of advanced chips to bring us AI, all sourced by abundant sources of renewable energy. The raw materials we'll need will be recyclable so we can become clean and circular. So that means a lot more lithium, copper, cobalt, nickel and others. So we need to build more than 400 new mines by 2040 for us to become circular.所以今天当我们谈论构建循环经济时，意思是我们必须让一切实现电气化。我们的经济体系将拥有由电池驱动的汽车和卡车、机器人、无人机和飞机。我们的孩子们将在所有学校里都能平等地使用电脑，而我们也会有充满先进芯片的数据中心来为我们带来人工智能，而这一切都将依赖丰富的可再生能源。我们所需要的原材料必须是可回收的，这样我们才能实现清洁和循环。因此，这意味着需要更多的锂、铜、钴、镍以及其他矿物。到 2040 年，我们需要建立超过 400 座新矿山，才能实现循环经济。

But before you can build a mine, you have to find the raw materials. The thing is, today's mining industry leaders are doing too little to advance our qualities of life. In other industries that rely on discovery for growth, like pharmaceuticals and technology, for every dollar they return to shareholders, they spend about a dollar in R and D. In mining, however, for every dollar returned to shareholders, less than a penny is spent in exploration. With such underinvestment, it shouldn't surprise you that the technology used in exploration and mining has barely advanced. In fact, we've gotten ten times worse in the last 30 years at making ore body discoveries.但在你建矿之前，首先必须找到原材料。问题在于，当今的矿业领袖们在提升我们的生活质量方面做得太少。在其他依赖发现推动增长的行业，比如制药业和科技行业，每返还一美元给股东，他们大约会投入一美元用于研发。然而在矿业中，每返还一美元给股东，用于勘探的投入却不到一分钱。在如此严重的投资不足下，你不应该对矿业勘探和开采技术几乎毫无进步感到惊讶。事实上，在过去 30 年里，我们在发现矿体方面的效率已经降低了十倍。

But there's good news. The vast majority of ore deposits are still out there waiting to be found. They're just harder to find. Of all the past mines we know of, they were easy because they were poking out of the surface and they were near the surface.但好消息是，绝大多数矿床仍然存在，正等待我们去发现。只是它们变得更难寻找了。我们已知的那些过去的矿山之所以容易发现，是因为它们要么直接露出地表，要么距离地表非常近。

Somewhere on a farm in Iowa in 2010, a hen lays an egg. In just a few short weeks, this egg will be part of a massive infection event: thousands of people will fall ill, millions of eggs will be recalled, and several egg industry titans will ultimately land in jail, all thanks to a microscopic but mighty bacterium.2010年，在爱荷华州的一座农场里，一只母鸡产下了一枚鸡蛋。仅仅几个星期后，这枚鸡蛋将成为一场大规模感染事件的一部分：成千上万的人会生病，数百万枚鸡蛋将被召回，而几位蛋业巨头最终会锒铛入狱，而这一切都源于一种微小却强大的细菌。

Salmonella infects millions worldwide each year, causing fever, stomach cramps, and diarrhea. And these effects can be extreme: Salmonella is the leading cause of hospitalizations and deaths from food poisoning.↳每年，全世界有数百万人感染沙门氏菌，导致发烧、胃痉挛和腹泻。这些影响可能非常严重：沙门氏菌是食物中毒导致住院和死亡的主要原因。

So, let’s follow this microbe to find out how it makes so many people sick.那么，让我们跟随这种微生物，看看它是如何让如此多人患病的。

We begin in the chicken's digestive tract, a major source of all Salmonella infections. In chickens, Salmonella bacteria often go undetected, allowing them to spread to eggs either through the developing yolk or by passing through feces, which can then contaminate shells. Under unhygienic farming conditions, this Salmonella-laden feces may also infect or contaminate other animals and crops, causing various food-linked outbreaks. Meanwhile, chicken meat can be exposed to intestinal Salmonella during processing.我们从鸡的消化道开始，它是所有沙门氏菌感染的主要来源。在鸡体内，沙门氏菌常常不易被察觉，它们可能通过正在发育的蛋黄传播到鸡蛋中，或通过粪便排出并污染蛋壳。在不卫生的养殖条件下，这些含有沙门氏菌的粪便还可能感染或污染其他动物和农作物，导致各种与食物相关的疫情。同时，在加工过程中，鸡肉也可能接触到肠道中的沙门氏菌。

On its journey from farm to plate, the microbe can survive extreme cold, wet, and dry conditions. However, once it moves into a human body, Salmonella reveals its true talents for survival. The first hurdle is the stomach. Here, most bacterial invaders are killed off by stomach acid. But Salmonella cells can detect acidic conditions, which triggers the production of acid shock proteins. These molecules shield the bacteria from damage just long enough for it to pass into the intestines.↳在从农场到餐桌的旅途中，这种微生物能在极端的寒冷、潮湿和干燥环境中生存。然而，一旦进入人体，沙门氏菌便展现出它真正的生存本领。第一道关卡是胃。在这里，大多数细菌入侵者都会被胃酸消灭。但沙门氏菌能感知酸性环境，从而触发酸冲击蛋白的产生。这些分子保护细菌免受伤害，正好能支撑它们进入肠道。

Salmonella then faces the next gauntlet, as intestinal cells swiftly unleash microbe-destroying immune cells. But once again, the bacteria detect these changes with inbuilt sensors. And embedded within Salmonella’s genome are pathogenicity islands, clusters of adaptive genes that launch the next phase of attack. They signal the construction of a specialized system that resembles a needle and syringe. Within seconds, it injects molecules called effector proteins into the intestinal cells, causing them to change their structure and swallow up the Salmonella. Once inside, Salmonella can then exploit the cell machinery to replicate and spread.接着，沙门氏菌面对下一道挑战：肠道细胞会迅速释放出能消灭微生物的免疫细胞。但细菌再次利用内置的感应器来探测这些变化。在沙门氏菌的基因组中，存在着致病岛——一组自适应基因簇，它们会启动下一阶段的攻击。它们指令细菌构建一个类似针管的特殊系统。在几秒钟内，沙门氏菌就能将效应蛋白注入肠道细胞，使其结构发生变化并吞噬沙门氏菌。一旦进入细胞，沙门氏菌就能利用细胞的机制进行复制和扩散。

But these invaded intestinal cells don’t go down without a fight— as soon as this breach begins, they release cytokines, chemical messengers that prompt the immune system to launch into action. Fleets of white blood cells seek out and destroy Salmonella microbes and infected cells. This inflammatory response is also what leads to symptoms like abdominal pains and fever. And it further damages the breached intestinal cells, limiting their usual ability to absorb water. So, whatever’s in the digestive tract gets released in watery diarrhea.但这些被入侵的肠道细胞并不会坐以待毙——一旦入侵开始，它们就会释放细胞因子，这是一种化学信使，能促使免疫系统立即行动。大量白细胞会追踪并摧毁沙门氏菌以及被感染的细胞。这种炎症反应也正是导致腹痛和发烧等症状的原因。此外，它还会进一步损伤受侵的肠道细胞，限制它们正常吸收水分的能力。于是，消化道中的物质就会以水样腹泻的形式排出体外。

While this inflammatory response may feel unpleasant, it effectively purges Salmonella from the body within 2 to 7 days for most people, without the need for antibiotics.虽然这种炎症反应令人不适，但对大多数人而言，它能在 2 到 7 天内有效清除体内的沙门氏菌，而无需使用抗生素。

But there are times when a Salmonella infection may require more treatment. It can lead to severe dehydration, particularly in children and older patients. And in some unusual cases, Salmonella can continue to spread through the body, hiding inside immune cells, invading other organs and tissues, and even poisoning the blood. These cases occur if a person is infected by a rare but powerful type of Salmonella called S. typhi. Unlike other strains, S. typhi doesn’t infect chickens— It spreads from person to person, mainly via poor sanitation and untreated drinking water. Although it’s uncommon in many parts of the world, typhoid fever, the disease that S. typhi causes, still kills over 100,000 people yearly.但有时沙门氏菌感染需要更多治疗。它可能导致严重脱水，尤其是在儿童和老年患者中。而在一些少见的情况下，沙门氏菌会继续在体内传播，藏身于免疫细胞中，侵入其他器官和组织，甚至引发败血症。这些情况多发生在感染了一种罕见但强大的沙门氏菌——伤寒沙门氏菌（S. typhi）时。与其他菌株不同，S. typhi 不会感染鸡，它主要通过人际传播，尤其是因卫生条件差或饮用未处理的水而传播。尽管在世界许多地区并不常见，但由 S. typhi 引起的伤寒每年仍导致超过 10 万人死亡。

Thankfully, there are vaccines to prevent infection by S. typhi. To avoid milder variants, there are steps that everyone can take, like washing your hands, avoiding unpasteurized milk, and cooking meat and eggs thoroughly. Cookie dough should be off limits: raw eggs and flour both carry a Salmonella risk.幸运的是，目前已有疫苗可以预防 S. typhi 的感染。为了避免较轻型的变种感染，每个人都可以采取一些措施，比如勤洗手、避免饮用未经消毒的牛奶、彻底煮熟肉类和鸡蛋。饼干生面团则应避免食用：因为生鸡蛋和面粉都存在沙门氏菌风险。

And there are ways to stop Salmonella at its source. Investigations into the outbreak in 2010 revealed one company's dark history of unhygienic farming conditions, bribery of health officials, and mislabeled eggs. Since then, the United States has taken steps to put stricter regulations in place. In Europe, many countries have successfully reduced Salmonella by requiring testing on farms and before products reach shelves. But there's still work to be done if we want to stop the spread of this incredibly crafty pathogen.同时，也有办法从源头阻止沙门氏菌。对2010年疫情的调查揭示了一家公司不为人知的黑暗历史：不卫生的养殖环境、行贿卫生官员以及错误标记鸡蛋。自那以后，美国采取了更严格的监管措施。而在欧洲，许多国家通过要求在农场和产品上架前进行检测，成功减少了沙门氏菌的传播。但如果我们想要彻底阻止这种极具狡猾性的病原体传播，仍有大量工作要做。

The animal is covered in spikes all over its back including some that are one metre long emerging from its neck. It also has a bony collar that wraps around its neck and what looks like a pointy mace-like weapon at the end of its tail. Professor Richard Butler of Birmingham University said it was the most exciting specimen he'd ever seen.这种动物的背部布满尖刺，其中一些从颈部伸出的尖刺长达一米。它的脖子上还有一个骨干环，尾巴末端有看起来像是一种和狼牙棒类似的尖锐武器。伯明翰大学的理查德·巴特勒教授表示，这是他所见过的最令人兴奋的恐龙标本。

The discovery, which has been published in the journal Nature, turns current ideas – that armour evolved gradually in these animals over tens of millions of years – on their head. Instead, it suggests that the armour was elaborate to start with, possibly for mating and display, and then became simpler and possibly more effective as protection from predators, according to Professor Susannah Maidment of the Natural History Museum.这项发现，发表在《自然》杂志上，颠覆了目前已有的观点，即这些动物的铠甲是在数千万年的时间里逐渐进化形成的。正相反，这项发现表明这些铠甲一开始精巧复杂，可能是为了交配和求偶，而之后变得更加简单，可能成为了抵御捕食者的更有效的保护，这是自然历史博物馆苏珊娜·梅德门教授的观点。

The ankylosaur is the oldest discovered to date and is the first to be found in Africa. The research team hope the specimen will be displayed to the public in Fez in Morocco.这种甲龙是迄今为止发现的最古老的、也是第一个在非洲被发现的甲龙。研究团队希望这个标本能在摩洛哥非斯向公众展出。

It's normal for our bodies to not always be in tip-top condition, whether we catch the flu, have aching muscles after lots of exercise or get travel sick. But there's an ingredient that can help with all of that, and it can be used in all sorts of ways.我们的身体并不总是处于尖端状态是正常的，无论我们感受到流感，运动后肌肉疼痛还是患病。 但是，有一种成分可以帮助所有这些，并且可以以各种方式使用。

Ginger isn't just something to have in the kitchen – it's been used as an aidfor centuries. Research consistently shows it eases nausea, such asmotion sickness, and is recommended as a remedy by the NHS for helpingease pregnancy sickness. Anna Daniels, a dietitian and spokesperson for the British Dietetic Association, says it's so beneficial because it has "powerful anti-inflammatory properties which assist with reducing inflammation in the gas trointestinal tract and therefore relieve discomfort and settle upset stomachs."生姜不仅在厨房里有东西 - 它已被用作几个世纪的帮助。 研究始终表明，它缓解了恶心，例如运动疾病，并被NHS推荐作为帮助缓解怀孕疾病的补救措施。 英国饮食协会的营养师和发言人安娜·丹尼尔斯（Anna Daniels）表示，它具有“强大的抗炎特性，有助于减少胃肠道炎症，从而缓解不适并减轻胃部不适的胃部。”

And it can help with more than just nausea. Ginger tea has been shown to help fight colds and flu because it encourages perspiration, which in turn reduces feverish symptoms. Gingerol, a bioactive compound in the spice, has been found to help reduce the risk of infections because it supports immune health, including autoimmune conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis and lupus. And if you're sporty, there's good news for you too. Studies by the International Journal of Preventative Medicine and The Journal of Pain found that a daily supplement of ginger eased muscle soreness after intense physical activity.它不仅可以帮助恶心。 姜茶已被证明可以帮助抗击感冒和流感，因为它鼓励了出汗，从而减少了发烧的症状。 Gingerol是香料中的生物活性化合物，已被发现有助于降低感染的风险，因为它支持免疫健康，包括自身免疫性疾病，例如类风湿关节炎和狼疮。 而且，如果您运动型，那么您也会有个好消息。 《国际预防医学杂志》和《疼痛杂志》的研究发现，每天的姜补充在激烈的体育锻炼后缓解了肌肉酸痛。

