Explore every episode of the podcast Very Bad Wizards

In this first episode of our new Patreon bonus series, Tamler and David discuss S1 E1 of "The Wire." We're reminded what an amazing show this is. Welcome to the Western! 

Join our Patreon and you'll get all of our future episodes (along with lots of other bonus content). 

In the final episode of The Lotus Eaters, Tamler and David make their casting decisions (any actors across history) for their dream "Odyssey" film. We then end with some broader thoughts about The Odyssey and our experience doing The Lotus Eaters. Thank you for coming along with us on this journey!

How would you a describe a friend or a co-worker? Would you list their personality traits like generous, aggressive, principled, or stubborn? Or would you give more concrete context-filled descriptions ("she argues with her parents a lot," "she brings us donuts at work sometimes"?) According to Shweder and Bourne's influential 1982 article, culture and the dominant metaphors within it influence how we answer these questions. David and Tamler continue their deep dive into the work of Richard Shweder with a discussion of his paper "Does the Concept of a Person Vary Cross-Culturally."

Plus, you might not save baby Hitler from drowning, but would you save his father or his grandfather? Moral psychology has a new paradigm! 

Pucci, M., & Gagliardi, L. (2026). The killing baby Hitler dilemma: A novel paradigm for studying causal-temporal distance in moral decision-making. Consciousness and Cognition, 145, 104141.

Shweder, R. A., & Bourne, E. J. (1982). Does the concept of the person vary cross-culturally?. In Cultural conceptions of mental health and therapy (pp. 97-137). Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands.

As foretold in the prophecies, Tamler and David unite in Ithaca to cover the final chapters (23 & 24) of The Odyssey, in which Odysseus passes Penelope's final test, reunites with Laertes, and Athena and Zeus do a little deus ex machina-ing and prevent the suitors' families from getting revenge.

Tamler and David discuss books 20, 21, & 22 of The Odyssey. Beginning with omens and portents and ending with merciless slaughter (with a bow contest in between), we finally see Odysseus' plans for revenge reach fruition.

Tamler and Dave devote a full episode to Book 19 of The Odyssey. In what is one of the most emotionally intense chapters of the story so far, Odysseus continues his Cretan lies, has a long tête-à-tête with Penelope, and finally gets recognized by his former slave Eurycleia.

Tamler and David discuss The Odyssey books 17 & 18, in which Telemachus and Odysseus, back at home, continue their deception and put everyone to the test. Everyone except for Argos, that is, because Argos was (and will always be) a very good boy.

David and Tamler welcome Paul Bloom back to the show for a definitive ranking of classic psychology experiments. Will the shocking results of the Milgram studies earn him a posthumous 'S' ranking? How far will Zimbardo fall? Is the Stroop effect a super effect? Did you see the Gorilla in these notes? Which is more plausible: that we have Paul Bloom as a guest, or we have Paul Bloom and a guest and it's a banger? Note: no dogs or baby monkeys were harmed in the making of this episode.

Final Tier List Rankings (episode spoilers!)

List of Studies Ranked (all links are to pages on wikipedia.org)

• Milgram Shock Studies

• Tversky and Kahneman Linda Problem

• Loftus Car Crash/False Memory

• Ekman Basic Emotions Studies

• Good Samaritan Study

• Invisible Gorilla Study

• Shepard Figure Rotation

• Harlow's Monkeys

• Seligman Learned Helplessness

• Asch Conformity

• Stroop Effect

• Dunning-Kruger Effect

• Visual Cliff Experiment

• Zimbardo Prison Experiment

• False Belief Task

• Bem ESP Study

• Marshmallow Test

• Bargh Elderly Walking Prime 

In this episode, Tamler and David discuss The Odyssey Books 15 & 16, in which father and son (and father figure and son) are reunited, and in which the Odysseus and Telemachus start planning their revenge against the suitors.

Tamler and David discuss Books 13 & 14 of The Odyssey. Odysseus finally makes it to Ithaca and meets up with Athena, gets a disguise, and has a chat with his most loyal slave Eumaeus.

