Debating is an excellent way of practicing English. It forces you to present information and arguments in English, it challenges your listening comprehension, and it helps you to communicate confidently.

This episode explains the concept of a debate, talks about how debates are structures, and introduces some really useful vocabulary and phrases!

Transcript - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2024/08/26/311-how-to-debate-in-english-english-vocabulary-lesson/

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Vocabulary

• To rebut (verb): To refute or disprove an argument or claim.
• Persuade (verb): To cause someone to do something through reasoning or argument.
• Affirmative (adjective): Agreeing with or supporting a statement or request.
• Counterargument (noun): An argument or set of reasons put forward to oppose an idea or theory developed in another argument.
• Statement (noun): A clear expression of something in speech or writing.
• Structure (noun): The arrangement or organization of something.
• To present (verb): To show or display something, especially formally.

⁠ Borough by Blue Dot Sessions⁠

Pizza is one of the most popular foods around the world, but home much do you know about its history?

Today, we’ll look at how pizza evolved from ancient flatbreads to a food for working people in Naples, to a globally popular dish!

Transcript - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2024/08/19/310-history-of-pizza-english-vocabulary-lesson/

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Vocabulary

• Flatbread (noun): A type of bread made with flour, water, and salt, and then rolled into flattened dough.
• Topping (noun): Food items added on top of a dish.
• Peasant (noun): A poor person of low social status who owns or rents a small piece of land for cultivation.
• Ingredient (noun): Any of the foods or substances that are combined to make a particular dish.
• Speciality (noun): A dish that a restaurant or region is famous for.
• Endorse (verb): To declare one's public approval or support of something.

⁠ Borough by Blue Dot Sessions⁠

On July 4th, 2024, the UK will hold a general election to elect a new government, parliament, and Prime Minister.

In this episode, I want to provide a detailed and thorough explanation and introduction to how elections work in the United Kingdom!

Transcript - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2024/06/17/301-uk-general-election-explained-english-vocabulary-lesson/

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VOCABULARY LIST

• Prime Minister (noun): The head of government in a parliamentary system who is responsible for running the government.
• Parliament (noun): The supreme legislative body in a country, made up of elected representatives who make and pass laws.
• Election (noun): A formal process by which voters choose individuals to hold public office.
• Government (noun): The governing body of a nation, responsible for making and enforcing laws and policies.
• Vote (verb): To cast a ballot in an election.
• Constituency (noun): A geographical area represented by an elected official in a legislative body.
• Campaign (verb): To work actively to promote a candidate, cause, or policy.

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I’m sure many of you have heard about Ai and ChatGPT, but have you ever thought about using them to help you study, practice, and learn English? Listen to this episode for a complete introduction to ChatGPT, and its uses (and limitations) for English learners!

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/02/27/211-how-to-use-ai-and-chatgpt-to-study-english/

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/02/22/210-what-is-greenwashing/

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• Sustainable (adj) - causing, or made in a way that causes, little or no damage to the environment and therefore able to continue for a long time. The website encourages sustainable fashion through swapping.
  
• Environmentally friendly (adj) - not harmful to the environment, or trying to help the environment. We will use environmentally friendly energy sources.
  
• Marketing (n) - a job that involves encouraging people to buy a product or service. He would like a career in marketing.
  
• To mislead (v) – to cause someone to believe something that is not true. He has admitted misleading the police.
  
• -Conscious (suffix) – used after nouns and adverbs to mean “knowing about and worried about a particular thing” or “thinking that something is important” We appeal to health-conscious consumers.
  
• Biodegradable (adj) – able to decay naturally and in a way that is not harmful. Biodegradable packaging helps to limit the amount of harmful chemicals released into the environment.
  
• Certification (n) – the act of providing an official document as proof that something has happened or been done Fairtrade is a certification that guarantees producers in the developing world are paid a fair price for their crops.
  
• Consumer (n) – a person who buys goods or services for their own use The new rates will affect all consumers, including businesses
  

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Today I’m going to talk about English filler words! I’ll explain why we use filler words, why you should stop using them, and how to reduce the number of likes, ums, and you knows in your English speech.

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/02/20/209-how-to-stop-saying-like-um-and-you-know-english-vocabulary-episode/

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Today’s episode will introduce and explain vocabulary that may be essential in a disaster. I will teach you key phrases and words to describe disasters, raise awareness and gain support, and that may help you survive in a disaster situation. This episode is dedicated to the people affected by the recent earthquake in Turkey and the Middle East, and should hopefully be a useful resource to people wanting to communicate about natural disasters in English.

TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/02/15/208-english-for-disasters-and-emergencies/

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Today, let’s discuss the history of St Valentine’s Day. How did the holiday transform from a Roman festival to a Christian holiday to an international day of love? Let’s discuss this while learning new vocabulary!

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/02/13/207-the-history-of-valentines-day/

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• To exchange (v) - the act of giving something to someone and them giving you something elseI exchanged gifts with my girlfriend
  
• Saint (n) – (St) a person who has received an official honour from the Christian, especially the Roman Catholic, Church for having lived in a good and holy waySaint George is the patron saint of England
  
• To convert (v) - to change to a new religionHe converted to Catholicism when he got married
  
• Festival (n) - a special day or period, usually in memory of a religious event, with its own social activities, food, or ceremoniesHoli is a famous festival in India
  
• Fertility (n) - the quality of being able to produce young or fruitShe began fertility treatment at the clinic three years ago
  
• To commercialise (v) - to develop or organize something in order to make as much money as possibleChristmas is now a commercialised holiday
  
• Affection (n) - a feeling of liking for a person or placeHe had a deep affection for his aunt
  

Today I am going to give you all an introduction to the different methods commonly used to improve pronunciation. Listen to discover the best way to develop excellent pronunciation and correct the underlying issues you face! 