So, how can you use ginger? It's an incredibly versatile ingredient and can be used in almost anything from tea to biscuits to fiery stir-fries. Many cafes and supermarkets now sell ginger shots promoting health benefits. Emily Jonzen, author of The Goodness of Ginger and Turmeric, suggests grating it, though she advises "it has a strong flavour and a fieriness to it so introduce it to your cooking a little at a time".那么，如何使用生姜？ 这是一种多才多艺的成分，几乎可以用于从茶到饼干再到火热的炒菜中。 现在，许多咖啡馆和超市都出售生姜镜头，以促进健康益处。 姜和姜黄善良的作者艾米丽·琼森（Emily Jonzen）建议将其磨碎，尽管她建议“它具有强烈的风味和烈性，因此一次将其介绍给您的烹饪。”

So, if you like the taste, you could incorporate it into your diet and see if you feel these health benefits.因此，如果您喜欢这种口味，则可以将其纳入饮食中，看看您是否会觉得这些健康益处。

We all know that having too much work and too much stress can lead to burnout, but did you know that the opposite can also be a problem? Have you ever felt that your job was too easy and that everything was just a bit too boring? If so, you might be suffering from rust out.我们都知道，工作量过多，压力太多会导致倦怠，但是您知道恰恰相反可能是一个问题吗？ 您是否曾经觉得您的工作太简单了，一切都太无聊了？ 如果是这样，您可能会遭受生锈。

Rust out happens when there isn't enough challenge to motivate you to keep going in your job. Without some challenge, it can be hard to feelgrowth in your role. If a job has lots of repetitive and monotonous tasks, it can make it hard to see the purpose of a role. Having a lower level of responsibility at work than before can also make it harder to feel fulfilled in a job. This can affect people who have taken time out from their career for family or personal reasons.当没有足够的挑战以激励您继续工作时，就会发生生锈。 没有一些挑战，您的角色可能很难感受到成长。 如果工作有很多重复且单调的任务，则可能很难看到角色的目的。 在工作中的责任水平低于以前，也可以使工作中的满足感更加困难。 这可能会影响因家庭或个人原因从职业生涯中抽出时间的人。

If you think that you might be suffering from rust out, then there are a number of signs to watch out for. You might dread finding your schedule each week and not seeing anything stimulating on it. It might be that you often find yourself clock-watching at work, willing the time to pass.Focus and motivation can drop, leading you to get less done than you had before, or to make more mistakes. You may start to feel apathetic and disengaged towards your job. These feelings can lead to anxiety and depression which can then spread from work into people's personal lives.如果您认为自己可能患有生锈，那么有很多迹象要注意。 您可能会害怕每周找到自己的日程安排，而没有看到任何刺激的东西。 可能是您经常发现自己在工作中观看时钟，愿意通过时间。 专注和动力可能会下降，导致您比以前做得更少，或者犯更多的错误。 您可能会开始感到冷漠，并脱离工作。 这些感觉会导致焦虑和沮丧，然后可以从工作中传播到人们的个人生活中。

Finding yourself suffering from rust out can sometimes be an opportunity. Some experts suggest that self-awareness is key. By taking some time to realise what you are really looking for in work and life, you can take steps to re-discover your motivation. Setting yourself goals and allowing yourself to try new things can help you find a new purpose. Considering what you really need for a job can also lead you to find a new one that's better suited to your goals in life.发现自己患有生锈有时可能是一个机会。 一些专家认为自我意识是关键。 通过花一些时间意识到自己在工作和生活中真正寻找的东西，您可以采取步骤重新发现自己的动力。 设定自己的目标并让自己尝试新事物可以帮助您找到新的目标。 考虑到您真正需要的工作也可能会导致您找到一个更适合您人生目标的新工作。

Historians face many problems in piecing together the past from ancient inscriptions. They're usually incomplete, and also their origin and date may not be known.历史学家们在用古代铭文拼凑过往时面临许多难题。这些铭文通常残缺不全，而且它们的来源和年代也可能无从知晓。

Researchers attempt to fill in the blanks by drawing on texts that are similar in wording, grammar, and appearance. Ancient inscriptions tend to be formulaic, so historians can infer what the missing part of the sentence is saying from similar inscriptions. The process is painstaking and can take months or years.研究人员们尝试填补铭文中的空白部分，他们通过借鉴在措辞、语法和外观上类似的文本来完成这项工作。古代铭文往往具有程式化的特征，所以历史学家们可以从相似的铭文中推断出一个句子中缺失的部分所要表达的内容。这个过程是十分艰难的，可能需要数月甚至数年的时间。

Aeneas does this in the blink of an eye, by drawing from a database of 176,000 ancient Roman writings.而埃涅阿斯仅用一眨眼的功夫就能完成这项工作，它依靠的是从一个包含 17.6 万份古罗马文献的数据库中提取信息。

I also think there's a systematic or institutional resistance, right? Because genomics is thetipof the spear for preventive care. It's really the first in a series of things that we need to bring in order to preserve our health: multiomics, proteomics, transcriptomics, wearables, all the exciting things we've heard about that will keep us well instead of simply treating us when we're sick.我也认为存在一种系统性或制度性的抵制，对吧？因为基因组学是预防医疗的“矛头”。它实际上是我们为了保持健康所需要引入的一系列手段中的第一步：多组学、蛋白质组学、转录组学、可穿戴设备，所有这些令人兴奋的技术，都是为了帮助我们保持健康，而不仅仅是在生病时才进行治疗。

Now, I'm happy to tell you that I've co-founded an international consortium on newborn sequencing. It's grown to 27 groups around the world that are all doing this in different healthcare systems. We get together, we compare notes, we share data. It's really exciting. I go to these annual meetings, it’s the most exciting meeting I go to every year, we feel like we're inventing an entirely new field of medicine.现在，我很高兴地告诉大家，我共同创立了一个关于新生儿基因测序的国际联盟。它已经发展到全球27个团队，他们在不同的医疗体系中开展类似的工作。我们聚在一起，交流经验，分享数据，这令人无比兴奋。我每年都会参加这个年度会议，这也是我每年最激动人心的一次会议，因为我们感觉自己正在开创一个全新的医学领域。

But if we really want to invent the future, we've got to do something different. If we really want to invent the future, we've got to realize that a child's DNA doesn't change over time, but the science is changing all the time. And so what that means is we should sequence your child's DNA, and we should revisit and reanalyze that DNA over and over again to truly create the dream of genome-informed medicine. Because each and every year there will be new insights and new treatments available.但如果我们真的想要创造未来，就必须做一些不同的事情。我们必须认识到：孩子的DNA不会随时间改变，但科学却在不断进步。这意味着我们应该对孩子的DNA进行测序，并且反复重新分析它，从而真正实现“基因组指导医疗”的梦想。因为每一年都会出现新的发现和新的治疗方法。

This isn't offered anywhere in the world, but I'm happy to tell you that we are trying to build this. We are building an AI-enhanced digital health platform so that you, your grandchildren, your children, your pediatricians, your health care centers, your employers, your nations can do this at scale.目前，全世界还没有地方提供这种服务，但我很高兴地告诉大家，我们正在努力构建它。我们正在打造一个由人工智能增强的数字健康平台，这样你、你的孩子、你的孙辈、儿科医生、医疗中心、雇主乃至国家，都可以大规模开展这一工作。

It's going to take a certain amount of courage to change the way we think about disease, to embrace the knowledge of risk in order to preserve our health, rather than waiting for us and our children to get sick and treating them there. But if we can do this, if we can embrace this, we can save millions of lives and usher in an entirely new era of genome-inspired medicine.要改变我们对疾病的看法，需要一定的勇气。我们必须接纳风险知识，以此来保护我们的健康，而不是等到我们和孩子生病后再去治疗。但如果我们能够做到这一点，如果我们能够拥抱这一理念，我们就能拯救数百万人的生命，并迎来一个由基因组启发的全新时代的医学。

But that system is overburdened, under-resourced, and since 2008, it's only added nine new conditions. And as we've just said, there are several hundred treatable genetic conditions today. It’s going to be very hard for them to keep up.但该体系人手不足、资源匮乏，自2008年以来仅新增了九种疾病。正如我们刚才所说，如今有数百种可治疗的遗传性疾病，单靠现有体系很难跟得上。

Why are people so resistant? Why aren't we demanding this? Well, part of the reason is human psychology, right? You bring home this perfect little baby, and you don't really want to look for something that might be wrong, even if, intellectually, you know it might be treatable. But we've got to get past that.人们为什么如此抗拒？为什么我们不去强烈要求普及这项技术？部分原因来自人类心理：把这个完美的小宝宝带回家后，你并不想去寻找可能存在的问题——即便从理智上你知道这些问题可能是可治疗的。但我们必须突破这种心理障碍。

The other reason is privacy concerns. And this is sort of ironic because privacy concerns are real. Your DNA is a biometric. It's kind of like a fingerprint. There's certainly some law enforcement considerations, but if somebody steals my genome, they really can't make much of it. Whereas if they steal my electronic footprint or your electronic footprint, there's a lot more harm that can be done.另一个原因是隐私担忧。这有点讽刺，但隐私担忧确实存在。你的DNA是一种生物识别信息，有点像指纹。确实存在执法方面的考虑，但如果有人窃取了我的基因组，实际上他们也很难利用它做太多事情；而如果窃取了我的电子足迹或你的电子足迹，就可能造成更多的伤害。

So I'm not saying we shouldn't be concerned about privacy. In fact, privacy is protected when you look for genomic information in a medical context, just like it's protected for your psychiatric history and your HIV status and so forth.我并不是说我们不该关心隐私问题。事实上，在医疗情境下查找基因组信息会受到隐私保护，就像精神病史、艾滋病感染状况等信息一样受保护。

It's also been confusing to have direct-to-consumer genetic testing. Now, these companies, for the most part, were very honest about what they offered, but they were not protected by these same legal protections as health care. And typical direct-to-consumer companies use a technology called genotyping. So they're looking for various markers in the genome, which is good for ancestry and traits, but not so good for mutations. For that, you really need the sequencing, every single letter of the DNA, and that's 5,000 times more granular.直接面向消费者的基因检测也令人困惑。这些公司在很大程度上对其提供的服务是坦诚的，但它们并不受与医疗保健相同的法律保护。典型的直接检测公司使用的是一种叫做基因分型（genotyping）的技术，因此它们寻找的是基因组中的各种标记，这对祖源和性状分析很有用，但对检测突变并不十分可靠。要检测突变，确实需要测序——也就是读取DNA的每一个碱基——这种方法的精细度高出约5000倍。

Let me let you hear from a couple of the BabySeq mothers who've gone through this and hear what they have to say about the findings in their own children.让我带你听听几位参与 BabySeq 项目的母亲们的心声，听听她们对于自己孩子检测结果的看法。

Now, this was baby Adam, who had an elastin gene mutation which can be associated with a narrowed aorta.这是婴儿亚当，他有一个弹性蛋白基因突变，这种突变可能与主动脉狭窄有关。

Finding out that your newborn has a heart problem, of all things, is absolutely terrifying. But knowing that we could be proactive gave us some peace of mind that we were doing everything we could do instead of being surprised down the road.发现自己新生的孩子居然有心脏问题，这无疑是极其可怕的。但得知我们能够主动采取措施，这让我们心里多少有些安慰，因为我们已经尽力而为，而不是在未来突然遭遇意外打击。

And in fact, after this mutation was found, a scan found that this baby's aorta was already mildly narrowed, it can now be followed and treated if it gets worse.事实上，在发现这个突变后，扫描检查表明这个婴儿的主动脉已经出现轻度狭窄。如今可以进行随访监测，如果情况恶化，就能及时治疗。

Baby Cora, who's now almost nine years old, was found to have mutations suggestive of biotinidase deficiency, which is absolutely necessary for proper brain development. So she takes a simple dietary supplement every day that's kept her brain safe.科拉宝宝，如今已经快九岁了，她被发现携带提示生物素酶缺乏症的突变。这种酶对大脑正常发育至关重要。于是她每天服用一种简单的膳食补充剂，从而保护了她的大脑。

We give her a daily vitamin to treat her enzyme deficiency. We had to get creative at first, but now it's part of our routine. I'm just glad we discovered the conditions before there were any symptoms.我们每天给她服用维生素来治疗这种酶缺乏。一开始我们得想办法让她接受，但现在这已经成为生活的一部分。我很庆幸我们在症状出现之前就发现了这个问题。

And baby Jacob was one of four children who had mutations that created a predisposition for pediatric or adult onset cancers. Now, in his case, the gene was BRCA2 or “Broca” 2, and nobody in the family knew that it was present. When we found out, we traced it back to his mother, who was surprised but who could then take action.婴儿雅各布则是四个因基因突变而容易患儿科或成年期癌症的孩子之一。他的突变基因是 BRCA2（俗称“布罗卡2”），家里没人知道有这种基因存在。当我们发现后，追溯到他的母亲，她很惊讶，但随后能够采取应对措施。

It turns out that I ultimately was carrying a mutation. I had risk-reducing and ultimately life-saving surgery, and I believe it was the right decision so I could be present for my son.结果发现，我自己最终是这个基因突变的携带者。我接受了降低风险、最终挽救生命的手术。我相信这是一个正确的决定，因为这样我才能陪伴在儿子身边。

So how can we bring this to every family that wants this insight? Well, there is a newborn screening system around most of the world. It looks for, in the United States, up to 75 treatable conditions, mostly metabolic conditions.那么，我们该如何让每一个希望获得这种洞察的家庭都能受益呢？其实，在世界大多数国家和地区都有新生儿筛查系统。在美国，这种筛查可以检测多达75种可治疗的疾病，其中大多数是代谢性疾病。