Why do baseball players have so many superstitious rituals compared to athletes in other sports? How does this relate to the magic rituals of the Trobriand Islanders of Melanesia? We dive into Bronisław Malinowski's classic 1925 paper "Magic, Science, and Religion" along with George Gmelch's "Baseball Magic," two articles that explore the role of religion and superstition as a response to the absence of control. And speaking of losing control, we do a conceptual analysis of "crashing out" in the opening segment- analytic philosophy at its finest.

Malinowski, B. (1925). Magic, science and religion. In J. Needham (Ed.), Science, religion and reality (pp. 19–84). The Macmillan Company. [link to our Amazon S3 so everyone can find it easily]

Gmelch, G. (2012). Baseball magic. In J. Spradley, D. W. McCurdy, & R. Shandy (Eds.), Conformity and conflict: Readings in cultural anthropology (14th ed., pp. 266–274). Pearson. (Original work published 1971). 

David and Tamler discuss The Odyssey's iconic books 11 & 12, in which our hero visits the ghosts of the dead, hears the call of the sirens, and survives a no-win situation.

Tamler and David discuss the action-packed books 9 & 10 of The Odyssey, in which Odysseus makes some questionable choices, the crew encounters cannibal giants, and Circe casts her porcine spells. 

Since well before the big bang, people have been bitching about Tamler's chosen field. We talk about Bernard Williams' (qualified) defense of analytic philosophy in his essay "On Hating and Despising Philosophy." We also dig into Lily Hu's review of a recent book by Christoph Schuringa, an ideological and historical critique of the philosophical tendency to think they engage in an unbiased perspective-free search for truth. Plus - is it unethical for philosophers and other academics to make money on Substack?    

Is it unethical for academics to monetize Substack? by Walter Veit [substack.com]

 On Hating and Despising Philosophy by Bernard Williams [lb.co.uk]

Review of A Social History of Analytic Philosophy: How Politics Has Shaped an Apolitical Philosophy by Lily Hu  [academic.oup.com]

Tamler and David discuss books 7 & 8 of The Odyssey--while at Alcinous' palace in Phaeacia, Odysseus listens to poetry, plays some games, cries some more, and finally starts to regain his identity.

Tamler and David discuss books 5 & 6 of The Odyssey, where we follow Odysseus as he finally leaves Calypso's Island and returns to the realm of the human. We also finally pick a name for the podcast. But only after recording this episode (as will be obvious from the first few minutes).

Welcome to The Lotus Eaters! This is part 2 of our 12 part series on Homer's Odyssey that will be released every Thursday. The series was supported by our Patreon community, but we are now making it available to everyone who would like to listen to our discussions to accompany their reading of The Odyssey. We hope you enjoy!

Episode Notes: 

Tamler and David finish up the Telemachy (the saga of Odysseus' son, Telemachus) in their discussion of books 3 & 4 of The Odyssey. (Oh yeah, we get an appearance from THAT Helen of Troy).

Welcome to The Lotus Eaters! This is part 1 of our 12 part series on Homer's Odyssey that will be released every Thursday. The series was supported by our Patreon community, but we are now making it available to everyone who would like to listen to our discussions to accompany their reading of The Odyssey. We hope you enjoy! [Note that this discussion of Books 1 & 2 was already published as the main segment of Episode 321, but this contains only the discussion of the Odyssey in order to make The Lotus Eaters series complete and standalone.]

Episode Notes:

David and Tamler begin their long journey home to Homer's Odyssey, the tale of king Odysseus' 10 year journey home after the Trojan war (maybe the greatest story ever told). We dive into the first two books, which focus on Odysseus' 20-year-old son Telemachus, the swarm of suitors who have descended on Odysseus' house during his long absence in the hopes of marrying his clever and beautiful wife Penelope, and the goddess Athena, whose plan to get Odysseus home to Ithaca is finally set into motion. 

Dropping this a week early - after completing a 12-part series on Homer's Odyssey for our beloved Patreon supporters, we now dive into Christopher Nolan's version of this epic tale. We're mixed on the movie. David enjoyed the spectacle, Tamler had some nice things to say about Anne Hathaway's Penelope but overall...well you'll see. And don't skip through the listener support/promo segment or you'll miss an exciting announcement.