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/02/08/206-what-is-the-best-method-to-improve-your-english-pronunciation/ 

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From tennis, ping pong, and badminton to boxing, rugby, and football, the rules of many modern sports were written by British people! Why? Today I want to explain how and why so many of the world’s sports were invented by the British!

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/02/06/205-why-did-britain-invent-so-many-sports/

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• To invent (v) - to design or create something that did not exist before. The World Wide Web was invented in 1989.
  
• Folk (adj) - traditional to or typical of a particular group or country, especially one where people mainly live in the countryside, and usually passed on from parents to their children over a long period of time. There are some unique folk dances in this city.
  
• To codify (v) - to organize and write a law or system of laws. The UK doesn’t have a codified constitution.
  
• Alumni (plural n) - men and women who have completed their studies, esp. at a school, college, or university. There will be reunion of university alumni next week.
  
• Elite (adj) - belonging to the richest, most powerful, best-educated, or best-trained group in a society. Elite universities are very competitive to enter.
  
• Boarding school (n) - a school where students live and study. He studied at a boarding school in the UK.
  
• Administrator (n) - someone whose job is to control the operation of a business, organization, or plan. She works as a school administrator.
  
• Set something up (phrasal v) - to formally establish a new company, organization, system, way of working, etc. She plans to set up her own business.
  

Today, let’s learn about clichés and jargon – perhaps the most annoying parts of the English language. We’ll look at some examples, discuss why clear English is important, and I’ll give you some tips on how to remove clichés and jargon from your vocabulary!

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/02/01/what-is-a-cliche-what-is-jargon/

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/01/30/why-is-gibraltar-british/

Despite being a tiny rock on the south coast of the Iberian Peninsula, Gibraltar is at the heart of constant arguments between the UK and Spain. Today, I want to discuss why Gibraltar is British and whether it could (or should) return to Spain in the future!

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• Iberian Peninsula (n) - the area of land that consists of Spain, Portugal, Andorra, Gibraltar, and part of France The Iberian Peninsula is situated in the southwest of Europe
  
• Territory (n) – land that is considered as belonging to or connected with a particular country He was stranded in enemy territory
  
• To cede (v) - to allow someone else to have or own something, especially unwillingly or because you are forced to do so Hong Kong was ceded to Britain after the Opium War
  
• To relinquish (v) - to give up something such as a responsibility or claim He has relinquished his claim to the throne.
  
• Sovereignty (n) - the power of a country to control its own government Talks are being held about who should have sovereignty over the island.
  
• self-determination (n) - the ability or power to make decisions for yourself, especially the power of a nation to decide how it will be governed Self-determination is an important idea in international law
  
• Integral (adj) - necessary and important as a part of a whole He's an integral part of the team and we can't do without him
  

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/01/25/why-did-jacinda-ardern-resign-as-prime-minister-of-new-zealand/

Jacinda Ardern, the well-known Prime Minister of New Zealand, has resigned after five years in the job. From mass shootings and Covid-19, to having a baby in office, Ardern dealt with many issues and became popular around the world. Today, let’s discuss why Ardern resigned as Prime Minister while learning some new vocabulary.

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• Anti-vax (adj) - Opposing or refusing vaccination. Many anti-vax activists believe that vaccinations are dangerous
  
• Progressive (adj) - Favouring or advocating progress, change, improvement, or reform, especially social or political reform. The progressive movement has been pushing for greater social and economic equality
  
• Deputy (n) - A person appointed or elected to act as the substitute or representative of another. The deputy mayor will be in charge while the mayor is away on vacation.
  
• To criticise (v) - To express disapproval of; to find fault with; to judge adversely; to censure. The critics were quick to criticise the new play for its lack of depth
  
• Empathy (n) - The ability to understand and share the feelings of another. The therapist showed empathy towards her patient who was going through a difficult time
  
• To applaud (v) - showing approval, praise or admiration through actions or words. She was applauded for her response to the crisis, as many felt she handled it with grace and poise
  
• Handling (n) - The action of managing or dealing with something or someone. The  handling of the crisis by the government was criticized by many experts.
  
• Enough in the tank (phrase) - Sufficient amount of energy or resources to complete a task or maintain a particular level of performance. I'm feeling good today, I think I've got enough in the tank to run this marathon
  

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After 300 main episodes of Thinking in English, it is finally time to talk about the problem of the thinking in different languages, including English! We’ll discuss the definition of thinking, talk about whether you need language to think, consider whether thinking in English (or any language) is possible for people without a “voice in their head”, and end with a discussion on how you can start thinking in English and whether you actually should! This has been one of the most requested topics of all time, so I hope you enjoy listening!!

Transcript - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2024/06/10/300-how-to-think-in-english-english-vocabulary-lesson/

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VOCABULARY LIST

• Conscious (Adjective): Aware of and responding to one's surroundings; awake.
• Neuroscientist (Noun): A scientist who studies the brain and nervous system.
• Stroke (Noun): A medical condition in which poor blood flow to the brain results in cell death.
• Visualise (Verb): Form a mental image of something; imagine.
• Inner monologue (Noun): The internal dialogue one has with oneself in one's mind.
• Polyglot (Noun): A person who knows and is able to use several languages.