People were aghast. They thought we were going to do terrible medical things to these children. They thought there was going to be catastrophic psychological distress, and they thought we were going to spend all sorts of money. So we've spent ten yearsexquisitely studying the medical, behavioral and economic impact of newborn genetic sequencing. And we don't have all the answers yet, but I have to tell you that what we've discovered so far is pretty reassuring.↳人们当时都很震惊。他们以为我们要对这些孩子进行可怕的医学实验；他们以为这会带来灾难性的心理创伤；他们还以为我们会花费大量的金钱。于是，我们花了十年时间，精细地研究新生儿基因测序在医学、行为和经济上的影响。虽然我们还没有得到全部的答案，但到目前为止的发现已经相当令人安心。

Now, what was really surprising about this was what we found in these normal babies. If you take, let's say, 400 genes which represent conditions that are treatable today, absolutely treatable, in about 1,000 families, we found mutations in those genes in about four percent of these babies. Four percent.真正让人惊讶的是，我们在这些健康的新生儿中发现了什么。假设我们取大约400个基因，这些基因代表了当今可以明确治疗的疾病，在大约1000个家庭的新生儿中，我们发现约4%的婴儿携带这些基因的突变。4%！

And if you expanded that gene list to be, let's say, 5,000 genes long, and that includes conditions that aren't treatable yet, conditions that maybe attack you in adulthood, we found an incredible 12 percent of these babies were carrying such mutations.如果把这个基因列表扩展到大约5000个基因，其中包括目前尚不可治疗、可能在成年后才会发病的疾病，那么我们发现竟有高达12%的婴儿携带这类突变。

Now, remember, that doesn't mean that all of these children are going to get the disease. But it does mean that if you know the risk that the children have, then your pediatrician and your family can be on the lookout for vague symptoms that would otherwise be overlooked.当然，请记住，这并不意味着所有这些孩子都会得病。但这确实意味着，如果你知道孩子所具有的风险，那么儿科医生和家人就可以提前留意一些本来可能被忽视的模糊症状。

This isn't a small problem. If this holds, that means in the United States, there are over 400,000 babies a year that will carry these risk mutations, and worldwide, that's over 15 million babies a year that will carry these risk mutations. It's kind of ironic, isn't it, because these are individually rare diseases, many of them you won't even have heard of, but together they are a massive medical problem.这可不是一个小问题。如果这个比例成立，那就意味着在美国，每年会有超过40万名婴儿携带这些风险突变；而在全球范围内，每年会有超过1500万名婴儿携带这些风险突变。这有点讽刺，不是吗？因为这些疾病单独来看都很罕见，许多甚至你从未听说过，但加在一起，它们却构成了一个巨大的医学难题。

So on April 22, 2015, a four-day-old baby girl in Boston, let's call her baby Maria, became the first healthy infant in human history to have her genome comprehensively sequenced, comprehensively analyzed, as part of a clinical controlled trial in preventive genomics.2015年4月22日，在波士顿，一名只有四天大的女婴——我们姑且称她为玛丽亚宝宝——成为人类历史上第一位健康婴儿，她的基因组在一项预防性基因组学的临床对照试验中被全面测序并进行全面分析。

Now, why is this important? It's great to be first, but it's important because when children are ill, everybody's upset. But when children remain ill and doctors can't figure out what's going on, well, that casts their parents into a diagnostic odyssey that can take years and be incredibly agonizing. It can create all sorts of misunderstanding, misdiagnosis and mismanagement.那么，为什么这很重要呢？成为“第一”固然值得称道，但更重要的是，当孩子生病时，全家都会陷入焦虑。而当孩子长期患病而医生却无法找出病因时，父母就会踏上一段漫长而痛苦的“诊断奥德赛”，这种折磨可能持续多年。它会带来各种误解、误诊，甚至错误治疗。

Now, sometimes those children will go on to get genetic testing, and sometimes they'll find an answer. And sometimes those answers mean that you can treat the child, but by then it can be too late. The damage is permanent. This is particularly tragic because there are so many treatable genetic conditions today, and they're going to be even more with gene editing, cell and gene therapies. In fact, it's been suggested that over 90 percent of genetic conditions will be treatable in the next few years with gene editing.有时候，这些孩子最终会接受基因检测，有时候能找到答案。而有时这些答案意味着孩子是可以治疗的，但等到那时，往往已经为时已晚，损害不可逆转。这尤其令人痛心，因为如今已有许多遗传性疾病是可治疗的，而随着基因编辑、细胞与基因疗法的发展，可治疗的遗传病将会更多。事实上，有人预测，在未来几年内，超过90%的遗传性疾病都将通过基因编辑得到治疗。

So the key to this is obviously finding these children early, actually analyzing their DNA at or shortly after birth. And so ten years ago, I pulled together a team at Harvard Medical School, Mass General Brigham, Broad Institute, Ariadne Labs, and got together with a brilliant group of co-leaders: Alan Beggs, Amy McGuire, Heidi Rehm and Ingrid Holm. And together, we launched the BabySeq or Baby Sequencing Project, the world's first trial of newborn genomic sequencing.因此，关键显然在于尽早发现这些孩子，在出生时或出生后不久就对他们的DNA进行分析。于是十年前，我在哈佛医学院、麻省总医院、布罗德研究所和阿里阿德涅实验室组建了一支团队，并与一群杰出的共同领导者——艾伦·贝格斯、艾米·麦奎尔、海蒂·雷姆和英格丽德·霍尔姆——携手合作。我们共同启动了“婴儿基因组测序计划”（BabySeq Project），这是世界上第一个针对新生儿进行基因组测序的试验。

Now, when we presented this information at medical meetings, we didn't quite get the reaction we were hoping for.然而，当我们在医学会议上展示这些成果时，却并没有得到我们所期望的反应。

The data shows the average surface temperature of UK waters in the seven months to the end of July was more than 0.2 degrees celsius higher than any year since 1980. Now that might not sound much, but the UK's seas are now considerably warmer than even a few decades ago.数据显示，在截至七月底的七个月里，英国海水的平均表面温度比 1980 年以来的任何一年都高出零点二摄氏度以上。这个温度升幅也许听起来不算太多，但是如今英国海水的温度已经比几十年前高出了相当多。

Scientists and amateur naturalists in the south-west of England have observed a remarkable range of species, not usually seen in UK waters. They include large numbers of bluefin tuna and octopuses, as well as mauve stinger jellyfish, conger eels, humpback whales and even the world's second-largest whale species, the fin whale.科学家和业余博物学家在英格兰的西南部观察到了一系列非同寻常的物种，这些物种在英国海域中并不常见。这其中包括大量的蓝鳍金枪鱼和章鱼，以及紫纹海刺水母、康吉鳗鱼、座头鲸，甚至还有世界第二大鲸鱼物种——长须鲸。

But there have also been significant declines in cooler water species, including cod and haddock.但是，喜冷生物的数量也出现了显著下降，比如鳕鱼和黑线鳕。

"The railway that got the world on track." On the 27 September 1825, crowds gathered in a small market town in north-east England to witness something that had not been seen before – a train carrying passengers for the first time. It had taken eight hours to travel 48km – around the speed of an average cyclist – but this steam locomotive was a pioneer in the development of modern railways and changed the world forever as rail spread across the globe.“使世界步入正轨的铁路”。 1825年9月27日，人群聚集在英格兰东北部的一个小市小镇，目睹了以前从未见过的东西 - 第一次载着乘客的火车。 在普通骑自行车的人的速度下，旅行48公里花了八个小时，但是这种蒸汽机车是现代铁路发展的先驱，随着铁路在全球范围内蔓延，世界永远改变了世界。

2025 marks 200 years of passenger trains, and the UK is celebrating this milestone with Railway 200 – a year-long programme of events. From guided walking tours along old, abandoned rail routes, to competitions and careers events. Railway 200 organisers have also designed a travelling exhibition on a special train that will criss-cross the UK for 12 months. Admission to the train is free and there are four carriages, each with a different theme. These include a carriage with hands-on, interactive activities which invite people to test their engineering skills. Emma Roberts, Railway 200 organiser, said it is an "unforgettable experience" for visitors.2025年是200年的旅客列车，英国正在用Railway 200（一年的活动计划）庆祝这一里程碑。 从沿着古老的，废弃的铁路路线进行导游的徒步旅行，到比赛和职业活动。 Railway 200组织者还设计了一场特殊火车的旅行展览，该展览将在英国纵横交错12个月。 火车的入场是免费的，有四辆马车，每辆都有不同的主题。 这些包括带有动手互动活动的马车，邀请人们测试他们的工程技能。 铁路200组织者艾玛·罗伯茨（Emma Roberts）表示，对于游客来说，这是一种“难忘的经历”。

Also celebrating this bicentennial is Tom Chesshyre, train enthusiast and author of 'Slow Trains Around Britain'. Among what attracts him to train travel is that you can see places off the beaten track out the train window, and you can relax and read a book without worrying about traffic jams. Tom's favourite slow train ride is from Inverness, in the middle of Scotland, to the most northerly station in the whole of the UK in Thurso through "a kind of desolate landscape". Tom says, "You feel like you're taking a train and disappearing from modern life, leaving it behind." The route Tom crowned 'most picturesque' was a short journey from St Erth in Cornwall to St Ives which travels along a clifftop with the beach down below.还庆祝这一双百年纪念的是汤姆·切斯海尔（Tom Chesshyre），他是火车爱好者，也是“英国慢火车”的作者。 在吸引他进行火车旅行的地方，您可以看到人迹罕至的轨道上的位置，您可以放松身心和阅读书，而不必担心交通拥堵。 汤姆最喜欢的慢速火车骑行是从因弗内斯，苏格兰中部，到瑟索全英国最北端的车站，通过“一种荒凉的景观”。 汤姆说：“您觉得自己正在乘火车，从现代生活中消失，将其抛在后面。” 汤姆（Tom）加冕的路线是从康沃尔（Cornwall）的圣埃斯（St Erth）到圣艾夫斯（St Ives）的一段短途旅行，沿着悬崖峭壁在悬崖上行进，海滩下方。

Train travel has come a long way since 1825. Today, trains are more efficient and better connected than ever. From the Eurostar, which connects London to mainland Europe through a tunnel under the English Channel, to high-speed routes in Japan and China, the world is on the move.自1825年以来，4火车旅行已经走了很长一段路。今天，火车比以往任何时候都更加高效，连接更好。 从将英国频道下的隧道连接到伦敦到欧洲大陆的欧洲之星，再到日本和中国的高速航线，世界正在发生。

Take the chick killing. Innovators have developed in-ovo sexing technology that allows the egg industry to only hatch the female chicks. Thanks to that, Germany recently banned the killing of day-old chicks entirely, andFranceand Italy are largely doing so too.说到小鸡的屠杀，创新者已经研发出了“蛋内分性”技术，使得蛋类产业只孵化雌性小鸡。正因如此，德国最近全面禁止了对刚出生一天的小鸡的屠杀，法国和意大利也在大规模推行这一做法。

Other innovators are developing alternative proteins, made from plants, algae, even animal cells to meet the world's growing demand for animal protein without more factory farming.还有一些创新者正在研发替代蛋白质，来源包括植物、藻类，甚至是动物细胞，以满足全球对动物蛋白日益增长的需求，而无需更多的工厂化养殖。

And yet, for all this progress, the problem overall is still growing worse. More animals are suffering at human hands today than at any prior point in our history.然而，尽管已经有了这些进步，整体问题仍在恶化。如今，在人类手中受苦的动物数量，比历史上任何时期都要多。

We raise and kill 210 billion animals globally every year. Two hundred and ten billion. That's more than the number of humans who have ever lived on Earth.全球每年被饲养并屠杀的动物高达2100亿只。2100亿！这个数字甚至超过了人类在地球上有史以来的总人口数。

We are the only species to have ever inflicted so much suffering on so many other animals. But we are also the only species to have ever acted to protect other animals from cruelty. We are a species of animal lovers. It is core to our humanity.我们是唯一一个曾给如此多其他动物带来巨大苦难的物种。但我们也是唯一一个会采取行动保护动物免受残酷对待的物种。我们是爱动物的物种，这是人性的重要组成部分。

One day, humanity will end the worst abuses on factory farms. And when we do, our descendants will look back and ask what we did to help end them.↳总有一天，人类会终结工厂化养殖中最严重的虐待行为。而当那一刻到来时，我们的后代会回头问：我们曾做过什么来帮助结束它？

So what can you do to help? You can advocate, donate, even devote your career to this cause. But if you do just one thing, I ask this. Talk about factory farming.那么，你能做些什么来帮助呢？你可以倡导、捐助，甚至把一生奉献给这一事业。但如果只能做一件事，我请求你——请谈论工厂化养殖。

Tell the corporations you buy from, the politicians you vote for that you expect them to adopt at least basic animal-welfare standards. Tell your friends and family what you've learned about factory farming.告诉你购买商品的企业、你投票支持的政客，你希望他们至少采用基本的动物福利标准。告诉你的朋友和家人你所了解到的关于工厂化养殖的真相。

Factory farming thrives in the dark, shielded by a cone of silence, ignored by our politicians, our media and society at large. Its victims are voiceless. They need your voice.工厂化养殖依靠黑暗而存在，被沉默的屏障保护着，被政客、媒体和整个社会忽视。它的受害者没有声音，他们需要你的声音。

I was thinking about this when I was back in New Zealand a few months ago with our three-year-old son, Willie, visiting my childhood farm. Willie's started asking what I do at work all day. He just doesn't understand strategic philanthropy to reform factory farming.几个月前，我带着三岁的儿子威利回到新西兰，参观我童年的农场时，我想到了这些。威利开始问我：你每天上班都在做什么？他根本无法理解“通过战略性慈善改革工厂化养殖”是什么意思。

No matter how many times I repeat it.无论我重复多少次，他都听不懂。

So I told him, I'm trying to make the world a little bit more like that farm. We can have that world. Humanity has already amassed unprecedented wealth and power. Soon, advances in AI will make us more powerful still.于是我告诉他：我正在努力让这个世界变得更像那片农场。我们完全可以拥有这样的世界。人类已经积累了前所未有的财富与力量，很快，人工智能的进步还会让我们更加强大。