Join our Patreon! [patreon.com]

Nolan's "The Odyssey" [wikipedia.org]

Emily Wilson's Translation of The Odyssey [amazon.com afilliate link]

Emily Wilson's review of Nolan's "The Odyssey" [lrb.co.uk]

First it was a book, then it was a groundbreaking movie… that's right it's Solaris. After having discussed the Stanislaw Lem novel in the previous episode, David and Tamler try to make contact with Andrei Tarkovsky's 1972 classic film. We talk about all the ways Tarkovsky's adaptation reflects and diverges from the source material. We also discuss how to interpret the ending, opening act (not featured in the novel), the five-minute driving scene, and contrast it with Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey. Plus, we take an AI Compass survey to determine what type of AI archetype we are. 

The AI Compass (quiz) [github.io] 

Tarkovsky's "Solaris" [wikipedia.org]

David and Tamler tackle the first half of the VBW Madness topic tournament winner, Stanislaw Lem's science fiction masterpiece, Solaris, about a mysterious ocean planet that resists all attempts to understand and communicate with it. We talk about the epistemological obstacles that obscure the meaning of the ocean's behavior, the "guests" that appear to the researchers drawn from their buried memories, Lem's critique of science and lots more.

Plus, there's an inexplicable dearth of research into male preferences for breasts or buttocks and their correlation with egalitarian and materialist values. But once again it's evolutionary psychology to the rescue.

Mehmetoglu, M. (2026). Buttocks or Breasts? Identifying Latent Subgroups in Male Preferences for Female Bodily Features. Evolutionary Psychology, 24(2), 14747049261452897. [pubmed.gov]

Solaris by Stanislaw Lem (trans. by Bill Johnston) [amazon.com affiliate link]

The great Robert Wright returns to the podcast to talk about his new book The God Test: Artificial Intelligence and Our Coming Cosmic Reckoning. We debate the magnitude of AI's potential impact, the natural selection analogy Bob presses in the book, and a whole lot more.

Plus, a new AI-powered collar can translate your pet's sounds and behavior into language with 95% accuracy! Still skeptical about the power of this new technology Tamler? 

AI Pet Translator [dexerto.com]

The God Test by Robert Wright [amazon.com affiliate link]

What are the legitimate ways to inquire about the nature of the universe? We have science, metaphysics, phenomenological inquiry, but what about mystical and meditative practices? David and Tamler talk about a paper that argues for allowing mystical insight into our broader search for insight into fundamental reality. Plus, since the dawn of time man has wondered why people act like simps – we look at a study that operationalizes simping behavior and offers a theory for how it evolves.  

Ho, D., Tan, K., Li, N. P., & Sim, L. (2026). The (Simp)le Truth About Excessive and Obsessive Romantic Behaviors in Men. Journal of personality, 10.1111/jopy.70082. Advance online publication. https://doi.org/10.1111/jopy.70082

Albahari, M. (2019). The mystic and the metaphysician: Clarifying the role of meditation in the search for ultimate reality. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 26(7-8), 12-36.

David and Tamler do another tier ranking--this time on philosophical thought experiments, so as not to further alienate our chemistry-adjacent listeners. We hit most of the big ones: Pascal's wager, Pascal's mugging, Mary the color scientist, the Ring of Gyges, Jarvis Thomson's violinist, the experience machine, the utility monster, and a lot more. Can you guess our grade for the trolley dilemma?

• The Chinese Room (Searle) [wikipedia.org]
• Descartes' Evil Demon (Descartes) [wikipedia.org]
• The Experience Machine (Nozick) [wikipedia.org]
• Mary the Color Scientist (F. Jackson) [wikipedia.org]
• Pascal's Mugging (Yudkowsky/Bostrom) [wikipedia.org]
• Pascal's Wager (Pascal) [wikipedia.org]
• The Ring of Gyges (Plato) [wikipedia.org]
• The Shallow Pond (Singer) [wikipedia.org]
• The Ship of Theseus (Hobbes) [wikipedia.org]
• The Trolley Problem (Philippa Foot/J.J. Thomson) [wikipedia.org]
• The Utility Monster (Nozick) [wikipedia.org]
• The Veil of Ignorance (Rawls)  [wikipedia.org]
• The Violinist (J.J. Thomson) [wikipedia.org]