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/01/23/how-did-we-fix-the-ozone-layer/

In the 1980s, the world was terrified by the threat of holes in the ozone layer. Today, these holes are almost gone. How did this happen? How did humans heal the ozone layer? And are there any lessons we could learn from this?

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• Ozone (n) - a colourless gas that is a form of oxygen. The ozone layer absorbs radiation from the sun
  
• Atmosphere (n) - the mixture of gases around the earth. These factories are releasing toxic gases into the atmosphere
  
• Stratosphere (n) - a layer in the upper atmosphere of a planet where the temperature increases with height. The ash cloud rose 35km into the stratosphere
  
• Radiation (n) - energy in the form of waves or particles. Ultraviolet radiation can cause skin cancer
  
• CFC (n) - abbreviation for chlorofluorocarbon: a gas used in fridges and, in the past, in aerosols. CFCs cause damage to the ozone layer
  
• Molecule (n) - the smallest unit into which a substance can be divided without chemical change, usually a group of two or more atoms. An ozone molecule contains three oxygen atoms
  
• Protocol (n) - a formal international agreement. The Geneva Protocol of 1925 prohibits the use of poisonous gases in war.
  
• To ratify (v) - (especially of governments or organizations) to make an agreement official. Many countries have now ratified the UN convention on the rights of the child.
  

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/01/18/key-workplace-vocabulary-terms-from-2022/

What is quiet quitting? How about productivity paranoia? Or career cushioning? Today, I want to talk about some essential vocabulary terms from 2022 that describe the way we work and our workplaces!

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/01/16/199-the-wealthiest-people-in-history-english-vocabulary-lesson/

Last week I talked about Mansa Musa, an African King with indescribable wealth. Today, I’m going to discuss more of the wealthiest people in history – from the Emperors of Song Dynasty China, Rome, and the Mughal Empire, to American Industrialists John D Rockefeller and Andrew Carnegie. Let’s listen, learn, and practice our English!

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Worth (adj) - having a particular value, especially in money

Our house is worth £200,000.

Equivalent (adj) - having the same amount, value, purpose, qualities, etc

She's doing the equivalent job in the new company but for more money

Output (n) - an amount of something produced by a person, machine, factory, country, etc

Last year manufacturing output fell by 14 percent

Extravagant (adj) - spending too much money, or using too much of something

He had the extravagant lifestyle of a movie star

Invest (v) - to put money into something to make a profit

The institute will invest five million in the project

To finance (v) - to provide the money needed for something to happen

The city council has refused to finance the project

Monopoly (n) - (an organization or group that has) complete control of something, especially an area of business, so that others have no share

There are laws to stop companies becoming monopolies

To fund (v) - to provide the money to pay for an event, activity, or organization

The company has agreed to fund my trip to Australia

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/01/11/who-was-the-richest-person-in-history/

Who was the richest person in history? Today I want to tell you all about an African Emperor who had levels of wealth considered unbelievable and incomprehensible! Let’s learn while practicing our English!

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Net worth (n) - the ​value of the ​assets (= property and money)​ that a ​person or ​business has, after any ​debts are taken away

He has a ​net ​worth of about £70 million.

Wealth (n) - a large amount of money or valuable possessions that someone has

During a successful business career, she accumulated a great amount of wealth

Value (n) - the amount of money that can be received for something

What is the value of the prize?

To estimate (v) - to guess or calculate the cost, size, value, etc. of something

They estimate (that) the journey will take at least two weeks

Incomprehensible (adj) - impossible or extremely difficult to understand

The student’s essay was almost incomprehensible

From head to toe (idiom) - completely covering your body

The dog was covered in mud from head to toe

Generous (adj) - willing to give money, help, kindness, etc., especially more than is usual or expected

He was a very generous man

Renowned (adj) – famous for something

The region is renowned for its outstanding natural beauty

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/01/09/what-is-imposter-syndrome-and-how-to-overcome-it/

Today I want to talk about imposter syndrome. This is a condition that has affected me and affects millions of language learners every year. I want to explain it, discuss its causes and signs, and offer you all some tips on how to cope and overcome such imposter feelings!

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/01/04/the-best-new-years-resolutions-for-english-learners/

What is your New Year’s Resolution? Let’s talk about how to make a great English learning goal for 2023 and how to keep your resolution all year!

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2023/01/02/why-is-it-2023/

Welcome to the first Thinking in English episode of 2023! Or… is it really 2023? Let’s discuss this history of calendars, time, and dates on today’s episode (and practice your listening comprehension and vocabulary skills at the same time)!

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Take for granted (phrase) - to believe something to be the truth without even thinking about it

I guess we all took it for granted that water would always be freely available

Solar (adj) – of or from the sun

I want to build a solar power car

Lunar (adj) – of or relating to the moon

The lunar rover landed safely on the moon

Approximately (adv) - close to a particular number or time although not exactly that number or time

The job will take approximately three weeks, and cost approximately £1,000

Breakthrough (n) - an important discovery or event that helps to improve a situation or provide an answer to a problem

Scientists are hoping for a breakthrough in the search for a cure for cancer

Drift (v) - to move slowly, especially as a result of outside forces, with no control over direction

No one noticed that the boat had begun to drift out to sea

Divisible (adj) – meaning that can be divided by another number

A prime number is only divisible by 1 and itself

Official (adj) - agreed to or arranged by people in positions of authority

The official opening of the store is next week

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TRANSCRIPT -- https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/12/21/what-is-the-weirdest-holiday-tradition/

Christmas and New Year are popular holidays celebrated across the world. Today, I want to talk about some of the more unusual ways to celebrate during the winter season. What is the weirdest holiday tradition?