And we will face a choice, a test of our humanity. Will we use that power to factory-farm ever more animals? Or will we use it to end this cruelty?而我们将面临一个选择——一场人性的考验。我们会用这种力量去工厂化养殖更多的动物？还是用它来终结这种残酷？

Humans are animals too. What separates us from the pigs and the chickens is our ability to make moral progress. We should use it.人类也是动物。我们与猪和鸡的区别，在于我们有能力推动道德的进步。我们理应运用这种能力。

And this. This is a trash can full of live baby chicks. I honestly didn't believe this one when I first heard about it. It just sounded like comic-book villain stuff. But it's real. The egg industry has no need for the seven billion male chicks born annually. So it kills them on their first day alive in this world, typically by throwing them in the trash or into a giant meat grinder.还有这个。这是一只装满活小鸡的垃圾桶。老实说，第一次听到这个时，我根本不相信，听起来就像漫画里反派的恶行。但这是真的。蛋类产业对每年出生的大约七十亿只雄性小鸡没有任何用途，因此它们在生命的第一天就被杀死，通常的做法是直接扔进垃圾桶，或丢进巨大的绞肉机。

I could go on, but don't worry, I won't. We're all done with the images.我可以继续讲下去，但别担心，我不会了。关于图片的部分到此为止。

I'm guessing you're not a fan of what you just saw. And you're not alone. Eighty-eight percent of Americans told a recent survey that they think gestation crates and battery cages are unacceptable. Try finding any other issue that 88 percent of Americans can agree on today.我想你对刚才看到的东西一定不喜欢。而你并不孤单。最近一项调查显示，88%的美国人认为妊娠栏和电池笼是不可接受的。如今，你几乎找不到另一个能让88%的美国人达成共识的问题。

It's not surprising, though. We as a society have already decided that animal cruelty is wrong. If you treated your dog the way that a factory farm treats their pigs, you'd be committingfelonyanimal cruelty in most US states.这并不令人意外。作为一个社会，我们早已认定虐待动物是错误的。如果你像工厂化养殖场对待猪那样对待自己的狗，在大多数美国州，你都会被判定为严重的虐待动物罪。

And this isn't just about the animals. Factory farms, which densely crowd together hundreds of thousands, even millions of near genetically identical, immune-compromised individuals, are the perfect breeding grounds for disease. They control these diseases with antibiotics. Tons of them. In fact, even as we face an antibiotic resistance crisis in humans, we are feeding far more antibiotics to farm animals than we use in all human medicine. But antibiotics can't stop viruses, which is why we have a bird-flu pandemic sweeping through America's factory farms right now.而且，这不仅仅关乎动物。工厂化养殖场把几十万、甚至上百万基因几乎相同、免疫力低下的个体挤在一起，这正是疾病的理想温床。它们用抗生素来控制疾病——大量的抗生素。事实上，即使人类正面临抗生素耐药性危机，我们给农场动物喂食的抗生素依然远远超过用于人类医疗的总量。但抗生素无法对抗病毒，这就是为什么如今美国的工厂化养殖场正在爆发禽流感大流行。

After I learned all this, I dedicated my life to ending the worst abuses on factory farms. And the good news is, I've seen more progress in the last decade than in all prior decades combined. On these three practices, we are close to a tipping point.在了解到这些之后，我将自己的一生都投入到终结工厂化养殖中最严重的虐待行为中。好消息是，过去十年里我看到的进展，比之前几十年的总和还要多。在这三种做法上，我们正接近一个转折点。

Take the gestation crates. Advocates have won bans on them in 11 US states, from California to Florida. The Brazilian pork industry, led by giants like JBS, is moving away from the crates entirely.以妊娠栏为例。倡导者已经在美国11个州推动禁用它们，从加州到佛罗里达都有。由JBS等巨头主导的巴西猪肉产业，也正在全面摆脱妊娠栏。

Take the battery cages. Advocates have won promises from the world's largest supermarket and fast food chains to stop sourcing eggs from caged hens. McDonald's is now 100 percent cage-free in its US and Canadian egg supply, and Costco is nearly there too.再说电池笼。倡导者成功让全球最大的超市和快餐连锁企业承诺，不再采购笼养鸡蛋。麦当劳目前在美国和加拿大的鸡蛋供应已完全实现非笼养，Costco也几乎达到了这一标准。

Forty-four percent of US hens are now out of cages, up from less than 10 percent a decade ago.如今，美国有44%的产蛋母鸡已经摆脱了笼养，而十年前，这个数字还不到10%。

Honestly, the slaughterhouse wasn't as bad as I'd expected. It was the state of the animals arriving there that shook me. I remember seeing pigs coming down off a transport truck. Some shaking, some squealing, some limping in pain.说实话，屠宰场本身并没有我想象中那么糟糕。真正让我震惊的是抵达那里的动物的状态。我记得看到一些猪从运输卡车上被赶下来，有的在发抖，有的在尖叫，有的痛苦地一瘸一拐。

"Liam," I said, "why are those pigs limping?" "Not my problem," he replied. So I looked into it.“利亚姆，”我问，“那些猪为什么一瘸一拐的？”他回答说：“不关我的事。”于是我决定自己去调查。

Before I tell you what I learned, let me say I'm not here to tell you what to eat. In fact, I don't think this should be on you as an individual consumer at all. You never chose factory farming. When the factory farms came in and replaced the old family farms, they didn't tell you they were doing it. They didn't relabel the meat as "Now from miserable animals." They labeled it as "all natural" and "farm fresh."在告诉你我发现了什么之前，我必须先说，我不是来告诉你该吃什么、不该吃什么的。事实上，我认为作为个体消费者，这根本不应该由你来承担。你从未选择过工厂化养殖。当工厂化养殖取代传统家庭农场时，他们并没有告诉你。而且他们也不会把肉类贴上“来自悲惨动物”的标签，他们贴的标签是“纯天然”和“农场新鲜”。

In fact, the industry has created an entire system to stop you from seeing how your meat is produced. They've even passed egg gag laws in US states to make it a crime to record conditions in factory farms. Which makes it all the more important that we see what they're trying to hide from us.实际上，这个产业建立了一整套体系，目的就是阻止你看到肉类是如何生产的。在美国，有些州甚至通过了所谓的“禁蛋法”，把拍摄工厂化养殖场的状况定为犯罪。这也使得我们了解他们刻意隐瞒的真相变得更加重要。

So I'm going to show you images of three common factory farming practices. I deliberately didn't choose the most gruesome or out-there practices I could find. These are everyday realities involved in the production of most pork and eggs globally.所以，我将给大家展示三种常见的工厂化养殖方式。我特意没有选择那些最恐怖、最极端的案例，而是展示全球大多数猪肉和鸡蛋生产中每天都在发生的现实。

Here we go. This is the gestation crate. This is why the pigs at the slaughterhouse were limping. They were female breeding pigs who had been confined to crates like these, unable to walk or even turn around for their entire pregnancies. Once they gave birth, they were moved to slightly larger birthing crates and then back into these crates to get pregnant again and again and again for years on end.来看第一种：这是妊娠栏。这就是为什么屠宰场里的猪会一瘸一拐。它们是母猪，一整个怀孕期间都被关在这样的铁栏里，无法走动，甚至无法转身。生下小猪后，它们会被转移到稍大一些的分娩栏，随后又被关回这些妊娠栏里，不断地再次怀孕，年复一年，周而复始。

A friend of mine who worked undercover at a pig factory farm told me the worst thing he has ever done was to force these pigs back into their crates after they gave birth. They fought so hard not to go back in.我有一位朋友曾以卧底身份进入一家猪场工作，他告诉我，自己做过的最痛苦的事，就是把这些母猪在生产后强行赶回妊娠栏里。母猪拼命挣扎，不愿再回到那个铁笼。

This is a photo I took of a battery cage on an egg factory farm. Most of the world's eight billion egg-laying hens, roughly one for every person alive on Earth today, are confined right now in cages like these, unable to so much as flap their wings.这是我在一个蛋鸡工厂农场拍摄的电池笼照片。全世界大约有八十亿只产蛋母鸡——差不多相当于地球上每个人对应一只——此刻正被困在这样的笼子里，甚至连扇动翅膀都做不到。

Today, I want to talk with you of the most important moral issues we never talk about. And that's factory farming.今天，我想和大家谈一谈一个我们几乎从不讨论、却极其重要的道德问题——那就是工厂化养殖。

But first, I want to share with you the story of how I came to be here. I grew up in New Zealand, and yes, we had a sheep farm. It was small, 100 acres of rolling hills, and the sheep would graze the hillsides by day and then retreat to the hilltops to circle up and fall asleep at night. That's me, ready to farm right after my picnic.但在此之前，我想先和你们分享一下我为什么会站在这里。我是在新西兰长大的，我们家确实有一个羊场。它很小，只有100英亩的起伏丘陵。白天，羊群在山坡上吃草；晚上，它们会退到山顶，围成一圈进入梦乡。那就是我，野餐之后准备去放羊的样子。

The sheep ultimately went to slaughter, but I always felt like at least they'd lived good lives and had quick deaths. Frankly, if I'm ever reincarnated as a sheep, which, as a New Zealander, is not unlikely这些羊最终都会被宰杀，但我一直觉得，至少它们过着不错的生活，死得也算迅速。坦白说，如果我有来世变成了一只羊——作为一个新西兰人，这其实并非不可能——

I'd like to live their life. When I was a teenager, we traveled to Vietnam. And in the backstreets of Hanoi, I stumbled into a live-animal market. I still remember seeing the sight: stacks upon stacks of cages crammed full of animals, of every species, trembling in fear, staring out at me in distress. I was shaken. But when I returned to New Zealand, I figured things were different. I mean, you can see the cows and the sheep in the fields.我宁愿过它们那样的生活。少年时，我曾随家人去越南旅行。在河内的街巷里，我无意间闯进了一个活体动物市场。我至今仍记得那一幕：一层又一层的笼子里挤满了各种动物，它们因恐惧而发抖，眼神里充满了痛苦与绝望地望着我。我震撼不已。但当我回到新西兰后，我心想情况应该不一样吧，毕竟在田野里你随处都能看到牛和羊自在地活动。

Still, I started to wonder how we treated the animals that you couldn't see. How in particular did we treat the pigs and the chickens? So I did what you did back then. I picked up a phone book and I looked up some pig and chicken farms. And one by one, I called and I naively asked if I could just come visit. And one by one, they told me no. They don't let anyone just visit.然而，我还是开始好奇那些我们看不见的动物究竟是如何被对待的。尤其是猪和鸡，它们的处境如何？于是我做了当时人们常做的事——我翻开电话簿，找到了一些猪场和鸡场。然后一个接一个地打电话，天真地询问是否可以去参观。结果，一个接一个的回答都是“不可以”。他们根本不允许任何人随便参观。

Finally, I got hold of a major slaughterhouse and connected with a farm boy, let's call him Liam. Now, this slaughterhouse didn't do visitors either, but Liam and I bonded over sheep, and he agreed to get me in.最后，我联系到了一家大型屠宰场，并结识了一个农场小伙子，我们就叫他利亚姆吧。虽然这家屠宰场同样不接待访客，但因为我和利亚姆聊到了养羊，他与我建立了信任，最终答应带我进去。

Moving from one group to another is something that shapes both gorilla and human society. To understand more about its evolutionary origins, researchers studied decades of data on mountain gorillas in the Volcanoes National Park in Rwanda, an area that's been monitored by the Dian Fossey Gorilla Fund since the 60s.从一个群体迁移到另一个群体，这种行为塑造着大猩猩和人类社会。为了进一步了解这种行为的进化起源，研究人员研究分析了几十年来在卢旺达火山国家公园居住的山地大猩猩的数据，该区域自上世纪 60 年代以来一直受到黛安·弗西大猩猩基金会的监测。

The research team tracked the dispersal of 56 different female gorillas over the years. They discovered that the animals tended to join groups with females they knew, friends they'd grown up with or females that they'd made a social connection with more recently. Even if two females had been apart for many years they'd often reunite when an animal moved groups. The scientists say this shows that the relationship between two female gorillas is much more socially significant than previously thought.该研究团队多年来追踪了 56 只雌性大猩猩的分布情况。他们发现这些动物倾向于加入它们认识的雌性大猩猩，或是加入那些和它们一起长大的朋友们、或者是近期和它们建立社交联系的雌性群体。即使两只雌性大猩猩已经分别多年，但当其中一只迁移群体时，它们可能就会再度团聚。科学家们表示，这表明两只雌性大猩猩之间的关系比人们此前认为的更具社会意义。

Food colouring is difficult to avoid. From bright orange cheesy crisps to frosted cakes, and even peanuts and meat, these additives make food more visually appealing. But for years, people have been worried about their safety and the long-term effects on our bodies. So, just how bad is food colouring, and what are the alternatives?食用着色很难避免。 从明亮的橙色俗气的薯片到磨砂蛋糕，甚至花生和肉，这些添加剂使食物在视觉上更具吸引力。 但是多年来，人们一直担心自己的安全和对我们身体的长期影响。 那么，食用色素有多糟糕，还有什么选择？

Synthetic food dyes, like Red 40 and Yellow 6, have been linked to hyperactivity and attention problems in children, particularly those in key stages of brain development. Studies show that even small amounts of these dyes, which are commonly found in ultra-processed foods, can affect behaviour. In 2010, the EU began requiring warning labels on products containing specific artificial colourings associated with hyperactivity in children.合成食品染料，例如红色40和黄色6，与儿童的多动症和注意力问题有关，尤其是那些处于大脑发育的关键阶段的问题。 研究表明，即使是在超级加工食品中通常发现的少量这些染料也会影响行为。 在2010年，欧盟开始需要在包含与儿童多动症相关的特定人造色素的产品上发出警告标签。

