Explore every episode of the podcast Untangling PANDAS & PANS: Conversations about Infection-Associated, Immune-Mediated Neuropsychiatric Disorders
| Title | Pub. Date | Duration | |
|---|---|---|---|
| S1 E7: Dr. Tim Ubhi Talks about Treating PANDAS/PANS in the UK at his new London PANS Clinic | 29 Sep 2024 | 01:25:58 | |
Susan Manfull, PhD crossed the pond to speak with Dr. Tim Ubhi, consultant paediatrician and fellow of the United Kingdom’s Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health. Dr. Tim, as his patients call him, has dedicated his life to children’s health, beginning with conducting research on using botulinum toxin to help children with cerebral palsy, work for which he was awarded the prestigious Michael Blacow prize by the Royal College of Paediatrics and Child Health to, currently, focusing on treating children with PANDAS, work that has earned him the deepest gratitude from his over 1200 patients and their families. Dr. Ubhi is the founder of the newly established London PANS Clinic and of the Children’s e-hospital in 2013. He is also a founding member of the UK PANS/PANDAS Physicians Network and is also a member of the Scientific and Medical Advisory Board of the European Immunopsychiatry Association (EXPAND). Dr Ubhi talks about what drew him to pediatrics and to PANDAS and PANS, in particular. The conversation veers into some interesting history underscoring how the slow speed with which medicine changes has affected the recognition and treatment of PANDAS and PANS. And yet, he has plowed forward and opened a clinic in London and has plans to train physicians in this field in the northeast of England, collaborate with practitioners outside of the UK, and conduct research using, for example, innovative techniques such pupillometry. And more -- Dr. Ubhi is clearly making extraordinary advances in the UK. Highly respected in his chosen field in the UK and well beyond, he is in demand to speak at conferences, including by The Alex Manfull Fund Symposium on Neuroimmune Psychiatric Disorders where he will join the Clinical Panel to address questions from physicians and other practitioners about treating persons diagnosed with PANDAS and PANS to be held on November 2, 2024 in Portsmouth, New Hampshire. (For more information, please visit: https://thealexmanfullfund.org/tamf-2024-symposium/ .) Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S1 E6: The Story Behind AB2105, California's Bill to Require Insurance Coverage for PANDAS/PANS Treatment | 25 Aug 2024 | 00:50:49 | |
In this episode of Untangling PANDAS & PANS, Susan Manfull, PhD talks with April Ronay, founder of California Coalition for PANS/PANDAS (aka, Cal-Coalition), and Shari Strulson, one of the founding members of Cal-Coalition. Both are teachers, by profession, both have a family member with PANS, and both are tirelessly working to pass legislation in California to require insurance companies to provide coverage for doctor-prescribed treatments for PANDAS and PANS. They are currently working to pass AB2105, a bill sponsored by Assembly member Josh Lowenthal. April is a second-grade teacher from Long Beach, California. Shari is a former fourth-grade and enrichment teacher in Bridgeport, Connecticut who currently resides in Redondo Beach, California. The PANDAS/PANS community is a remarkably close community. Comprised of patients, family members, advocates, policy makers, researchers, and practitioners, this hybrid virtual and in-person community extends across the United States and into many other countries around the world. PANDAS/PANS can be such an excruciatingly debilitating disorder that supportive relationships are easily engendered among care-takers whose care-burden demands often exceed those of Alzheimer’s disease. Many wear multiple hats. Untangling PANDAS & PANS cover all members of this intertwined community. Hear their stories on this podcast episode. Meet them (and many other families and advocates) on Advocacy Day in Long Beach, California on September 14, 2024 (9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m.). To send a letter of support to Governor Gavin Newsom (once the bill is on his desk), go to https://www.gov.ca.gov/contact/ for online submission or mail to Governor Gavin Newsom For more information about Cal-Coalition, visit www.calcoalition.com and follow on Facebook@CalCoalition-for-PansPandas-Advocacy (other social media handles on website). Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S1 E1 Bonus: PANDAS/PANS Advocacy Day on Capitol Hill - Join us on April 12, 2024 | 06 Apr 2024 | 00:42:32 | |
In this bonus episode, I will be talking about our second annual PANS/PANDAS Advocacy Day on Capitol Hill, a joint event planned by the National Alliance of PANS/PANDAS Action (NAPPA) and The Alex Manfull Fund (TAMF) to be held on Friday, April 12th in Washington, DC. My guests -- Amanda Peel Crowley, co-founder of NAPPA, and Paul J. Murphy, Treasurer of The Alex Manfull Fund -- have all the details! Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S1 E5: Earl Harley, MD Talks About How Otolaryngologists Can Assist in the Treatment of PANDAS | 28 Jul 2024 | 00:44:53 | |