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Tradition (n) - a way of behaving or a belief that has been established for a long time

It is a western tradition for brides to wear white.

Weird (adj) - very strange and unusual, unexpected, or not natural

Her boyfriend's a bit weird but she's nice.

Unique (adj) – being unusual or special in some way

I'd recognize your handwriting anywhere - it's unique.

To decorate (v) - to add something to an object or place, especially in order to make it more attractive

He decorated his Christmas tree with lights and stars

To poop (v) - to pass solid waste from the body

Your dog pooped outside my house

Mischief (n) – behaviour that is slightly bad but is not intended to cause serious harm or damage

He needs a hobby to keep him busy and stop him from getting into mischief.

Oblivious (adj) - not conscious of something, especially what is happening around you

He was oblivious to his friend’s feelings

Obscure (adj) - not known to many people

He only like obscure band

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/12/19/what-happened-in-2022/

What happened in 2022? How much do you remember about the previous year? Today I’m going to go through every major event that occurred in 2022! Listen, learn, and practice your English!

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/12/14/how-to-immerse-yourself-in-english/

Surrounding yourself with English is the best way to improve, learn, and progress. But how can you do this when you don’t live in the UK, USA, or any English-speaking country? Keep listening and you’ll find out a lot of useful information about language immersion and how to do it yourself!

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You might not have heard about the Chagos Islands, but I think it is a story everyone should know.

It is a story that involves colonialism, the construction of a secretive military base, and the entire population of the islands being forcibly removed from their homes and kicked out of their islands by the UK government.

Hopefully you’ll learn something new today!

Transcript - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2024/06/03/299-what-are-the-chagos-islands-english-vocabulary-lesson/

My Links

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VOCABULARY LIST

• Archipelago (Noun): A group or chain of islands.
• Dependency (Noun): A territory controlled or governed by another country.
• Strategic (Adjective): Important or crucial for achieving a specific purpose.
• Indigenous (Adjective): Originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native.
• To evict (Verb): To force someone to leave a property or land, typically by legal means.
• Sovereignty (Noun): The authority of a state to govern itself and make decisions within its territory.
• Resettlement (Noun): The process of moving people to a new place to live.

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/12/12/should-the-uk-return-stolen-historical-artefacts/

The British Museum is full of controversial artefacts. Should the UK return these historical objects? Let’s discuss this question today!

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Artefact (n) - an object that has been made by a person, such as a tool or a decoration, especially one that is of historical interest

The museum's collection includes artefacts dating back to prehistoric times.

Exhibit (n) - an object that is shown to the public in a museum

Let's go see the new dinosaur exhibit

To repatriate (v) - to send or bring something back to the country that it came from

The government repatriated him because he had no visa

Plaque (n) - a flat piece of metal, stone, wood, or plastic with writing on it that is attached to a wall

There was a brass plaque outside the door listing the owners’ names

To loot (v) - to steal from shops and houses

During the riot shops were looted

Collection (n) - a group of objects that someone has collected

That museum has a great collection of stamps

Hieroglyph (n) - a picture or symbol that represents a word, used in some writing systems, such as the one used in ancient Egypt

Hieroglyphs cover the walls of pyramids in Ancient Egypt

Sculpture (n) – a work of art made by creating objects out of material such as wood, clay, metal, or stone

In the ruins they found ancient stone sculpture

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/12/07/england-vs-france-an-historic-rivalry/

On Saturday, 10th December, England will play France in the World Cup quarter final. The rivalry between England and France is one of the longest and most influential in Europe – it has led to wars, battles, arguments, and much more. Let’s discuss the history of French and English relations and talk about why there is such a rivalry!

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190. Why are People Protesting in China? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

189. Why is Scotland in the UK? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

188. Should We Boycott the Qatar World Cup? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

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Rival (n) - a person, company, product, etc. competing with others for the same thing or in the same area

He beat his closest rival by 25%

Rivalry (n) - a situation in which people, businesses, etc. compete with each other for the same thing:

There is a rivalry between the three brothers

Conquest (n) - taking control or possession of foreign land, or a group of people, by force

The Norman conquest of England introduced French vocabulary to Britain

Victorious (adj) - having won a game, competition, election, war, etc

The victorious team were loudly cheered by their fans.

To invade (v) - to enter a country by force with large numbers of soldiers in order to take possession of it

The Mongolians tried, and failed, to invade Japan twice

Ally (n) - a country that has agreed officially to give help and support to another one

During the First World War, Turkey was an ally of Germany.

To veto (v) - to refuse to allow something

In 1961, President De Gaulle vetoed Britain's entry into the Common Market

Favourite (n) - the person, team, or animal most people expect to win a race or competition

France are one of the favourites to

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/12/05/why-are-people-protesting-in-china/

Thousands of people have taken to the streets in China, chanting slogans and holding pieces of white paper. Why are people protesting? What has caused the anger? And what is going to happen next? Let’s discuss these questions while practicing some useful English vocabulary!

189. Why is Scotland in the UK? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

188. Should We Boycott the Qatar World Cup? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

187. Who is Elon Musk? 

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To demonstrate (v) - to make a public expression that you are not satisfied about something, especially by marching or having a meeting

Thousands of people gathered to demonstrate against the new proposals.