There are further issues too, such as allergic reactions. Yellow 5 has been shown to produce hives, itching and symptoms typically associated with asthma in some people. It's derived from petroleum and is found in a range of foods, medicine and cosmetics. Red 3 is also problematic – links have been found between the colour and cancer in male rats. This dye is almost completely banned in the UK now, and food manufacturers in the USA have been given until 2027 to modify foods that currently use it in their recipe.还有其他问题，例如过敏反应。 黄色5已显示出产生蜂箱，瘙痒和通常与哮喘有关的症状。 它源自石油，可在各种食品，药物和化妆品中发现。 红色3也有问题 - 在雄性大鼠的颜色和癌症之间发现了联系。 现在，这种染料在英国几乎完全被禁止，并且在2027年之前，美国的食品制造商已被授予，以修改目前在食谱中使用它的食物。

So, what can artificial colours be replaced with? There are natural alternatives like beetroot, turmeric, paprika and spirulina. Companies such as Fermentalg based in France are developing natural colourings from microalgae, such as Galdieria sulphuraria, which produces a bright blue pigment. Products using this colour are expected to be on shop shelves in the USA soon, alongside other natural blue dyes like butterfly pea extract and gardenia blue, which have all recently been approved by the Food and Drug Administration in the US. However, replacing synthetic dyes can be challenging because of stability, cost, and colour intensity. Natural dyes tend to be less vivid and have shorter shelf lives.那么，可以将人造色素替换为什么？ 有天然的替代品，例如甜菜根，姜黄，辣椒粉和螺旋藻。 位于法国的Fermentalg等公司正在开发微藻（例如Galdieria sulphuraria）的天然色素，该色彩产生了明亮的蓝色色素。 预计使用这种颜色的产品将很快在美国的商店货架上，以及其他天然蓝色染料，例如蝴蝶豌豆提取物和Gardenia Blue，这些染料最近都已获得美国食品药品监督管理局的批准。 但是，由于稳定性，成本和颜色强度，取代合成染料可能具有挑战性。 天然染料往往不会变得不那么生动，并且具有较短的货架寿命。

So, it's hard to avoid, but for your health do what you can to minimise unnecessary artificial colours in what you eat, and stick to natural alternatives instead.因此，很难避免，但是为了您的健康，您可以尽力最大程度地减少饮食中不必要的人造色彩，然后坚持自然的替代品。

This movement was dealt a devastating blow in 1968, when the Supreme Court removed the cap on state interest rates, allowing massive interest hikes throughout the 1970s. New complications emerged in late 80s with the invention of credit scores, which reinforced the racial, gender, and class biases already impacting credit card applications.1968 年，这场反信用运动遭受了毁灭性打击。当时最高法院取消了各州利率的上限，导致 1970 年代出现了大幅度的利率飙升。到了 80 年代末，信用评分系统的出现带来了新的复杂问题，它进一步加剧了原本就存在于信用卡申请中的种族、性别和阶级偏见。

Today, credit cards are a $500 billion industry. Banks consider these lines of credit when deciding whether or not to approve loans, incentivizing customers to maintain multiple credit cards. And since most users don't pay off their bills in full each month, they rack up debt and endless interest payments. By the end of 2023, credit card debt in the US alone exceeded $1 trillion. So while the earliest credit cards may have been the most limited, they might have actually been the best for our wallets.如今，信用卡已经成为一个 5000 亿美元规模的产业。银行在决定是否批准贷款时会参考这些信用额度，从而刺激客户持有多张信用卡。而由于大多数用户每个月并不会全额还清账单，他们不断积累债务和无止境的利息支出。到 2023 年底，仅美国的信用卡债务就已超过 1 万亿美元。所以，尽管最早的信用卡功能最为有限，但它们或许反而才是对我们钱包最友好的。

Despite these initial losses, US banks remained devoted to credit cards. At this time, it was illegal for banks to build branches outside their home state, so mailing credit cards was their best bet for attracting out of state customers. And once they brought in these new clients, they could sell them big ticket items like home and automobile loans. This led banks to double down on credit cards. They invested heavily in early computers to process charge slips, and began running ads that promised a more luxurious standard of living.尽管在早期遭遇了损失，美国的银行依然坚定地投入信用卡业务。当时，银行在法律上被禁止在本州以外设立分行，因此邮寄信用卡成了他们吸引外州客户的最佳手段。而一旦吸引到这些新客户，银行就能向他们推销高额贷款，比如住房贷款和汽车贷款。这使得银行进一步加大了对信用卡的投入，他们大量投资早期计算机来处理签单，并开始投放广告，宣称信用卡能带来更奢华的生活方式。

These ad campaigns shifted the American attitude towards credit from one of shame and financial dependence to a celebration of financial freedom. However, the reality of these lending systems was far more exploitative. From 1956 to 1967, consumer debt increased by 133%, and concerns about consumer safety led to a surge of anti-credit activism through the 1960s.这些广告宣传改变了美国人对信用的态度——从原本带有羞耻感和经济依赖，转变为对“财务自由”的赞美。然而，这些借贷体系的现实却更加剥削性。从 1956 年到 1967 年，消费者债务增长了 133%。对消费者安全的担忧在 1960 年代引发了一股反信用运动的浪潮。

And the banks profited from small fees on each transaction. But soon, banks found another way to make money from these cards. They began allowing cardholders to pay off their debt more slowly for an additional fee called an interest payment. Essentially, cardholders could choose to pay just part of their monthly bill, and the bank would add a percentage of what they didn't pay to next month's bill.银行最初是靠每一笔交易收取少量手续费来盈利的。但很快，银行发现了另一种赚钱的方法：他们允许持卡人以更慢的速度偿还债务，但要额外支付一笔叫做“利息”的费用。换句话说，持卡人可以选择只偿还月账单的一部分，剩余未付金额则会被加上一定比例的利息，计入下个月的账单。

Even in these early days, this system wasn't without problems. In 1958, Bank of America sent 60,000 unsolicited credit cards to residents of Fresno, California. While this promotion was intended to attract new customers, it mostly led to rampant card theft and unpaid bills.即便在这些早期阶段，这套体系也并非没有问题。1958 年，美国银行（Bank of America）向加利福尼亚州弗雷斯诺市的居民寄出了 60,000 张未曾请求的信用卡。虽然这项推广本意是为了吸引新客户，但结果却主要导致了信用卡盗窃猖獗和账单无法收回。

Banks also struggled to process all the payment paperwork these cards produced. At this time, charging a credit card involved stamping a card’s embossed details onto carbon paper and sending out these charge slips for manual processing. But as credit card use boomed, banks were left with warehouses of unprocessed charge slips, creating delays that prevented them from charging interest.银行还在为处理信用卡所产生的大量支付单据而头痛。当时的信用卡交易方式是把卡片的浮雕信息压印到复写纸上，然后把这些签单寄出，进行人工处理。但随着信用卡使用量的激增，银行堆满了仓库的未处理签单，造成延迟，使他们无法及时收取利息。

In 1949, businessman Frank McNamara was about to pay for dinner when he realized something terrible: he’d forgotten his wallet. While this scenario isn’t that uncommon, McNamara’s response was. Determined to ensure he’d never be caught without cash again, he invented the Diners Club Card— a wallet-sized piece of cardboard that allowed carriers to dine at associated restaurants and settle their bills at the end of each month.1949 年，商人弗兰克·麦克纳马拉在准备付晚餐账单时，突然发现一个糟糕的情况：他忘带钱包了。虽然这种情况并不少见，但麦克纳马拉的反应却与众不同。为了确保自己不再因为没带现金而陷入窘境，他发明了“大来俱乐部卡”（Diners Club Card）——一张钱包大小的纸板卡片，持卡人可以在合作餐厅用餐，并在每个月底统一结账。

McNamara wasn’t the first person to codify the IOU— there’s evidence of deferred payment systems stretching all the way back to ancient Mesopotamia. In America’s Wild West, ranchers and farmers used metal plates as credit placeholders. And just a few years before McNamara's dining disaster, many department stores and airlines had already begun rolling out reward programs and charge cards.麦克纳马拉并不是第一个把“欠条”制度化的人——早在古代美索不达米亚，就已经有延期支付的系统存在。在美国西部拓荒时期，牧场主和农民们会用金属牌作为信用的凭证。而就在麦克纳马拉“晚餐危机”的前几年，许多百货公司和航空公司已经开始推出奖励计划和记账卡。

But the Diners Club Card was different. Where previous credit arrangements saw one business authorizing credit for one individual, McNamara’s card gave users credit with over two dozen otherwise unassociated businesses. This decentralized credit was revolutionary, and in just one year, the Diners Club Card gained 10,000 users. Soon, several US banks recruited local merchants and launched their own credit programs. For these merchants, credit cards provided increased business and upfront financing. For consumers, the cards offered financial flexibility, allowing them to make larger purchases so long as they could pay them off at the end of each month.但“大来俱乐部卡”却与众不同。以往的信用安排是某一家商户为某一个人提供信用额度，而麦克纳马拉的卡片则让用户在二十多家互不相关的商户中都能获得信用支持。这种去中心化的信用体系是革命性的，仅仅一年时间，大来俱乐部卡就拥有了一万名用户。很快，美国几家银行也招募本地商户，推出了自己的信用计划。对商户来说，信用卡能带来更多生意和预付款资金；而对消费者而言，信用卡则提供了财务上的灵活性，让他们能够进行更大额的消费，只要月底能还清账单即可。

People got very upset. And I got yelled at a lot. Very gently. A lot about "I hope your pillow is warm."人们非常生气，我也经常被骂——不过是那种很“温柔”的责骂，比如“希望你的枕头一直是热的”之类的话。

These started getting millions and millions of views.这些视频开始获得数百万、甚至上千万的观看量。

And a lot of reactions as well.同时也引发了大量的反应。

People asked me to do mazes. OK. How do you screw up a maze? This is how. It went right past the exit.人们让我画迷宫。好吧，那要怎么把迷宫搞砸呢？答案就是——它直接从出口旁边走了过去。

I had to learn the rules of this little medium. It had to be 12, maybe 15 seconds. Go quickly. And I had to try to hide the mistake underneath the mechanism.我必须学会这种小短片的规则：视频要控制在 12 秒，也许 15 秒之内，动作要快，还要尽量把错误藏在机器运作的过程中。

And mostly the ending had to be traumatic.而且结尾往往得是“令人崩溃”的。

I would promise people oddly satisfying, and then I would betray them.我会先承诺给人一种“奇怪的满足感”，然后再彻底背叛他们的期待。

People thought this was about AI.很多人以为这是在讲人工智能。

That one went super viral. People spent 200,000 hours watching my 17 second video. I got so many notifications my phone died repeatedly for days.有一个视频彻底爆火。人们花了二十万小时来看我那段 17 秒的视频。通知多到让我手机连续几天反复死机。

So ultimately, constraints are great for making art, but you ultimately end up becoming a crappy cover artist of your own work. And I didn't really like that, so I took a break.所以说，限制其实对艺术创作是有帮助的，但最终你会变成自己作品的“糟糕翻唱者”。我并不喜欢这种状态，所以停了一段时间。

But remember that if you go on the internet and see something that annoys you just a bit ... it might have been me.不过请记住，如果你在网上看到一个让你有点恼火的东西……那可能就是我做的。

So for many years I've been doing computer art, geometric art with pen and paper on plotters. I write the code and sometimes I build the machines.很多年来，我一直在做电脑艺术——用绘图仪、钢笔和纸张创作几何艺术。我自己写代码，有时还会自己造机器。

I would upload the stuff to social media, figuring maybe people like the soft noises and the clicks and pops and so on. No one really paid any attention to it.我把这些作品上传到社交媒体，想着或许有人会喜欢那些轻微的噪音、咔嗒声、噼啪声之类的。但实际上几乎没人关注。

At some point, someone gave me a chocolate 3D printer extruder, and I filled it with acrylic paint, and set it up and made a terrible mess.后来有人送了我一个巧克力 3D 打印机的喷头，我就把它装满了丙烯颜料，安装好之后结果搞得一团糟。

I wanted to try out making some dots, and I wrote a little program, and the dots weren't in order.我想试着打印一些点，于是写了一个小程序，但这些点并没有按照顺序排列。

These were reactions it got. Some people got angry. Some people sympathized with the robot.这就是它引发的反应：有些人很生气，有些人则对这个机器人表示同情。

Some people danced to it. Mostly angry.还有些人甚至随着它的节奏跳舞。但大多数人还是生气。

If you go in a line, it’ll be faster. If you go in a line, it'll be -- it'll be quicker if you go in a line. I think -- you're going side to side. You should go in a line and you'll go faster. Just go -- go in a line!“如果你沿着直线走会更快。如果你沿着直线走——会更快的。我觉得——你现在在左右移动。你应该沿着直线走，那样会更快。就直接——走直线吧！”

This one is “Bad day at the circle factory.” I realized you could manufacture emotions of various kinds with just a robot and pen and paper.这一幅叫做《圆圈工厂的糟糕一天》。我意识到，只用一个机器人加上一支笔和纸，就能制造出各种情绪。

So I leaned into it.于是我更加投入其中。

The images reveal intricate details in the ancient tattoos, which picture leopards, a stag, a rooster and the mythical griffin creature that is half lion and half eagle.图片揭示了这些古老纹身中精美复杂的细节，纹身图案包括豹子、一只雄鹿、一只公鸡以及一只神话异兽，它长着狮身鹰首。

The tattooed woman, aged about 50, was from the horse-riding warrior Pazyryk people, who lived on the vast steppe between China and Europe in the 5th century BC.还有一名有纹身的女性，大约 50 岁，来自擅长在马背上作战的巴泽雷克民族，他们在公元前五世纪生活在中国与欧洲之间的广阔草原上。