Earl Harley, MD, FACS, FAAPS is a highly regarded pediatric otolaryngologist (Ears, Nose, and Throat doctor or ENT) at Georgetown University Medical Center and a beloved assistant professor at the Medical School. Dr. Harley is widely respected for his expertise in working with patients who have been diagnosed with PANDAS and PANS. Families travel from across the country (and well beyond) for consultations regarding adenotonsillectomies for their children suffering from these neuroimmune psychiatric disorders. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S1 E4: Beth Latimer, MD Discusses How the Understanding of PANDAS has Progressed: It is Not Solely a Pediatric Disorder | 30 Jun 2024 | 01:06:31 | |
M. Elizabeth “Beth” Latimer, MD is a pioneer in the field of autoimmune encephalitis and is known across the country and in Europe for her expertise in treating PANDAS and PANS. She received her medical degree from Tufts University School of Medicine in Boston, Massachusetts. She completed her residencies in Pediatrics and Neurology at Walter Reed Army Medical Center in Washington, DC with special certification in Child Neurology. She served as chief of the Child Neurology Division at Georgetown University Hospital in Washington, DC for five years, prior to practicing at Fairfax Hospital in Virginia, and then to opening her own practice in Child and Adolescent Neurology in 2000 in Bethesda, Maryland. Currently, Dr. Latimer’s private practice is in Washington, DC, in general neurology with a specialization in caring for patients with PANDAS and PANS. Dr. Latimer is one of the few physicians in this field who has long worked with adult patients, recognizing that post-pubescent individuals could continue to suffer from PANDAS/PANS and that onset could first manifest after puberty. Susan Manfull, PhD sits down with Dr. Latimer over cheese and crackers and sparkling water on a hot afternoon on Cape Cod. They discuss Dr. Latimer’s career in pediatric neurology, highly respected work that has spanned nearly forty years dedicated to treating patients in a field that still struggles to find a name. Whatever the field be called, Dr. Latimer’s name will certainly have a place in its history and in the hearts of many families. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S1 E3 Part 1: Dr. Shannon Delaney Talks About What Do Tick-Borne Diseases Have to Do with PANS? | 26 May 2024 | 00:56:36 | |
Dr. Shannon Delaney, a psychiatrist with expertise in PANDAS/PANS, Lyme, and other vector-borne diseases, talks with Susan Manfull about how these complex disorders present in children and adults. Much of what she came to learn about Lyme came from her work with Dr. Brian Fallon at Columbia University. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S1 E3 Part 2: Dr. Shannon Delaney Talks About What Do Tick-Borne Diseases Have to Do with PANS? | 26 May 2024 | 00:29:33 | |
In Part 2, the discussion with Dr. Shannon Delaney continues with a focus on the diagnosis and treatment of Lyme and other tick-borne diseases. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S1 E3 Part 3: Dr. Shannon Delaney Talks About What Do Tick-Borne Diseases Have to Do with PANS? | 26 May 2024 | 00:13:22 | |
In Part 3, the discussion with Dr. Shannon Delaney continues on her soon-to-be-released study in Frontiers in Psychiatry Journal about the prevalence of Bartonella in patients diagnosed with Bartonella. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S1 E2: The Intersection of Strep, Intractable OCD, Psoriasis, and IL-17: A Conversation with Kyle Williams, MD, PhD and Andrew | 28 Apr 2024 | 01:06:04 | |
In episode two, Susan Manfull interviews Dr. Kyle Williams, Director of the Pediatric Neuropsychiatry and Immunology Program at Massachusetts General Hospital, and Andrew about the potential link between strep, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S1 E2 Bonus: The Intersection of Strep, Intractable OCD, Psoriasis, and IL-17: Continued conversation with Kyle Williams, MD, PhD and Andrew | 28 Apr 2024 | 00:15:54 | |
It seemed our conversation from Episode 2 was left dangling so we continued talking. If you would like to hear a wee bit more, listen to this bonus content which captures most of that conversation, mostly musings about navigating the medical system and whether the division between psychiatry and neurology is artificial (another dangling conversation to be continued in another episode). Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S1 E1: Lauren Breithaupt, PhD, Talks About The Immunological Basis of Eating Disorders and PANDAS/PANS | 06 Apr 2024 | 00:50:15 | |