Lockdown (n) - a period of time in which people are not allowed to leave their homes or travel freely, because of a dangerous disease

The government has been attempting to eliminate the virus by imposing a lockdown

To crush (v) - to defeat someone completely

The government crushed the protests last week

To embrace (v) - to accept something enthusiastically

I embraced the opportunity he gave me

At the expense of (idiom) - If you do one thing at the expense of another, doing the first thing harms the second thing

The company prioritised speed at the expense of safety

To trigger (v) - to cause something to start

An incident of police violence triggered protests across the country

To censor (v) - to remove parts of something, such as a book, movie, or letter, that you do not want someone to see or hear

They censored the movie before releasing it in China

Underlying (adj) - real but not immediately obvious

We need to tackle the underlying causes of poverty and suffering

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/11/30/why-is-scotland-in-the-uk/

What is the difference between the UK, Great Britain, the British Isles, and England? What is the United Kingdom? And why did Scotland join the UK? Let’s discuss these topics, and practice some vocabulary, on today’s episode of Thinking in English!

I Moved Country (Again)!!

188. Should We Boycott the Qatar World Cup? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

187. Who is Elon Musk? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

186. What is Thanksgiving?: The REAL Story Behind America’s Most Famous Holiday (English Vocabulary Lesson)

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Interchangeably (adv) - in a way that can be exchanged without making any difference or without being noticed

Figs can be used interchangeably with dates in this recipe

Kingdom (n) - a country ruled by a king or queen

They visited many kingdoms while travelling

Union (n) - a political unit made up of two or more separate units such as states

The United Kingdom is a union of England, Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland

To conquer (v) - to take control or possession of foreign land, or a group of people, by force

The English were conquered by the Normans in 1066

Sovereign (adj) - having the highest power or being completely independent

We must respect the rights of sovereign states/nations to conduct their own affairs.

Bankrupt (informal adj) - having no money

I’ll go bankrupt if you keep asking me for money!

Devolution (n) - the moving of power or responsibility from a main organization to a lower level, or from a central government to a local government

The majority of people in the region are in favour of devolution.

Referendum (n) - a vote in which all the people in a country or an area are asked to give their opinion about or decide an important political or social question

We will hold a referendum on independence next year

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/11/28/i-moved-country-again/

After a year and a half living in Tokyo, Japan, I have returned home to the UK! As I didn’t have enough time to write a normal Thinking in English episode for today, I thought I would do something a little different and talk about why I left Japan, my journey back home, how I’m feeling, and what is next for me! And, at the same time, we can learn and practise our English vocabulary!!

188. Should We Boycott the Qatar World Cup? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

187. Who is Elon Musk? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

186. What is Thanksgiving?: The REAL Story Behind America’s Most Famous Holiday 

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TRANSCRIPT -- https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/11/23/should-we-boycott-the-qatar-world-cup/

Qatar is hosting this year’s World Cup… but not everyone is happy about it. Allegations of corruption, human rights abuses, the mistreatment of workers, and dangerous conditions for players have caused the 2022 World Cup to be the most controversial in history! So, should we boycott it?

187. Who is Elon Musk? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

186. What is Thanksgiving?: The REAL Story Behind America’s Most Famous Holiday (English Vocabulary Lesson)

185. Who is Responsible for Climate Change? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

How to Ask Better Questions in English

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To boycott (v) - to refuse to buy a product or take part in an activity as a way of expressing strong disapproval

People were urged to boycott the country's products.

Controversial (adj) - causing disagreement or discussion

The book was very controversial.

To award (v) - to give something valuable, such as money or a prize following an official decision

Their company was awarded a contract worth $40 million by the government.

Bid (n) - an offer to do something when you are competing with other people to do it

Sydney made a successful bid to host the Olympic Games

Corruption (n) - illegal, bad, or dishonest behaviour, especially by people in positions of power

Political corruption is widespread throughout the country.

migrant worker (n) - a person who moves to another country or area in order to find employment, in particular seasonal or temporary work

The food industry is heavily dependent on migrant workers from other countries

To undermine (v) - to make something weaker

Scandals have undermined the government over the past year.

Appalling (adj) - shocking and very bad

Prisoners were kept in the most appalling conditions

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/11/21/who-is-elon-musk/

He is probably the most famous person in the world right now. One of the world’s richest people, the CEO of the world’s most valuable car manufacturer, and now the new owner of Twitter! But who is Elon Musk?

186. What is Thanksgiving?: The REAL Story Behind America’s Most Famous Holiday (English Vocabulary Lesson)

185. Who is Responsible for Climate Change? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

How to Ask Better Questions in English! (English Advice)

184. Should Performance Enhancing Drugs Be Banned in Sports? (English Vocabulary Lesson

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Estranged (adj) - If you are estranged from your family or friends, you are no longer friendly with them

It's sad to see someone estranged from their parents

Booming (adj) - increasing or becoming successful and producing a lot of money very quickly

Business is booming at the moment.

To pocket (v) - take or receive (money or other valuables) for oneself

The politician pocketed around $10,000 for a 20-minute speech

To found (v) - to bring something into existence

She left a large sum of money in her will to found a wildlife sanctuary

Board (n) - the group of people who are responsible for controlling and organizing a company or organization

Every decision has to be approved by the board

Bot (n) - a computer program that works automatically, especially one that searches for and finds information on the internet

Criminals create networks of bots that roam the internet infecting PCs with viruses

Hardcore (adj) - denoting an extreme or intense example of something

We performed 60 concerts in 60 days – it was hardcore

Town square (n) - An open area commonly found in the heart of a traditional town, used for community gatherings

Elon Musk wants Twitter to become the intern

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TRANSCRIPT -- https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/11/16/what-is-thanksgiving/

What is Thanksgiving? Children in the US are taught it is a day to celebrate the friendship between Native American tribes and the first English settlers. Today, I want to talk about the real history – the dark story of war, disease, and the destruction of Native American society. So… let’s discuss the story of Thanksgiving and learn some new vocabulary at the same time!