When Dawkins met Claude: Could this AI be conscious? (paywalled) [unherd.com]

• Unpaywalled at archive.org 

The Other by Jorge Luis Borges [wikipedia.org]

The Collected Fictions of Jorge Luis Borges trans. by Andrew Hurley [amazon.com affiliate link]

In another Back 2 Basics episode, David and Tamler talk about Plato's "Crito," a dialogue that takes place two days before Socrates' death by hemlock. His friend Crito wants him to escape, but Socrates will only agree if they judge that it's the right thing to do. One imagined debate between him and the Laws of Athens later, Socrates decides to accept his punishment.

Plus we open with "Contrarian Corner" (Cinema Edition), in which we list our top 3 movies where we just don't understand all the love.    

Crito (Plato's Dialogue) [wikipedia.org]

David and Tamler return to the strange world of Nikolai Gogol and discuss his absurdist masterpiece "The Overcoat," a story that both calls for and steadfastly resists interpretation. But first we discuss a forthcoming Phil Studies article "Philosophy as Fact-Based Discipline: 200 Philosophical Facts." Wait until you hear what they are.

Frances, B. (2026). Philosophy as fact-based discipline: 200 philosophical facts. Philosophical Studies, 183(2), 551-581. [springer.com]

The Overcoat by Nikolai Gogol [wikipedia.org]

David and Tamler return to the work of Richard Shweder and colleagues, focusing this time on his foundational paper "The "Big Three" of Morality (Autonomy, Community, Divinity) and the "Big Three" Explanations of Suffering. What are the various ways that people explain suffering and illness across cultures? What do we lose when we only emphasize biomedical explanations? Why can't social psychology be more like this?

Plus a new Chalmers (not that one) paper argues that monogamy is impermissible. Hello ladies!

Join at the right Patreon tier and vote on an episode topic!  [patreon.com]

Chalmers, H. (2019).  Is monogamy morally permissible?. The Journal of Value Inquiry, 53(2), 225-241.

Harry Chalmers' Substack post on Monogamy 

Shweder, R. A., Much, N. C., Mahapatra, M., & Park, L. (1997). The "big three" of morality (autonomy, community, and divinity) and the "big three" explanations of suffering. In A. Brandt & P. Rozin (Eds.), Morality and health (pp. 119–169). Routledge.

David and Tamler cross the border into Denis Villeneuve's taut and propulsive thriller Sicario, the story of an FBI agent who gets pulled into a task force drawn from the shadiest elements of the US government. The assignment: to disrupt, infiltrate, and take down a major Mexican cartel. But what's the deal with Alejandro, and who does he work for? This is Roger Deakins in God mode and Villeneuve, Emily Blunt, Josh Brolin, and Benicio Del Toro at the very top of their games.

Plus, we select 16 topics from the hundreds submitted by our beloved patrons for VBW Madness 2, a tournament to determine what we discuss on the listener selected episode. Join the VBW Patreon to vote on the winner!

Sicario [wikipedia.org]

David and Tamler return to the Southern Gothic well and talk about Flannery O'Connor's short story masterpiece "Good Country People." A nihilistic atheist philosophy PhD named Joy or Helga (depending on who you ask) lives with her mother and some tenants on a farm in rural Georgia. One day 19-year-old aw-shucksy Bible salesman comes to the house and shakes up her philosophical convictions. Plus a case study of a sexsomniac who masturbates (and more) in his sleep.

Support Eliza's film project [seedandspark.com]

Brice, M., Gales, A. Z., Attali, V., Chauvin, M., & Arnulf, I. (2026). Left hand sleep masturbation in a right-handed male patient with sexsomnia. Sleep Medicine, 108823. [scientificdirect.com]

Good Country People by Flannery O'Connor [wikipedia.org]

Are you a college student or about to be one? Do you have friends or family in college? This is the most important episode of your life. David and Tamler do something a little different this episode and tier rank a wide range of academic fields from engineering to art history, computer science to women & gender studies. Step aside U.S. News and World Report, the new definitive rankings have just dropped. Plus, Dave reveals he's in the Epstein files, but do we buy his explanation?