The archaeologists worked with a tattooist who reproduces ancient skin decorations on his own body to understand how exactly they were made.考古学家们与一位在自己身上复刻古代纹身图案的纹身师合作，以深入了解古人究竟是如何制作出这些图案的。

The team say the decorations were so crisp and uniform that modern tattooists would find it challenging to produce them. They believe that the tattoos were first stencilled onto the skin. Then two needle-like tools were probably used, made from animal horn or bone. The pigment was likely made from burned plants or soot.该研究团队表示，这些纹身图案线条非常清晰且整齐，即使对现代纹身师来说，也颇具挑战性。他们认为，这些纹身最初是用镂空模板在皮肤上描绘出来的。然后可能用了两种针状的刺青工具，工具由动物角或骨头制成。纹身的颜料则很可能由烧焦的植物或烟灰制成。

The work towards a better world is not automated.通往更美好世界的努力，并不是自动化的。

No computer could take this job.没有一台电脑能够承担这份工作。

Of audacious hope. Of unfounded optimism.这份工作属于大胆的希望，属于无凭无据的乐观。

We are the unprompted.我们是不需要提示的人。

In the face of the bleakest calculations.即便面对最冷酷的演算结果。

We aspire in a way no algorithm could advise.我们怀抱的渴望，是任何算法都无法给予的。

And that is what will save us from the abyss.而正是这一点，将把我们从深渊中拯救出来。

Solely we are our saviors, but just as every hero has their gadgets,唯有人类自己才是自己的救赎者，但就像每位英雄都有自己的工具。

Technology can be the engine of our altruism.科技可以成为我们利他之心的引擎。

Every invention is just an extension of your hand.每一项发明，都只是你手的延伸。

So in the same way that a hammer can both build and destroy.正如同一把锤子既能建造，也能毁灭。

So in the same way that a hammer can both build and destroy.同样地，一把锤子既可以成就，也可以摧毁。

You tell me, how will youwieldyour tools?那么，请告诉我，你将如何使用你的工具？

Again I say to people. Remember people.我再次对人们说：记住，你们是人。

Be unprompted, but with a promise.要自发行动，但要怀着承诺。

To let my most pressing 3 am question.让那个困扰我凌晨三点的最迫切的问题。

Not be whether or not I’ll have a world to wake up to.不再是：明天醒来时，我是否还能拥有一个世界？

But how these new things can finally find us well.而是：这些新事物，如何最终能真正让我们安好。

The displaced children without homes do not cry mechanical tears.无家可归的流离儿童流下的，不是机械的眼泪。

About a simulated hunger induced by virtual war.他们的饥饿，不是虚拟战争所模拟出来的假象。

The viruses they suffer from are not the zeros and ones in your devices.他们所遭受的病毒，并不是你设备里零和一构成的代码。

Cured by simple software reset. If only the world had such a button.那些病毒不能靠一次简单的软件重启来治愈。要是世界也有这样一个按钮就好了。

We've got our heads so far up in the cloud we forget that the ground exists.我们的头颅早已埋进云端，以至于忘记了地面依然存在。

New prompt: is this modernity?新的提示：这就是所谓的现代性吗？

Marveling at machines that can read and write.我们惊叹于机器竟然能读能写。

When currently 700 million adults are illiterate?可此刻仍有七亿成年人是文盲。

New prompt: is this innovation?新的提示：这就是所谓的创新吗？

Chipped by click workers in dark, dank rooms without proper compensation?由那些在黑暗潮湿的房间里，得不到合理报酬的“点击工人”所凿刻完成？

The future, we fear, is not the sci-fi cyborg AI uprising that sets the world aflame.我们所害怕的未来，并不是科幻作品里由赛博格 AI 点燃世界的叛乱。

No, the true dystopia is the today we make.不，真正的反乌托邦，正是我们亲手塑造的今天。

When humans watch the worldburnstill with the power to save it. And don't.当人类明明依然拥有拯救世界的力量，却只是眼看着它燃烧——而什么也不做。

I fill my empty 3 ams with spineless phone scrolls, Text abbreviations,And uni-human conversations. AI chat bots answer all my aimless interrogations:我用毫无意义的手机刷屏、缩写的文字，和一些非人不人的对话来填满我空洞的凌晨三点。AI 聊天机器人回答了我所有漫无目的的疑问：

like, how do I answer an email that does not find me well?Or oh my gosh, my crush just texted me, what do I say?
比如：我该怎么回复一封“希望你一切安好”但其实我并不好时的邮件？或者：天啊，我的暗恋对象刚给我发了消息，我该说什么？

Or is it true, what the headlines say?That the world is crumbling beneath our feet,And we do nothing but crumble with it?还是说，新闻头条所写的都是真的？世界正崩塌在我们脚下，而我们所做的，只是和它一起崩塌？

Our glassend eyes lost in the latent space,Calculating our extinction with every pulse of our carbon-based circuitry我们那如玻璃般呆滞的眼睛迷失在潜在空间里，每一次碳基电路的跳动，都在计算着我们自己的灭亡。

And as we fall deeper and deeper into the black box,Is hoping for humanity the most human thing we can do?而当我们越来越深地坠入这个黑匣子时，是否“怀抱对人性的希望”才是我们能做的最“人性”的事情？

And the AI says back to me,I don't know.More specifically,Hmm, I'm not sure how to process your request. Please try a new prompt.而 AI 回答我：“我不知道。更准确地说，嗯……我不确定该如何处理你的请求。请尝试一个新的提示吧。”

I say to AI:Don’t feel too special.You aren't the first artificial system,We humans carelessly labeled “intelligent”我对 AI 说：别觉得自己太特别。你不是第一个被人类草率贴上“智能”标签的人工系统。

Global capitalism was genius until it became negligentLeaving the unfortunate to suffer without the means for life.全球资本主义曾是天才般的构想，直到它变得疏忽冷漠，让不幸的人们在缺乏生存手段中痛苦煎熬。

Biased science elevated one people over the last,But with differentiation came racism and caste,Littering our world with non-compostable isms.带有偏见的科学把一部分人抬到另一部分人之上，但随着区分而来的，是种族主义与等级制度，让世界堆满了无法分解的各种“主义”。

I say to its text and images,You’re brilliant, but you aren’t the first generation to forge something out ofseeminglynothing.我对它的文字和图像说：你很出色，但你并不是第一个能凭空创造出看似“无”之物的世代。

Haven't you seen my generation, the DIYers and binary defiers?We to extract wisdom from the Earth's mouth,like a flower, or a land mine.你难道没见过我的一代人吗？那些自己动手、挑战二元对立的人？我们从大地的口中挖掘智慧，它可能像一朵花，也可能像一颗地雷。

Sure, drive our cars but never our movements.Never our blood and boned passions.当然，你可以驾驶我们的汽车，但永远驱动不了我们的运动。永远无法取代我们血肉中的激情。

You can't replace the place of the people,I say to the people:你无法取代人类自身的立场，我对人们说：

The dizzying variety of options, the amazing range of flavours, and for some of us, the sheer quantity that you can eat. It's easy to see the appeal of a buffet. It takes the stress out of choosing what to eat - just have it all! But are there risks that we need to think about? Food hygiene specialists suggest there might be.

各种各样的选择，令人惊叹的风味范围，对于我们中的某些人来说，您可以吃的大量数量。 很容易看到自助餐的吸引力。 选择吃什么 - 只要全部吃东西！ 但是，我们需要考虑的风险吗？ 食品卫生专家建议可能会有。

Restaurant and hotel buffets can be a food poisoning risk. The large number of different dishes and people serving themselves creates opportunities for cross-contamination. Microbes can be transferred from people to dishes, from dishes to people and from one dish to another. Even the air can transfer microbes to your food. It's easy to see how an entire buffet could end up contaminated. Food temperature creates another risk factor. It's easy for food to be kept lukewarm and in the danger zone between 8C and 63C where bacteria and other microbes grow and multiply easily.

餐厅和酒店自助餐可能是食物中毒的风险。 大量不同的菜肴和为自己服务的人们创造了交叉污染的机会。 微生物可以从人转移到菜肴，从菜肴到人，从一道菜到另一种菜肴。 甚至空气也可以将微生物转移到您的食物中。 很容易看到整个自助餐最终如何污染。 食物温度会产生另一个危险因素。 食物很容易保持不冷热，并在8c至63c之间的危险区域，在那里细菌和其他微生物易于生长和繁殖。

Restaurants that manage buffets well can reduce the risks. Hot food should be replaced after two hours and cold food after four. It's important that the old food is disposed of and that containers are not just topped up, allowing the older food to contaminate fresh items. Hot food should be kept above 63C, and cold food should be refrigerated.

家管理自助餐的餐厅可以降低风险。 两个小时后，应在四个小时后更换热食品。 旧食物要处置，并且容器不仅要装满，而且允许较旧的食物污染新鲜物品，这一点很重要。 热食应保持在63℃以上，并应冷藏冷食。

However, any attempts by hospitality businesses to reduce risks can easily be undone by careless clients. There are many ways that diners can unwittingly or thoughtlessly increase the risks. Tongs and ladles can be contaminated by those who do not wash their hands, or who reuse their plates when getting a second helping. Food on display can be contaminated by people using the wrong utensil or who accidentally drop the handles into bowls of food. That's before even mentioning those who cough or sneeze near the buffet.

但是，款待业务降低风险的任何尝试都可以被粗心的客户轻松撤销。 食客可以通过多种方式不知不觉地增加风险。 那些不洗手，或者在获得第二次帮助时重复使用盘子的人可能会污染钳子和梯子。 使用错误的餐具或意外将手柄放入食物碗的人可能会污染展出的食物。 那是在提到那些在自助餐附近咳嗽或打喷嚏的人。

So, to enjoy a buffet, while keeping the risks as low as possible, you should check to see that it is well-managed by the restaurant or hotel, that others are following good hygiene rules and that you do the same. Even so, a buffet is likely to be more risky than other types of restaurants.

因此，要享受自助餐，同时保持风险尽可能低，您应该检查一下餐厅或酒店的管理良好，其他人正在遵守良好的卫生规则，并且您也这样做。 即便如此，自助餐可能比其他类型的餐馆更具风险。 

So ZeroSeHero started. We ran thousands of polls, we ran many surveys, we trained thousands of citizens to tell their climate stories in their own way. And slowly the campaign became a national campaign. People started talking about it in closed circles, it became a public conversation. We started organizing dialogues with policymakers and young people on the same dais, and things began to move forward. We noticed a larger net-zero conversation happening in India.于是 ZeroSeHero 活动启动了。我们开展了上千次投票，做了许多调查，还培训了数以千计的公民，让他们用自己的方式讲述气候故事。慢慢地，这个活动发展成了一场全国性的运动。人们开始在私下讨论它，后来变成了一场公开对话。我们开始组织政策制定者和年轻人同台对话，事情开始往前推进。我们注意到，印度正在出现一场更大规模的 净零排放 讨论。

So in 2023, we did something else as well. We partnered with India's National Institute of Urban Affairs to co-create the country's first youth engagement frameworks that puts young people at the center of climate decision making in cities. And this year we are beginning to roll it out across the country in multiple cities, along with city governments. And this --所以在 2023 年，我们还做了另一件事。我们与印度国家城市事务研究所合作，共同创建了该国第一个以年轻人为中心的城市气候决策青年参与框架。今年，我们已经开始与各地市政府合作，把它推广到全国多个城市。而这——

And this really changes the perspective. We were building individual agency. And we realized that at some point we're actually building collective agency as well. We're trying to move things forward a lot faster.这真正改变了我们的视角。我们原本是在培养个人的行动力，但后来意识到，在某种程度上我们其实也在培养集体的行动力。我们正在努力让事情更快地向前发展。

But this generation, Gen Z, Gen Alpha, gets criticized a lot and I'm here for them. It's very important to stand for them. What we realized was that for the younger generation, it's very important to build the reflex of change-making as something that is as simple as texting a friend, something that really makes them feel like they're beginning to participate. They're beginning to change the conversation somewhere.但是，这一代年轻人——Z 世代和 Alpha 世代——常常受到很多批评，而我愿意为他们站出来。支持他们非常重要。我们意识到，对年轻一代来说，关键是要培养他们的一种 改变的本能，就像发条消息给朋友一样简单，让他们真切感受到自己正在参与，正在某个地方推动对话的改变。

So this year, we're beginning to use AI to do that. We are building the country's first WhatsApp bot that uses AI to send thousands of young people in our community one single question on a critical issue a day. Answering this makes them realize that critical thinking is deeply important, but in return, we get access to critical data about what young people are thinking, the future that they're imagining, so we can make better use of it, and talk to policy makers about things that truly matter.所以今年，我们开始用 人工智能 来实现这一点。我们正在打造全国第一个 WhatsApp AI 机器人，它每天会给我们社区里的数千名年轻人推送一个关于关键议题的问题。回答这个问题会让他们意识到 批判性思维的重要性；而作为回报，我们能获得关于年轻人正在思考什么、他们想象的未来是什么等重要数据，以便更好地加以利用，并与政策制定者对话，聚焦真正重要的议题。

And let me also tell you one very important thing, which is that this kind of work cannot happen on your regular social media. Social media is not built for social change. It's built for vanity. It's not built for equity. Right?还有一件非常重要的事——这种工作不可能在常见的社交媒体上完成。社交媒体不是为社会变革而建的，而是为了虚荣心而建的。它不是为了公平。对吧？

It's unfortunately built to enhance the loudest voice, not necessarily the most authentic. So what does this mean? This means that we need to invest in storytelling. We need to invest in collectivizing voices. And that means we need to invest in community.遗憾的是，它的逻辑是放大最响亮的声音，而不是最真实的声音。那么这意味着什么？这意味着我们需要 投资于讲故事，需要 投资于汇聚声音。而这进一步意味着，我们需要 投资于社区。

We've built a blueprint for how we can do it in India, and we cannot wait to take it across the world to every single young person.我们已经为如何在印度实现这一点制定了蓝图，并迫不及待地想把它推广到全世界的每一个年轻人身上。