Lauren Breithaupt, PhD, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry, based in the Eating Disorders Clinical and Research Program at Massachusetts General Hospital, will discuss her cutting-edge research about the immunological basis of eating disorders and PANDAS and PANS. After briefly describing her work on eating disorders, she talks about her new research on PANDAS and PANS. Entitled “Using a Machine Learning Approach to Identify Immune Biomarkers Associated with PANS/PANDAS,” Dr. Breithaupt’s latest work will focus on PANDAS/PANS, OCD, and restrictive eating disorders (R-ED) with the specific goal of identifying a disease specific biomarker for PANDAS/PANS. This would be a huge step forward for this neuroimmune disorder as, currently, there are no such biomarkers. To carry out this study, Dr. Breithaupt has established what is believed to be the largest protein library of PANS/PANDAS symptoms to date. The library includes proteins expression levels of 476 adolescents diagnosed with the disorders representing overlapping PANS/PANDAS symptoms -- OCD, restrictive-eating disorders -- as well as individuals with PANS/PANDAS and age matched healthy controls. The goal is to identify disease specific biomarkers for each disorder using this very large and comprehensive data set of patients with symptoms indicative of each disorder. Identifying protein biomarkers is important for diagnosis, the identification of novel targets for drug development, and to further understand the biological underpinnings of these disorders. Very importantly, the results of this proposed study will serve as pilot data for larger NIMH grants. Dr. Breithaupt’s current research is funded by The Alex Manfull Fund with generous contributions from The Louisa Adelynn Johnson Fund for Complex Disease and Neuroimmune Foundation. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S2 E11: Physician-Scientist Herb Lachman, MD, Talks about Recent Genetic Observations in PANS: DNA Damage Response Genes | 23 Feb 2025 | 01:13:42 | |
Dr Herb Lachman is a physician, behavioral geneticist, and professor at the Albert Einstein College of Medicine in New York City. In his 44 years on the faculty, he has studied the molecular basis of schizophrenia, autism, and the broad category of neurodevelopmental disorders. More recently, a serendipitous inquiry about a major DNA Damage Response Gene, PPMD1, prompted Dr. Lachman to shift his focus to PANS (Pediatric Acute-Onset Neuropsychiatric Syndrome). In the 11th episode of “Untangling PANDAS and PANS,” we discuss some basic information about genetics so that laypersons with an interest in this subject are able to assimilate his findings about DNA damage repair genes and their potentially significant role in neuropsychiatric conditions. These genes not only underscore the complexity of PANS and PANDAS but also point to the multifaceted interplay between genetics and the immune system at the intersection of the brain. Genes are surely Dr. Lachman’s muse. He is quick to acknowledge that his sample sizes are small and biased, but they are nonetheless generating hypotheses to study more fully with larger data sets. The simple question of why, given the ubiquity of Group A Strep, does only a small subset of patients develop PANDAS? Genetic mutations will very likely help to provide answers in the future. To learn more about Dr. Herb Lachman's recent genetics findings on PANS, please refer to these two articles: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35773312/ Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S2 E10: Dr. Juliette Madan Explains the Importance of Epidemiological Research on PANDAS & PANS | 26 Jan 2025 | 00:46:49 | |
Juliette C. Madan, MD, MS wears many hats. Dr. Madan is an Associate Professor of Pediatrics, Psychiatry, Epidemiology, and Quantitative Biomedical Data Science at Geisel School of Medicine at Dartmouth. She is the Clinical Director of the Children’s Environmental Health and Disease Prevention Research Center within Geisel and Dartmouth Hitchcock Medical Center. She is widely recognized for her research in understanding the intestinal microbiome’s role in health and disease and in interventions such as nutritional, probiotic regimens, and fecal matter transplant. My relationship with Dr. Madan grew out of her role as co-founder of the Psychiatry Immunology and Neurology Group (known as PING) which is now named the Neuroimmune Psychiatric Disorders (NIPD) Clinic, one of only a handful of clinics in the nation devoted to treating PANDAS and PANS in children and adults. That was founded in 2019. Today, she and Dr. Richard Morse, a neurologist with whom she founded PING, are the co-chairs of The Alex Manfull Fund Scientific and Medical Advisory Board I could have talked to Dr Madan about a multitude of subjects but, for this interview I asked her to wear her Epidemiology hat. (She promised to return to discuss other areas). Current estimates of the incidence of PANDAS/PANS varies widely from 1 in 46,000 to as high as 1 in 200. The latter figure is bandied around but it is not based on research, epidemiological or otherwise. Dr Madan discusses her own recent (2023) research with Dr. Ellen Wald, a highly respected pediatric infectious disease physician, and others on the prevalence of PANDAS and PANS. Because there were many limitations in that study, she and Dr. Wald are about to conduct an (NIH-supported) epidemiological study to answer the prevalence question using a different methodology, Dr Madan is a graduate of Brown University School of Medicine, after which she completed a fellowship program in neonatal-perinatal medicine at Tufts University and while at Tufts, completed a master's degree in clinical and translational research. When Dr. Madan is not in her clinic or her lab, look for her on the Connecticut River as she is a passionate rower. She also manages to find time with her ducks and chickens! Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S1 E9: Dr. Warris Bokhari Vows to Make Healthcare Equitable One Unjust Insurance Denial at a Time | 29 Dec 2024 | 01:17:13 | |