Have you always wanted to ask us a question but too cheap to spring for Patreon? Join us Saturday 2/21 at 6pm Eastern for our first ever reddit AUA on r/verybadwizards

Final Tier List [spoiler!]

David and Tamler return to Mircea Eliade's The Sacred and Profane and discuss the chapter "Sacred Time and Myths." How does viewing time as circular give us a periodic window into the sacred? What does it mean to reactualize the creation of the universe in ritual and to view time as "starting anew"? How did Christianity radically change the experience of time by locating the incarnation of the sacred in the historical past?

Plus, do you believe in conspiracy theories?  A new study says you should think twice about putting them in your dating profiles.

Green, R., Kamitz, L. C., Toribio-Flórez, D., Biddlestone, M., Gasking, F., Sutton, R. M., & Douglas, K. M. (2022). Conspiracy theories and online dating: It'sa (mis) match!. Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 01461672251399448.

Eliade, M. (1959). The sacred and the profane: The nature of religion (Vol. 81). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

David and Tamler consecrate their podcast with a discussion of "The Sacred and the Profane" by Mircea Eliade. We focus on the first chapter on sacred spaces, where the divine breaks through (or irrupts) our homogenous and chaotic reality, creating a center that gives us meaning and allows us to orient our lives. Plus speaking of the profane, a new study shows that cursing makes you stronger – but why in god's living fuck do they always end up spewing nonsense about the "underlying psychological mechanisms"?   

Stephens, R., Dowber, H., Richardson, C., & Washmuth, N. B. (2025). "Don't hold back": Swearing improves strength through state disinhibition. American Psychologist.

Eliade, M. (1959). The sacred and the profane: The nature of religion (Vol. 81). Houghton Mifflin Harcourt.

David and Tamler dive into Plato's Euthyphro, part of our intermittent Back 2 Basics series. A young cocksure priest, confident in his holiness, bumps into Socrates on his way to court to prosecute his father for a wrongful death. After a few rounds with Socrates on the nature of piety, he becomes a little less sure of himself.  We talk about Plato's decision to set the dialogue in the days before Socrates' own trial, the famous Euthyphro dilemma, the seemingly little progress that's made in defining piety, and much more.

Plus Oliver Sacks wrote books where the truth seemed stranger than fiction, but how much of what he wrote was really true?

Oliver Sacks Put Himself Into His Case Studies. What Was the Cost? by Rachel Aviv [newyorker.com]

Plato's Euthyphro [wikipedia.org]

We are teaming up with givedirectly, and a whole bunch of podcasters to help families in Rwanda. While match funds last, your donation will be 1.5x matched, meaning every $100 donation will turn into $150 for families in need. Go to givedirectly.org/wizards if you find it in your heart to give a donation.

David and Tamler return to William James' monumental "Principles of Psychology", this time wading through his famous chapter "The Stream of Thought." We talk about his rejection of empiricist theories of consciousness in favor of a view that consciousness is a continuous stream of thoughts, sensations, and emotions without any elements (atoms) that repeat or appear in other people's streams. We talk about how vividly James captures certain features of consciousness, like trying to recall a forgotten name, or the ways that the subjective per of two people differ radically in the same environment. And we debate the merits of James' methodology as well as his universalist ambitions.

Plus, we discuss one of the early to mid-2000s papers, how seeing Batman on a subway makes you more altruistic because – wait, hold on, what, this study is from 2025?? 

Pagnini, F., Grosso, F., Cavalera, C., Poletti, V., Minazzi, G. A., Missoni, A., ... & Bertolotti, M. (2025). Unexpected events and prosocial behavior: the Batman effect. npj Mental Health Research, 4(1), 57.

James, W. (1890). The principles of psychology. Chapter 9: "The Stream of Thought" [free access to fulltext via psychclassics.yorku.ca]

We are teaming up with givedirectly, and a whole bunch of podcasters to help families in Rwanda. While match funds last, your donation will be 1.5x matched, meaning every $100 donation will turn into $150 for families in need. Go to givedirectly.org/wizards if you find it in your heart to give a donation. 