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185. Who is Responsible for Climate Change? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

184. Should Performance Enhancing Drugs Be Banned in Sports? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

183. “The Signal-Man” by Charles Dickens (Halloween Special)!

182. Bolsonaro vs Lula: The Brazilian Election Explained! (English Vocabulary Lesson)

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To celebrate (v) - to take part in special enjoyable activities in order to show that a particular occasion is important

We always celebrate his birthday by going out to dinner

Ubiquitous (adj) - seeming to be everywhere

Mobile phones are now ubiquitous across all ages

Myth (n) - a commonly believed but false idea

Statistics disprove the myth that small people are angrier

Pilgrim (n) - a member of the group of English people who sailed to America and began living in Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620

The Pilgrims left England in search of religious freedom

Feast (n) - a special meal with very good food or a large meal for many people

The King held a feast to celebrate his victory

Alliance (n) - an agreement to work with someone else to try to achieve the same thing

The two groups formed an alliance against the government

Devastating (adj) - causing a lot of damage or destruction

The drought has had devastating consequences

To re-evaluate (v) - to judge or calculate the quality, importance, amount, or value of something again, for a second, third, etc. time

The company is re-evaluating its decision to allow workers flexible hours

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TRANSCRIPT -- https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/11/14/who-is-responsible-for-climate-change/

Who is responsible for climate change? Is it the countries with the highest pollution right now? Or is it the wealthy countries who had the highest emissions in the past? How about the fossil fuel companies? Or is it normal people? Let’s talk about it today!

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184. Should Performance Enhancing Drugs Be Banned in Sports? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

183. “The Signal-Man” by Charles Dickens (Halloween Special)!

182. Bolsonaro vs Lula: The Brazilian Election Explained! (English Vocabulary Lesson)

181. Why Did Liz Truss Resign? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

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Mitigation (n) – the act of reducing how harmful, unpleasant, or bad something is

We need effective mitigation of climate change

Adaptation (n) – the process of changing to suit different conditions

The team’s adaptation to the speed of the premier league is surprising

Developing (adj) – A developing country or area of the world is poorer and has less advanced industries, especially in Africa, Latin America, or Asia

This scholarship is for people from developing countries

Reparation (n) – payment for harm or damage:

The company had to make reparation to those who suffered ill health as a result of chemical pollution.

Emission (n) – an amount of a substance that is produced and sent out into the air that is harmful to the environment, especially carbon dioxide

These health risks are caused by vehicle emissions.

per capita (adv/adj) – If you express an amount per capita, you mean that amount for each person

The per capita income is very low

carbon footprint (n) – Someone’s carbon footprint is a measurement of the amount of carbon dioxide that their activities produce

Flying to Japan increased by carbon footprint

To offset (v) – to pay for things that will reduce carbon dioxide in order to reduce the damage caused by carbon dioxide that you produce

We offset all our long-haul flights.

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TRANSCRIPT -- https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/11/09/how-to-ask-better-questions-in-english/

Do you know how to ask great questions? You will by the end of today’s episode!

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How to Stay Motivated??

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What is inheritance? Should inheritance be taxed? And if so, at what level?

Today I want to talk about wealth, inequality, and whether or not we should change our system of inheritance in the future!

Transcript - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2024/05/27/298-wealth-and-inequality-should-inheritance-be-abolished-english-vocabulary-lesson/

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VOCABULARY LIST

• Inheritance (Noun): Property, money, or assets received from someone who has died.
• Progressive Tax (Noun): A tax system in which the rate of tax increases as income or inheritance increases.
• Wealth (Noun): The amount of valuable possessions or money owned by an individual, family, or society.
• Asset (Noun): A useful or valuable thing or person.
• Estate (Noun): All the money and property owned by a particular person, especially at death.
• Meritocracy (Noun): A system in which advancement or success is based on ability or achievement rather than on factors such as age, race, or class.
• Inequality (Noun): Difference in size, degree, circumstances, etc.

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TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/11/07/184-should-performance-enhancing-drugs-be-banned-in-sports-english-vocabulary-lesson/

Should performance enhancing drugs be allowed in professional sports? Some argue that drugs are dangerous, unfair, and against the spirit of sport! Others believe sport would be more exciting with PEDs and that it unfair to stop athletes from reaching their best performance. Let’s learn some new vocabulary and discuss sport and performance enhancing drugs in today’s episode!!

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163. Are Dress Codes a Good Thing? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

156. Should Owning a Dog Be Illegal!?!? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

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To enhance (v) – to improve the quality, amount, or strength of something

The sauce enhances the flavour of the meat

Doping (n) - the act of giving a person or animal drugs in order to make them perform better or worse in a competition

The anti-doping agency is committed to ending doping in sport

To test (v) - produce a specified result in a medical test, especially a drugs test

He tested positive of COVID-19 last week

Performance (n) - how well a person, machine, etc. does a piece of work or an activity

He was fired from his job for poor performance

Endurance (n) - the ability to keep doing something difficult, unpleasant, or painful for a long time

Running a marathon is a test of human endurance.