But like I said, Ashwini saw this as more than just a medical crisis. He wanted to do so much more for Rajghat. So he collaborated with us, and he told the story of Rajghat on Youth Ki Awaaz. It slowly and steadily began picking attention. Thousands of people found out about Rajghat, NGOs came there, the first time in many years decision makers came to Rajghat and support began to rally. The courts took suo motu cognizance and asked the government to act. Slowly, electricity came to Rajghat. The first-ever school was built in Rajghat as well. And --但正如我所说，阿什维尼把这看作不仅仅是医疗危机。他想为 Rajghat 做更多事情。于是他与我们合作，在 Youth Ki Awaaz 上讲述了 Rajghat 的故事。这个故事逐渐引起了关注。成千上万的人知道了 Rajghat，非政府组织也来到了那里，很多年来首次有决策者走进了 Rajghat，支持力量开始汇聚。法院主动介入，要求政府采取行动。渐渐地，Rajghat 有了电力供应，村里第一所学校也建起来了。而且——

And guess what? The first wedding in 22 years.你猜怎么着？22年来的第一场婚礼终于举行了。

And Ashwini was not alone. After Ashwini, we saw Jolly's story. Jolly was a wheelchair user. Struggled her entire life to find accessible toilets. Her story went so viral, was read by more than a million people in less than a week, including the HR of her organization, that all the toilets at her workplace were reconstructed for her.而且，阿什维尼并不是唯一的故事。接下来我们看到了 Jolly 的故事。Jolly 是一位轮椅使用者，一生都在为寻找无障碍厕所而苦苦挣扎。她的故事迅速走红，在不到一周的时间里就有超过一百万人阅读，包括她所在机构的人力资源部。结果，她工作的地方把所有厕所都为她重新改造了。

After Jolly came Rayees. Rayees talked about how there was a complete lack of menstrual hygiene awareness in the state of Kashmir in India. And his story sparked one of the largest menstrual hygiene awareness campaigns in Kashmir.在 Jolly 之后，是 Rayees 的故事。Rayees 谈到印度克什米尔邦在月经卫生意识方面几乎一片空白。而他的故事引发了克什米尔地区最大规模之一的月经卫生宣传活动。

And for Pranay, his story led to the rescue of his father, who was stranded in Libya during the Arab Spring. And not just that. Eighteen thousand Indians were brought back to the country because his story made an impact.至于 Pranay，他的故事促成了对父亲的营救——他的父亲在阿拉伯之春期间被困在利比亚。而且不仅如此，因为他的故事产生了影响，18,000 名印度人被接回了国内。

Now, these are not anomalies. We saw hundreds of them over the years, and what we realized was that we were really building individual agency. We were enabling a muscle, the muscle of change making.这些并不是孤例。多年来我们见证了上百个类似的故事，我们逐渐意识到，我们真正做的是在培养个人的行动力。我们在锻炼一块肌肉——改变的肌肉。

But as the platform grew, the world became a lot more complex, we realized that the issues are also becoming very complex. It's difficult to get heard more and more, the louder the world gets. And climate change seemed like this faceless, shapeless, this mammoth of a beast that we just did not know what to do about. Thousands of young people had written about climate change on Youth Ki Awaaz, but it was almost like we were talking at it. We didn't know what to do about it.但是，随着平台的发展，世界也变得更加复杂，我们发现问题也变得越来越复杂。世界的声音越嘈杂，想让人听见就越困难。气候变化看起来像是一个无形无状、庞大无比的怪兽，我们完全不知道该如何应对。数以千计的年轻人在 Youth Ki Awaaz 上写过关于气候变化的文章，但几乎就像是在对着空气说话，我们不知道如何真正采取行动。

So in 2023, we decided to do something different. We decided that we are going to collectivize these voices. So we launched a campaign called ZeroSeHero. The idea was very simple. We'll bring together young people, we'll get thousands of their stories, and we'll build a common platform where young people, decision makers, businesses, nonprofits, they can all come together to talk about something that climate experts love to talk about: net zero. Nobody understands it. We wanted people to understand it. This is the reality.所以在 2023 年，我们决定做一些不同的事情。我们决定把这些声音汇聚起来，于是发起了一个名为 ZeroSeHero 的活动。这个想法非常简单：我们要把年轻人聚集在一起，收集成千上万的故事，并建立一个共同的平台，让年轻人、决策者、企业、非营利组织都能聚在一起，去讨论一个气候专家们热衷谈论的话题：净零排放（net zero）。虽然几乎没人真正理解它，但我们希望让更多人理解。这就是现实。

Every single day, I would train them on how to write better. But what they were writing about was actually tough issues. Gender, discrimination, climate change, issues that we are not taught to talk about. And something slowly began to shift in them. The more they wrote, the more they began to question. They started acting. They started wondering why things were the way they were. And that motivated me to go school to school, college to college, sticking up posters, asking more and more young people to join me.每天我都会训练他们如何写得更好。但他们写的其实是一些艰难的话题：性别、歧视、气候变化，这些都是我们从未被教导去谈论的问题。而在他们身上，慢慢开始发生变化。他们写得越多，就越开始质疑。他们开始采取行动，开始思考为什么事情会是现在这样。这也激励我一个学校一个学校地走，一个大学一个大学地跑，张贴海报，邀请越来越多的年轻人加入我。

Slowly and steadily, a community began to form. And that blog became Youth Ki Awaaz, or Voice of the Youth, India's largest citizen media platform, where today more than 200,000 young people are writing on issues that are deeply underrepresented every single month.慢慢地，一个社区开始形成。而那个博客也逐渐成长为 Youth Ki Awaaz（青年之声），印度最大的公民媒体平台。如今，每个月都有超过二十万名年轻人在这个平台上撰写那些在社会中被严重忽视的问题。

And this was not just young people coming together and ranting. This was young people coming together and telling stories that were not being told anywhere.而这不仅仅是年轻人聚在一起发牢骚，而是他们聚在一起讲述那些在其他地方根本没有被讲述的故事。

So let me tell you about Ashwini. Ashwini was a medical student studying in the state of Rajasthan. And he had this phenomenal habit. Every single summer break, he would go to the closest village and provide free medical services. So he went to this village called Rajghat, a couple of kilometers away from the city of Jaipur in India. And when he went there, what he found was far more than a medical crisis. There was absolutely no clean drinking water. There were no proper roads. There was no electricity. And he realized that there were no schools at all. And no weddings had taken place in the last 22 years because nobody wanted to send their daughters to a village which was so impoverished. Imagine a village of single men.让我来说一个叫阿什维尼（Ashwini）的故事。阿什维尼是拉贾斯坦邦的一名医科学生，他有一个很了不起的习惯：每年暑假，他都会去最近的村庄提供免费的医疗服务。于是他去了一个叫 Rajghat 的村子，离印度斋普尔市只有几公里远。然而到了那里，他发现的问题远远超过了医疗危机。那里完全没有干净的饮用水，没有像样的道路，没有电力供应。他还发现村子里根本没有学校。而且在过去22年里，这个村子里从未举行过婚礼，因为没有人愿意把女儿嫁到这样一个极度贫困的地方。想象一下，一个全是单身男人的村庄。

In 2008, when I was 17, I felt invisible. And not like Harry Potter with an invisibility cloak. I actually felt really powerless. I remember watching the news every single day with my parents. It was like a ritual in our house. And the more I saw it, the more I realized that I just couldn't relate with it. The people didn't look like me, the issues didn't feel like mine. And more than anything, young people's voices were nowhere to be found.2008年，当我17岁的时候，我觉得自己是隐形的。但不是像哈利·波特披着隐形斗篷那种，而是真的感觉到无力。我记得每天都和父母一起看新闻，那几乎成了我们家的日常仪式。但看得越多，我越发现自己无法与之产生共鸣。那些新闻里的人不像我，关注的问题也不是我的问题。最重要的是，根本听不到年轻人的声音。

Now I have grown up in a family where everybody cared deeply about what was happening in the world. So naturally we had a lot of conversation at home. I had many opinions, many perspectives and experiences that I wanted to share with the world, but there was absolutely nowhere to go. My friends who I spoke with, my teachers who I spoke with, they all reminded me of the only thing that mattered, and that was how I performed in my exams. And that's it.我是在一个非常关心世界大事的家庭里长大的，所以我们家经常会有各种各样的讨论。我有很多观点、很多看法和经历，想要与世界分享，但完全没有出口。我跟朋友聊，跟老师聊，他们都只会提醒我唯一重要的事情——那就是考试成绩。而就只有这个。

So I was extremely disappointed, very frustrated. And the only thing that I knew and I loved was writing. So I started a blog. I had absolutely no idea what I was doing. I just went online and I started writing, and I forced my friends to read what I was saying.因此我非常失望，也很沮丧。而我唯一熟悉并热爱的事情就是写作。所以我开了一个博客。我完全不知道自己在做什么，只是上网开始写作，然后强迫朋友们去看我写的东西。

My first story was actually about climate change, and I remember asking a friend to read it, and she went ahead and she commented on it. And the comment was a smiling emoji. So I was disappointed because I wanted more.我的第一篇文章实际上是关于气候变化的，我记得请一个朋友去读，她看完后留言评论。而她的评论只是一个笑脸表情。那一刻我感到失望，因为我期待更多。

I realized that, you know, a lot of us young people, we grew up in this culture of silence. We are told, don't question, don't think critically, don't ask too much. And that was something that really frustrated me.我意识到，其实我们很多年轻人都在一种“沉默的文化”中长大。我们被告诫不要质疑，不要批判性思考，不要问太多问题。而这正是让我深感挫败的地方。

I loved writing, like I said, so I thought that I'll do something interesting. I launched a writer's training program. Young people, they want better jobs, they want to be skilled, so I thought I'll skill them in writing. And by that time, by the way, I had about a thousand readers on the blog. So I thought about 30 people will apply. At least 30 people will apply for this program. And to my surprise, only two did.正如我说过的，我热爱写作，所以我决定做一些有趣的事情。我发起了一个写作培训计划。年轻人希望有更好的工作，希望掌握更多技能，所以我想着教他们写作。那时，我的博客已经有大约一千名读者。我想，至少会有三十个人报名参加吧。但出乎意料的是，只有两个人报名。

So I took those two and gave them the best that I had.于是我接纳了这两个人，并把自己最好的东西教给他们。

So let's just say that's not what we expected when we first approached them to talk about extending the life and quality of fresh products.↳可以说，当我们最初带着延长新鲜农产品寿命与品质的想法去找他们时，得到的回应完全出乎我们的意料。

But we can't change this thinking alone. And we're not a silver bullet to end food waste ourselves. But thankfully there are lots of start-ups, scale-ups, organizations and individuals all around the world working to transform this post-harvest space. And we're optimistic that our one small innovation, using common ingredients inspired by the ancient wisdom of plants, is playing its part and having an impact, reinventing the food system and helping to create abundance for all. Thanks so much.但仅靠我们自己无法改变这种思维方式，我们也不是解决食物浪费的万能钥匙。幸运的是，全球还有许多初创公司、成长型企业、组织和个人，一起努力改变采后处理这一领域。我们很乐观，相信我们这项小小的创新——用植物的古老智慧启发的常见成分——正在发挥作用，正在产生影响，帮助重塑食物系统，并为所有人创造更多的丰盈。非常感谢。

Thank you.谢谢大家。

Incredible, thank you, Jenny.太棒了，谢谢你，珍妮。

I feel like, when I buy avocados and then I bring them home, and then I blink and they are rotten. How long could you extend the shelf life of an avocado?↳我常常觉得，我一买牛油果回家，眨眼间它们就烂了。你们能把牛油果的保质期延长多久呢？

In your experience, maybe you have this, too, there's like a day, a day and a half when they're like, perfect. Like, avocado toast, cuttable, before you’re like, do I sacrifice them to guacamole? And so it takes that day and a half and extend it to four days. Maybe you're actually going to have a chance to use it before you throw it away.根据你的经验，你可能也遇到过这种情况：牛油果只有大约一天或一天半的时间是最佳状态——可以完美做牛油果吐司，切开正合适。过了这段时间，你就要考虑是不是只能做成鳄梨酱了。而我们的技术能把那一天半的最佳时间延长到四天。这样，你可能真的能在它坏掉前用得上。

So you're more than doubling. And when you're spraying things that don't have a shell, does it have a taste or a smell or anything?所以你们等于是把时间延长了一倍多。那么当这种涂层用在没有硬壳的食物上时，会不会带有味道或气味呢？

No, they're very neutral. So no taste, no smell. You saw we used a little of it. It's like a strange thing we do around the office, which is like, eat the fruit, lick the surface, like, confirm that. But we've also done it with credible other institutions, like universities doing these blind taste tests with strawberries. And you can't tell that there's anything on them.不会，它们非常中性，没有味道，也没有气味。你看到我们只用了一点点。在办公室里我们甚至有个奇怪的小实验——吃水果后舔一舔表面，来确认这点。但我们也和一些权威机构合作过，比如大学，用草莓做过盲测，结果是人们完全分辨不出来水果表面有任何东西。

Amazing. 太棒了

So thinking about replacing a standard waxing step, for example.比如说，可以考虑用这种方式来取代传统的水果打蜡工序。

We've made good progress since those early days in the garage. We've established a supply chain for responsibly sourced, high-purity ingredients. We've demonstrated safety and effectiveness to regulators in the US, the European Union and more than 40 additional countries around the world. And while we're still relatively small and early in our journey, we have a presence in about 10 markets worldwide.自从在车库里起步的那些早期日子以来，我们已经取得了显著的进展。我们建立了一个负责任的供应链，能够提供高纯度的原料。我们向美国、欧盟以及全球40多个国家的监管机构证明了这一方法的安全性与有效性。虽然我们依然是一个相对小型、处于早期阶段的公司，但如今我们已经进入了全球约10个市场。