David and Tamler begin their long journey home to Homer's Odyssey, the tale of king Odysseus' 10 year journey home after the Trojan war (maybe the greatest story ever told). We dive into the first two books, which focus on Odysseus' 20-year-old son Telemachus, the swarm of suitors who have descended on Odysseus' house during his long absence in the hopes of marrying his clever and beautiful wife Penelope, and the goddess Athena, whose plan to get Odysseus home to Ithaca is finally set into motion. (Much more to come on this monumental work for our beloved Patreon supporters). 

Plus for all you Homer haters, David makes Tamler blind rank a list of (pre-1950) philosophers.

The Odyssey [wikipedia.org]

The Odyssey (transl. by Emily Wilson) [amazon.org affiliate link]

David and Tamler return to one of their favorites, Frans Kafka, this time on his beautiful and distressing short story "The Hunger Artist," a story that brims with metaphorical possibilities but also implores us to accept it on its own mysterious terms. Plus gooning.

The Goon Squad by Daniel Kolitz [harpers.org]

"Gooning" definition [urbandictionary.com]

A Hunger Artist [wikipedia.org]

A Hunger Artist (full text) [kafka-online.info]

David and Tamler transfer their libidinal energy to Freud's 1917 article "Mourning and Melancholia," in which he tries to understand what's going on with depression, attempts to distinguish it from normal grief, and arrives at some ideas that laid the groundwork for his later theory of normal human development. Plus, another blind ranking segment--this time Tamler gives David a list of rappers to rank blindly. Finally, in between segments we make an announcement about the topic of our next bonus series (it's gonna be epic). 

Freud's "Mourning and Melancholia" [wikipedia.org] 

• Link to PDF [sas.upenn.edu]

The Odyssey (translated by Emily Wilson) [amazon.com affiliate link]

David and Tamler share some brief thoughts about Paul Thomas Anderson's latest masterpiece One Battle After Another before going deep on his most underrated movie Inherent Vice. We explore the many connections between the two movies - Pynchon adaptations, shadowy forces, snitches who abandon their families, the blend of comedy and political fatalism, and the intrinsic and external forces that threaten relationships and resistance to power.  [Note: some spoilers to OBAA in the opening segment but we note where they begin, and of course full spoilers to Inherent Vice.] A really fun discussion about maybe the best filmmaker working today.  

One Battle After Another [wikipedia.org]

Inherent Vice [wikipedia.org]

What is the psychology of shame? Is the experience of shame a human universal? How can we investigate the nature of shame across cultures? David and Tamler dive into Richard Shweder's "Towards a Deep Cultural Psychology of Shame." We talk about the methodological challenges of studying shame in other contexts and languages, the virtues of ethnographic approaches, studying literature, and more.

Plus, bloody hell are the Brits starting queues at pubs? Bollocks!

Queueing in pubs disgraces Britain by Will Dunn [newstatesmen.com]

Shweder, R. A. (2003). Toward a deep cultural psychology of shame. Social Research: An International Quarterly, 70(4), 1100-1129. [muse.jhu.edu]

David and Tamler go big game hunting and explore their first Hemingway short story "The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber." We dig into his characteristic themes of courage, cowardice, shifting power dynamics in marriages, and what it truly means to live a happy life. Plus, neuroscience may be complex, but can these AI generated neuroscience jokes tickle David's funny bone? And a super timely discussion of an urgent issue: The Cracker Barrel logo.

Cracker Barrel Redesign Controversy [apnews.com]

200+ Neuroscience Jokes to Tickle Your Brain and Boost Your Mood [punsify.com]

The Short Happy Life of Francis Macomber by Ernest Hemingway [wikipedia.org]

David and Tamler tackle the topic chosen by our beloved Patreon supporters in the first VBW madness tournament – Schopenhauer. We discuss his essays "On the Sufferings of the World" and "The Vanity of Existence," their strikingly modern perspectives on human life and behavior and the influences Schopenhauer took from Eastern thought. Plus, David has Tamler do a blind ranking of movie directors. 