Dr. Warris Bokhari, CEO and co-founder of the insurance appeals platform Claimable, discusses how the product is helping patients with PANDAS and PANS diagnoses fight denied healthcare claims. He explains the process of using Claimable to submit comprehensive appeals that cite medical research and leverage State laws, resulting in an 85% success rate on average. Dr. Mark Pasternack, Chief of Pediatric Infectious Disease at Boston's Massachusetts General Hospital, shares his experiences about the challenges of getting IVIG treatments approved for his patients, highlighting a need for a solution like Claimable. The discussion cover the impact of healthcare denials on patients and families, as well as the role that advocacy and media attention can play in driving change in the insurance industry. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S1 E8: Dr. Pawel Kiela Discusses the Gut Microbiome, Microglia, and PANDAS | 24 Nov 2024 | 01:19:01 | |
Pawel Kiela, DVM, PhD currently holds the rank of Professor and has a PANDA endowed chair in Autoimmune Disease Research in the Department of Pediatrics at the University of Arizona Medical School in Tucson. Dr. Kiela is an integral part of the Steele Children’s Research Center which has four integrated branches: basic science, clinical research, clinical care, and teaching to address a range of neuropsychiatric disorders such as PANS, PANDAS, and Sydenham’s Chorea. He is a lead scientist in two Centers of Excellence: Children’s Post-Infectious Autoimmune Encephalopathy and the Daniel Cracciolo Institute for Pediatric Disease Research and the Associate Director of Pediatric Gastroenterology Fellowship Program. Dr. Kiela received his DVM from the Warsaw University of Life Science in Poland and his PhD from the same University and Lund University in Sweden in the developmental physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. His primary research interest is autoimmune and autoinflammatory diseases, especially Crohn’s disease, ulcerative colitis, gut microbiota, mucosal immunology, and extraintestinal manifestations of intestinal inflammation. I am very happy to say that Dr. Kiela, in recent years, has brought his in-depth understanding of the aforementioned research areas into the study of PANDAS and PANS. (What good fortune for the PANDAS/PANS community.) When Dr. Kiela isn’t in his lab, you may find him working on his 1962 Airstream travel trailer, a challenging endeavor, he explained as he is essentially bringing his beloved Airstream back to life. This hands-on work keeps his sanity, he joked: “In contrast to the lab work, there are many more opportunities for immediate rewards.” Note: Dr Kiela’s endowed chair has the remarkably coincidental acronym, PANDA, however, in this case stands for “People Acting Now Discover Answers” and is a gift from the Phoenix Women’s Board of the Steele Children’s Research Center. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S2 E12: The Neuropathology of PANDAS/PANS: Dr. Brent Harris Talks about the POND Brain Bank | 31 Mar 2025 | 01:16:43 | |
This podcast episode features an interview with Dr. Brent Harris, the Director of Neuropathology at Georgetown University where he wears many hats, including overseeing the Georgetown Brain Bank. In 2020, he accepted the brain of Alex Manfull who had died from complications due to PANDAS and, eventually, with the help of The Alex Manfull Fund, established the POND Brain Bank for brains and brain tissue from individuals who had been diagnosed with "PANDAS/PANS and Other Neuroimmune Disorders." Dr. Harris talks about neuropathology, the role of brain banks in facilitating research on brain disorders, and findings from the first published clinicopathologic case report of a young adult diagnosed with PANDAS. He explains how gliosis, a marker of brain injury found in that case, can occur after a neurological insult and how it might be reversible in some cases; it is not a condition expected to be observed in healthy 26-year-old individuals. Additionally, he emphasizes the importance of more research and better recognition of conditions like PANDAS/PANS in the medical community to improve diagnosis and treatment. The episode touches on the evolving understanding of these diseases and the critical role of clinical research and education. The POND Brain Bank at Georgetown University https://neurology.georgetown.edu/patientcare/pond-brain-bank/ Clinicopathologic Characteristics of PANDAS in a Young Adult: A Case Report https://karger.com/dne/article/45/6/335/862829/Clinicopathologic-Characteristics-of-PANDAS-in-a Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S2 E14: When Everything Changes: Jen's Journey with PANS/PANDAS and the Fight to Be Believed | 01 Jun 2025 | 00:58:04 | |