What I'm most proud of, though, it's why we got into all of this in the first place. And that is that since 2021, when we started measuring, we've prevented 166 million pieces of produce from going to waste. In doing that, that's avoided the emissions of more than 29,000 metric tons of greenhouse gas emissions, which is equivalent to planting 485,000 trees and saved almost seven billion liters of water, or enough to fill 2,800 Olympic-sized swimming pools.让我最自豪的，其实正是我们最初投入这一切的原因。自从2021年开始有数据统计以来，我们已经阻止了1.66亿件农产品的浪费。这样做避免了超过29,000公吨的温室气体排放，相当于种植了48.5万棵树，并节省了近70亿升水——足够填满2,800个奥运标准泳池。

Thank you.谢谢大家。

What we're also excited about is the opportunity to add a little extra peel to help small growers get their unique varieties of fruits and vegetables to market with more confidence. This is especially important in places that don't have widespread or reliable access to refrigeration, like with these regional mango varieties. This could mean that a greater diversity of fruits and vegetables could be more available to more people.我们同样感到兴奋的是，这项技术还能帮助小型种植户，把他们独特的水果和蔬菜品种更有信心地推向市场。尤其是在那些缺乏广泛或可靠冷藏条件的地区，比如某些地区特有的芒果品种。这就意味着，将来更多样化的水果和蔬菜能被更多人享用。

The work, though, is far from done. We've unfortunately encountered food and agriculture companies that have a really hard time seeing past the food waste status quo. "Shrink," as it's called in the industry, it's just accepted as a normal part of doing business. And disappointingly, we’ve had some folks -- producers, packers and retailers -- tell us, "Well, the waste bin is kind of my best friend. The more that people throw away, the more they have to come back and buy again."不过，这项工作距离完成还很遥远。不幸的是，我们遇到过一些食品和农业公司，他们很难突破对“食物浪费”的固有认知。在业内，“Shrink”（损耗）被认为是经营活动中的正常部分。更令人失望的是，一些生产商、包装商和零售商甚至直言：“垃圾桶算是我的好朋友。人们扔掉的越多，他们就得回来买得越多。”

So we took a test batch of material that we made using leftover tomato peels, since those are rich in these fatty acids and glycerides. We dipped those limes in a bowl of these ingredients in water and set them aside to dry. And then we waited. And we saw that we could add an extra week of freshness to these limes.↳于是，我们利用番茄加工后剩下的番茄皮制作了一批测试材料，因为它们富含脂肪酸和甘油酯。我们把这些指橙浸泡在装有这些成分的水碗里，然后放在一旁晾干。接着我们等待，结果发现，这些指橙的保鲜期竟然延长了一整周。

And when we saw that for the first time, we were like, "Shut the front door! Oh my God, this might actually work." So we then went and wanted to apply this little bit of extra peel to all other kinds of fruits and vegetables. Bananas, avocados, limes, green beans, tomatoes, bell peppers, cucumbers, berries, like, you name it. And what we saw, amazed and quite frankly, still amazes us. This concept works for dozens of categories, things that need to ripen before you eat them, things that don't. Things that have edible peels, non-edible peels. We even saw that with protected blueberries, we could retain vitamin C levels at higher levels for longer than unprotected blueberries. And tomatoes could be harvested later, not when they were green and tasteless, but when they were red and actually ripe, and they'd still have enough time to get into your homes.↳当我们第一次看到这个结果时，我们的反应是：“不会吧！天啊，这居然真的有用！”于是我们接着尝试把这层“额外果皮”应用到其他各种水果和蔬菜上。香蕉、牛油果、青柠、四季豆、西红柿、甜椒、黄瓜、浆果——你能想到的几乎都试了一遍。而结果让我们震惊，甚至直到今天依然觉得不可思议。这一概念适用于几十种不同类别的农产品：有些需要成熟后才能吃，有些不需要；有的果皮可食用，有的不可食用。我们甚至发现，在处理过的蓝莓中，维生素C的含量能保持更高水平，而且维持的时间比未经处理的蓝莓更久。而西红柿则可以等到真正红熟、味道香甜时再采摘，而不是在青涩无味时提前收获——同时还能保证有足够的时间运送到消费者手中。

And we love that it really takes so little material, the little bit of extra peel we add to an average avocado, for example, that's equivalent in weight to a 10th of a small raisin. And even though these materials are, of course, they're edible, you can wash them off by just rubbing under running water. We also, the more that we learned about the fresh produce supply chain today, we realized we could integrate into how these are processed in these packing houses before they're sent to grocery stores.更让我们喜欢的是，这其实只需要极少的材料。比如，给一个普通牛油果增加的那层“额外果皮”，重量大约只相当于一颗小葡萄干的十分之一。而且这些成分本身当然是可食用的，但你只需在流水下轻轻揉搓就能将其洗掉。随着我们对当今新鲜农产品供应链的进一步了解，我们还意识到，这一工艺可以直接融入到分拣包装环节，在水果和蔬菜送往超市之前完成。

And then all of this leads to a pretty narrow set of fruits and vegetables that are available in stores today relative to the amazing diversity of what's really out there. And so it's really like the categories that can survive storage and transportation that are commonly available. And those aren't always the ones that taste best or have the highest density of nutrients. So my friends wanted to approach this differently.↳这一切最终导致了一个问题：相较于自然界中丰富多样的水果和蔬菜，我们今天在商店里能买到的品类其实非常有限。基本上只有那些能够在储存和运输过程中幸存下来的品类才会常见。但这些并不一定是味道最好的，或者营养密度最高的。于是，我的朋友们想用一种不同的方式来应对这个问题。

And we led first with some questions. How do plants protect themselves? Well, with a peel. Plants, just like us, have a skin or a peel, technically called the plant cuticle, and that helps to protect them from moisture loss, oxidation and infection. And what are those peels made of? Fatty acids, glycerides. That's what's the important part. And these are ingredients found universally in all plants. In the peel, pulp and seeds, and including in plants that we already eat. Different fruits have different shelf lives because of the thickness and arrangement of these materials in those peels.我们首先提出了一些问题：植物是如何保护自己的？答案是果皮。植物和我们一样，也有一层“皮肤”，学术上称为“角质层”，它能帮助植物抵御水分流失、氧化以及感染。那么这些果皮由什么构成呢？主要是脂肪酸和甘油酯——这才是关键所在。而这些成分在所有植物中普遍存在，不论是果皮、果肉还是种子，甚至在我们日常食用的植物中也都有。不同水果的保鲜期长短，其实和这些物质在果皮中的厚度与排列方式有关。

So the idea then is: Can we take these harmless, edible, plant-based ingredients, apply them in a thin layer on the surface of fresh fruits and vegetables to help reinforce the existing natural peel? And if you do that, can you help to retain peak flavor, texture and nutrients for longer without reliance on refrigeration, pesticides, waxes or plastics?于是，想法就诞生了：我们是否可以利用这些无害、可食用的植物性成分，把它们涂覆在新鲜水果和蔬菜的表面，形成一层薄膜，来强化原本的天然果皮？如果能做到这一点，是否就能在无需依赖冷藏、农药、蜡涂层或塑料包装的情况下，延长食材的最佳风味、口感和营养？

And so that's what James, Lou and I, that's why we founded Apeel Sciences and ultimately headed to James's garage to try and figure out. We started first by partnering with a small local grower, and we tested the idea on this category you may not have heard of called finger limes. They are literally finger-shaped, and when you cut them open, the pulp is in the shape of beads, like caviar. They are delicious, and they’re super fragrant. But once they’re picked, that grower had maybe about seven days before their organic limes would start to dry out and the skin would start to change color. And that was even with refrigeration.↳于是，这就是我、詹姆斯和路易斯创立 Apeel Sciences 的原因。我们最终跑到詹姆斯的车库里，开始动手实验。起初，我们与一家本地的小型种植户合作，把这个想法应用到一种你可能没听说过的水果——“指橙”（finger limes）上。它们真的像手指一样细长，当你切开时，果肉呈现出一颗颗像鱼子酱般的珠粒，味道鲜美，香气浓郁。但问题是，一旦被采摘下来，这些有机指橙大概只有七天的时间就会开始干瘪、果皮变色——即便是在冷藏条件下也是如此。

When you pick a piece of fruit off a tree, it's like a ticking time bomb. It's literally this living and breathing thing that's slowly cannibalizing its own stores of energy and nutrients, just trying to stay alive until it ultimately gets eaten by microbes or some other animal, like us. Have you ever wondered why that is and what could be done about it?↳当你从树上摘下一颗水果时，它就像一颗正在倒计时的定时炸弹。它实际上是一个还在“呼吸”的生命体，会慢慢吞噬自己储存的能量和养分，只为了尽可能维持生存，直到最终被微生物或其他动物（比如我们人类）吃掉。你有没有想过这是为什么？以及对此能做些什么？

My journey in trying to figure that out started in the spring of 2013. I'm finishing up my postdoctoral research in chemistry at the University of Santa Barbara, California. And all that really means is I’m a huge nerd and I've been in school for way too long. And I'm trying to figure out how to put all that training to meaningful use. So two of my lab mates, James Rogers and Louis Perez, invite me to dinner. But it turns out to be a pitch disguised as dinner, and they opened by totally flooring me with some staggering stats.我试图弄清这个问题的旅程开始于2013年春天。那时我正在加州圣塔芭芭拉大学完成化学博士后的研究。说白了，就是我这个超级书呆子在学校里待得太久了，现在在思考如何把这些年接受的训练用在真正有意义的事情上。于是，我的两个实验室伙伴詹姆斯·罗杰斯和路易斯·佩雷斯邀请我共进晚餐。但事实证明，那顿饭其实是伪装成晚餐的“推销会”，而他们一开口就用一些惊人的数据震撼了我。

A third of the food that we produce worldwide is lost or wasted before it ever has a chance to be eaten. For fresh fruits and vegetables, that number is a half. And waste is a problem at every single step of the supply chain. From the farm, trying to get it to market, in stores, restaurants and in our homes. And it's not just a waste of the food. It's a waste of the land, water, fertilizers, labor, energy, fuel, packaging and money out of farmers' and our pockets. If global food waste was a country, it'd be the third-highest emitter of greenhouse gases after China and the US.↳全球所生产的食物中，有三分之一在被吃掉之前就已经损失或浪费了。而在新鲜水果和蔬菜方面，这个比例更是高达二分之一。而浪费的问题存在于供应链的每一个环节：从农场，到运输市场，再到商店、餐厅，甚至是我们的家庭。而这不仅仅是食物的浪费，更是土地、水资源、化肥、劳动力、能源、燃料、包装，以及农民和我们自己口袋里的金钱的浪费。如果把全球食物浪费看作一个国家，那么它的温室气体排放量将位居世界第三，仅次于中国和美国。

For decades, all around the world, we've relied heavily on a surprisingly small number of ways to help fruits and vegetables last longer after harvest. These have gotten us a really long way, but they also have their challenges. Refrigeration is a massive energy suck, a significant source of emissions, and it's expensive. It's unfortunately why a lot of places around the world don't have access to refrigeration. Designer pesticides aren't great for our long-term health or the environment. Waxes, some can be plant-based, but a lot of them are also animal-derived or petroleum-derived, and they help make produce look better but not really meaningfully extend their life and quality. And packaging, that's just adding to our problems with single-use plastics and microplastics.几十年来，全世界主要依赖数量极少的几种方法来延长水果和蔬菜的保鲜期。这些方法确实在一定程度上帮助了我们，但也带来了挑战。冷藏消耗巨大的能源，是温室气体的重要排放源，而且成本高昂，这也是为什么世界上很多地方至今无法普及冷藏。至于人工合成的农药，对人类的长期健康和环境都并不友好。蜡涂层方面，有些是植物基的，但更多是动物性或石油提取的，它们能让农产品外观看起来更好，却不能真正有效地延长其保质期和品质。而包装，则让一次性塑料和微塑料的问题更加严重。

If you've got a phone or a fitness tracker, you're probably checking your steps each day. Reach 10,000 and you feel smug. Why? Well, we've been told it's the number to aim for – the threshold for health gains. 

如果你拥有一部手机或者一个健身追踪器，你就很可能每天都会查看你的行走步数。一旦达到一万步你可能就会沾沾自喜。这是为什么呢？因为我们常常听说应该以每天走一万步为目标，它是令人更加健康的门槛。

But a review of previous studies in medical journal The Lancet, involving data on 160,000 adults worldwide, suggests a target of 7,000 steps brings plenty of health benefits, too, including reducing the risk of heart disease, dementia, depression, cancer and falls. The research found that even modest step counts of 4,000 per day were linked to better health, compared with very low activity of 2,000 a day. 

但一篇研究综述刚刚被发表在了医学杂志《柳叶刀》上，这项研究囊括了全球 16 万名成人的健康数据，研究结果显示每天步行 7000 步也能为健康带来许多益处，包括降低患心脏病、痴呆、抑郁、癌症和意外跌倒的风险。研究发现，即使每天仅走上 4000 步，和活动量非常小的 2000 步相比，也能改善健康状况。

For most health conditions, the benefits tended to level off beyond 7,000 steps, although there were additional advantages to walking further for the heart. The review can't prove that daily steps alone reduce the risk of disease. Some of the findings were based on only a small number of studies, but they say encouraging people to track their steps is a practical way to improve their health. And adding a step count target into official exercise guidance could be useful for everyone.对于大多数健康问题来说，每天步行带来的益处似乎在 7000 步以后就逐渐趋平，不再有明显的变化，不过再多走一些对心脏健康还有其它好处。这篇综述未能证明仅靠每天步行就能降低患病风险。虽然一些结论仅基于少量研究，但研究人员表示鼓励人们追踪每天所走的步数是改善健康的一种切实可行的方法；并且，在官方锻炼指南中加入行走步数作为目标可能对所有人都有益。