Arthur Schopenhauer [plato.stanford.edu]

Arther Schopenhauer [iep.utm.edu]

The Essays of Schopenhauer: Studies in Pessimism [full-text from gutenberg.org]

David and Tamler go long on McDonagh's 2008 masterpiece "In Bruges." We talk about the terrific performances and all the weighty themes - sin, guilt, redemption, honor, language, and very inappropriate jokes. Plus philosophers talk about "sex within the discipline" and Tamler can't handle it.

To Philosophers of Easy Virtue by Alex Rails [dailynous.com]

In Bruges (2008) [wikipedia.org]

David and Tamler try to wrap their heads around the metaphysics of past and future via the Borges essay(s) "A New Refutation of Time." What does it mean to be a time skeptic or a time realist for that matter? If you're a Berkeleyan idealist and Humean skeptic about the self, do you have to deny succession and simultaneity? The world, unfortunately, is real; and we, unfortunately, are Very Bad Wizards. 

Plus for centuries philosophers insisted that you couldn't measure qualia, but then scientists just went ahead and… measured it!

Scientists Measure Qualia for First Time-It Was Thought To Be Impossible [youtube.com]

Kawakita, G., Zeleznikow-Johnston, A., Takeda, K., Tsuchiya, N., & Oizumi, M. (2025). Is my "red" your "red"?: Evaluating structural correspondences between color similarity judgments using unsupervised alignment. iScience, 28(3).

A New Refutation of Time [wikipedia.org]

A New Refutation of Time by Jorge Luis Borges [pdf from gwern.net] 

David and Tamler return to David Hume's somewhat slippery brand of skepticism, this time focusing Chapter 12 of his Enquiry Concerning Human Understanding. Plus speaking of things to be skeptical about, we dive into a recent paper called "Your Brain on ChatGPT" – does neuroscience show that LLM users incur a "cognitive debt"?

MIT study shows ChatGPT reshapes student brain function and reduces creativity when used from the start [edtechinnovationhub.com]

Your brain on ChatGPT [arxiv.org]

People are suffering... [linkedin.com]

David Hume's "An Enquiry Concerning Hunan Understanding" [wikipedia.org]

Hume's Enquiry Section 12: Of the Academical or Sceptical Philosophy [davidhume.org] 

David and Tamler screw their courage to the sticking place and talk about their first Shakespeare play – The Tragedy of Macbeth. Plus we select 16 topics for our first VBW topic tournament suggested and voted by our beloved Patreon patrons.

David and Tamler try to wrap their heads around the predictive processing theory of the mind and brain function and talk about a paper that applies the framework to meditation practices. But first a new Psychological Science article expresses skepticism about the existence of people who have no inner voice. So is David a new kind of human or is he just making up this condition to get attention?

Assistant Editor's note: When Tamler says he doesn't talk to his dog "weirdly often," he is lying.  

Lind, A. (2024). Are There Really People With No Inner Voice? Commentary on Nedergaard and Lupyan (2024). Psychological Science, 09567976251335583.

Laukkonen, R. E., & Slagter, H. A. (2021). From many to (n) one: Meditation and the plasticity of the predictive mind. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 128, 199-217.

David and Tamler heed the call to journey into the realm of Joseph Campbell. What are the unifying elements shared by myths and religions across time and culture? Does myth give us a portal into the hidden cosmic forces of the universe? Can it take us into depths of our unconscious and the nature of our own being? What is the legacy of Campbell's thought today?

Plus, three brave scholars of fascism at Yale flee the country to form in a center of resistance at…The University of Toronto.

We're Experts in Fascism. We're Leaving the U.S. | NYT Opinion [youtube.com]

Joseph Campbell [wikipedia.org]

The Hero with a Thousand Faces [wikipedia.org]

The Hero with a Thousand Faces by Joseph Campbell [amazon.com affiliate link]

We kick off our Bonus "Noir Summer" series with Robert Aldrich's "Kiss Me Deadly" (1956). While the rest of the bonus series will be for Patreon subscribers only, the first is free to all.