In this powerful episode of Untangling PANDAS and PANS, host Susan Manfull, PhD sits down with Jen, a resilient young woman whose health took a devastating and mysterious turn in her early twenties. From being taken out of work on a stretcher—twice—to struggling for answers amidst an array of debilitating physical and psychiatric symptoms, Jen shares a deeply personal account of navigating a fragmented medical system while battling PANS/PANDAS and related autoimmune conditions. Jen recounts her long history of strep infections, early signs of neurological distress, misdiagnoses, and the profound impact of being dismissed by the medical community. She opens up about the moment she was finally heard, the diagnosis that changed everything, and her journey toward recovery with IVIG treatment. Now in graduate school and reclaiming her life, Jen offers hope, insight, and advice to others walking a similar path. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S2 E13: Understanding the Role of a Psychologist in PANDAS and PANS: A Conversation with Dr. Sarah O'Dor | 27 Apr 2025 | 01:15:03 | |
In this illuminating conversation, Dr. Sarah O'Dor—Harvard instructor and Director of Research at Massachusetts General Hospital's PANDAS Clinic—reveals how strep infections and other triggers can cause sudden, dramatic psychiatric symptoms in children and young adults. To read the article reference in the podcast, click here. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S2 E15: Science Under Siege: A conversation with Dr. Uğur Akcan and Dr. Dritan Agalliu about PANDAS Research, NIH Cuts, and the Power of Community | 30 Jun 2025 | 01:31:57 | |
How does a common strep infection become a brain disorder? Dr. Uğur Akcan's journey from Istanbul to the cutting edge of PANDAS research with Dr. Dritan Agalliu reveals the fascinating intersection of immune system and brain function that could transform how we understand and treat neuropsychiatric disorders. When Dr. Akcan is not in the lab, you may find him watching football, rooting for his favorite team, Galatasaray, or spending time with his wife and young child. Dr. Agalliu also joins me to discuss how the NIH funding cuts have affected his lab.
The goal is to raise $100,000 to cover Dr Akcan's annual salary and benefits -- only $15, 602 left! Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S2 E17: Sheilah Gauch Offers Eight Tips for Students with PANS and their Parents on How to Successfully Transition to College...or Anywhere Else | 31 Aug 2025 | 01:19:28 | |
Transitioning to college marks a significant milestone for any young adult, but for those with PANS/PANDAS, this journey demands unique preparation and understanding. In this illuminating conversation, Dr. Susan Manfull welcomes Sheila Gauch, Principal and Clinical Director of Dearborn Academy, who brings both professional expertise and profound personal experience to the table. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S2 E16: Dr. Andrew Baumel: One Pediatrician's Journey to Include Mild Cases of PANDAS/PANS into his Everyday Practice | 27 Jul 2025 | 00:46:02 | |
Dr. Andrew Baumel's story reveals how curiosity, compassion, and clinical observation can lead to breakthrough care for children suffering from immune-mediated neuropsychiatric disorders. "I have a regular practice of 1500 kids, ages 0 to 23 years. I just incorporate these [mild cases of] PANS/PANDAS into my regular practice as my regular patients. This is doable," Dr Baumel said. Dr. Baumel offers thoughtful perspective on why acceptance of PANDAS/PANS has been slow, drawing parallels to historical medical discoveries that initially faced skepticism before becoming standard practice. Link to video of 2014 PANDAS Doctor's Breakfast that Dr. Baumel mentioned in this podcast: https://aspire.care/videos/qa-breakfast-for-doctors-featuring-national-pans-pandas-expert-panel-nepans-2014/ (Aspire website) Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||
| S2 E18: My Conversation with Dr. Mikki Tal about How She Is Revolutionizing Our Understanding of Infection-Associated Chronic Illness | 28 Sep 2025 | 01:15:18 | |
What makes some people vulnerable to devastating chronic illness after infections that most recover from easily? Dr. Michal "Mikki" Tal, pioneering immunoengineer at MIT, is tackling this question through her groundbreaking Maestro study - the largest clinical research project currently underway at the prestigious institution. Disclaimer: The views and opinions expressed in this program are those of the speakers and do not necessarily reflect the views or positions of any entities they represent. | |||