To cheat (v) - to behave in a dishonest way in order to get what you want

She cheated in the test by copying from the boy in front

Guinea Pig (n) - a person used in a scientific test, for example to discover the effect of a drug on humans

They are asking student to be guinea pigs in their research into the disease

Clean (adj) - played or done according to the rules

Despite testing positive for steroids, he maintains he is a clean athlete

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Today, let’s learn some useful methods to make your English writing clearer and more concise!

TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/10/19/how-to-write-concisely/

175. The Language of Protesting (English Vocabulary Lesson)

What Is “Burnout”? And How Can You Avoid It While Studying English?

How to Learn English from Podcasts!

Stop Being A Perfectionist!

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Happy Halloween! In this spooky special episode of Thinking in English, I thought I would introduce you all to one of the most famous ghost stories of all time – “The Signal-Man” by Charles Dickens.

TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/10/31/the-signal-man-by-charles-dickens/

Read "The Signal-Man" for FREE HERE!!

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182. Bolsonaro vs Lula: The Brazilian Election Explained! (English Vocabulary Lesson)

181. Why Did Liz Truss Resign? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

180. What was Wrong with Chile’s Constitution? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

179. Donald Trump's Legal Troubles (English Vocabulary Lesson)

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Hoarse (adj) - (of a voice or a person) having a rough voice, often because of a sore throat or a cold

Figure (n) - the shape of a person’s body, or a body seen not clearly or from a distance:

To steal (v) - to do something quickly while trying not to be seen doing it

Abhorrence (n) – a hate of something or someone

Deception (n) – the act of hiding the truth, especially to get an advantage

To minister (v) – to attend to the needs of (someone).

Affliction (n) - something that makes you suffer

To beg (v) – to make a very strong and urgent request

Coincidence (n) - an occasion when two or more similar things happen at the same time, especially in a way that is unlikely and surprising:

Spectre (n) – a ghost

Instantaneously (adv) - in a way that happens immediately, without any delay

To lament (v) - to express sadness and feeling sorry about something

Vehemence (n) - the forceful expression of strong feelings

Gesticulation (n) - movements with your hands or arms intended to express something or to emphasize what you are saying

Dismal (adj) - sad and without hope

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On October 30th, the people of Brazil will decide the next president of the country. The election could have major consequences for Brazil and the entire South American region. Today, let’s discuss how elections work in Brazil, the background of the two candidates, and some of the major issues during this year’s competition! And, we can learn some useful vocabulary and practice talking about Brazil’s election!

TRANSCRIPT -- https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/10/26/bolsonaro-vs-lula-the-brazilian-election-explained/

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181. Why Did Liz Truss Resign? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

180. What was Wrong with Chile’s Constitution? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

179. Donald Trump's Legal Troubles (English Vocabulary Lesson)

178. What is Inflation? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

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Incumbent (adj) - having a particular official position

The incumbent president of the US is Joe Biden

Corruption (n) – illegal, bad, or dishonest behaviour, especially by people in positions of power

Political corruption is widespread throughout the country

Opposition (n) – elected politicians who belong to the largest political party not in government

The opposition candidate is currently leading the polls

Campaign (n) – a planned group of political/business/military activities that are intended to achieve a particular aim

He became famous for his campaign against building a new airport

Money laundering (n) – the crime of moving illegal money through banks or businesses to make it look like legal money

He was convicted of money laundering four years ago

Law-and-order (n) – the introduction of laws and their strict enforcement by the police and courts

He described himself as a law-and-order politician

Misogynist (n) – a man who hates women

His critics described him as a misogynist

Deforestation (n) - the cutting down of trees in a large area, or the destruction of forests by people

Deforestation is destroying large areas of the Amazon rainforest

After just 45 days as Prime Minister of the UK, Liz Truss has resigned. Today, let’s talk about what happened, discuss why Truss resigned, and predict what is going to happen next! And, at the same time, let’s learn and practice some political and economic vocabulary!

Transcript!! -- https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/10/24/why-did-liz-truss-resign/

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180. What was Wrong with Chile’s Constitution? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

179. Donald Trump's Legal Troubles (English Vocabulary Lesson)

178. What is Inflation? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

177. Should Student Loan Debt be Forgiven? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

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Vocabulary List

Rebellion (n) – action agaisnt those in authority

There was a political rebellion against her economic policies

Front-runner (n) – the person, animal, or organization that is most likely to win something

She is the front-runner in the school math competition

Mandate (n) – the authority given to an elected group of people, such as a government, to perform an action or govern a country

The government is hoping to win the election and get a mandate for their policies from the people

To cut (v) – to make something shorter, lower, smaller, etc

The singer promised to cut ticket prices for his next concert

Ill-advised (adj) – not wise, and likely to cause problems in the future

He made an ill-advised investment in the property market

To sell off (phrasal v) – to charge a low price for something to encourage people to buy it

The supermarket is selling off bananas at half price

On the brink of something (idiom) – if something is on the brink of a bad situation, it is likely that situation will happen soon

The country is on the brink of civil war

General election (n) – an election in which the people living in a country vote to choose the government

The general election will be held next year

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Earlier this year, Chile drafted one of the most progressive constitutions in the world. It would have guaranteed rights for indigenous people, social policies, and environmental protection. Let’s discuss what a constitution is, why Chile’s proposed constitution was unprecedented, and why it ultimately failed!

TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/10/17/what-was-wrong-with-chiles-constitution/

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176. What was the French Revolution? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

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Progressive (adj) – progressive ideas or systems are new and modern, encouraging change in society

His government promised to introduce more progressive social policies

Right (n) – the fact that a person can expect to be treated in a fair, morally acceptable, or legal way

Everyone has the right to education

Principle (n) – the basic idea or rule that explains or controls how something happens or works

The country is run on socialist principles

Fundamental (adj) – forming the base, from which everything else develops

We need to make fundamental changes to the way in which we treat our environment

Free market (n) – an economic system with only a small amount of government control, in which prices and earnings are decided by the level of demand

In a free market, if demand for a product increases, then so does its price

Indigenous (adj) – used to refer to, or relating to, the people who originally lived in a place

The Maori are the indigenous people of New Zealand

Provision (n) – a statement within an agreement or law that a particular thing must happen or be done

There are provisions in the law to protect foreign workers

Misinformation (n) – wrong information, information intended to deceive, or the fact that people are misinformed

There’s a lot of misinformation about the disease online

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Today, I’m joined by the wonderful Alastair Budge from the English Learning for Curious Minds podcast to discuss the tiny island of Malta and how it became a destination for English learners! We discussed Malta’s history, what it is like to study there, and what kind of person should consider learning English in Malta.

TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/10/17/why-you-should-study-english-in-malta-w-english-learning-for-curious-minds/

Check Out English Learning for Curious Minds - www.leonardoenglish.com/podcasts

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Learning English From the News?!? (with SEND7 Podcast)

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Vocabulary List

https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/10/17/why-you-should-study-english-in-malta-w-english-learning-for-curious-minds/

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Donald Trump is currently under criminal investigation. The FBI have raided his house in Florida, he has been interviewed by lawyers in New York, 850 of his supporters arrested, and his allies accused in Georgia. Interestingly, these events are actually part of four separate criminal investigations connected to Trump and his companies! Let’s learn more about Trump’s legal troubles today, while practicing some political and legal English!

TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/10/12/donald-trumps-legal-trouble/

178. What is Inflation? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

177. Should Student Loan Debt be Forgiven? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

176. What was the French Revolution? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

175. The Language of Protesting (English Vocabulary Lesson

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Investigation (n) – the act or process of examining a crime, problem, statement

An investigation is under way into the disappearance of a 70-year-old man

To charge (v) – to make a formal statement saying that someone is accused of a crime

She’s been charged with murder

Offence (n) – an illegal act; a crime

Driving without a license is an offence

Federal (adj) – relating to the central government, and not to the government of a region

He broke both state and federal laws

Classified (adj) – classified information is officially stated to be secret

These documents contain classified material

To violate (v) – to break or act against something, especially a law, agreement, principle, or something that should be treated with respect

They were charged with violating federal law

To sentence (v) – to decide and say officially what a punishment will be

He was sentenced to life imprisonment

To prosecute (v) – to officially accuse someone of committing a crime in a law court

Shoplifters will be prosecuted

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What is inflation? Why are prices increasing for everyday items? What are the consequences of inflation? How can we control or limit rising prices? Let’s discuss these questions and more on today’s episode of Thinking in English!

TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/10/10/what-is-inflation/

177. Should Student Loan Debt be Forgiven? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

176. What was the French Revolution? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

175. The Language of Protesting (English Vocabulary Lesson

174. Why Are Iranian Women Burning Their Hijabs? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

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Stable (adj) - firmly fixed or not likely to move or change

I’m looking for a stable job in a bank!

Out of business (idiom) – closed down/no longer in business

My local hairdresser went out of business last month

Hypothetical (adj) – imagined or suggested but not necessarily real or true

This is hypothetical, but if I offered you a job, would you accept it?

Worth (adj) – having a particular value, especially in money

My house is worth $200,000

Keep track of something/someone (idiom) – to continue to be informed or know about someone or something

My sister has had so many jobs, I can’t keep track anymore

Goods (n) – things for sale, or things that you own

There is a 10 percent discount on electrical goods today

Monetary (adj) – relating to money in a country

The recent recession has been blamed on a bad monetary policy

Interest rate (n) – the interest percentage that a bank charges you when you borrow money, or the interest percentage a bank pays you when you save money

Interest rates are increasing

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University can be a very expensive experience for young people across the world, and millions of people need to take out big loans to afford tuition fees and living expenses. The US government has just announced a plan to forgive some student loan debt… but is this a good idea? Let’s discuss this topic while practicing some useful financial vocabulary!

TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/10/05/should-student-loan-debt-be-forgiven/

176. What was the French Revolution? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

175. The Language of Protesting (English Vocabulary Lesson

174. Why Are Iranian Women Burning Their Hijabs? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

173. What is the Human Development Index? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

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Undergraduate (adj) – related to a university student who has not yet taken a first degree

My undergraduate degree was in History and Politics

To afford (v) – to be able to buy or do something because you have enough money or time

I don’t know how he can afford a new car on his salary

Loan (n) – an amount of money that is borrowed, often from a bank, and has to be paid back

He is trying to get a $50,000 loan to start a business

To owe (v) – to need to pay or give something to someone because they have lent money to you

I owe James £10

To forgive (v) – to allow someone to not have to pay a debt

Should rich countries forgive some of the debts owed by the poorest countries?

To take on something (Phrasal v) – to undertake a task or responsibility, especially a difficult one

I took on debt so I could afford university

To pay something off (Phrasal v) – to pay back money that you owe

We should be able to pay off the debt within three years

Disproportionately (adv) – in a way that is too large or too small in relation to something else

The disease disproportionately affects young people

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Today I am going to talk about my experiences moving abroad, how it has changed my life, and some of the most important lessons I have learned over the past 8 years. Hopefully you will all find something useful or relatable in this episode!

Transcript - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2024/05/13/296-what-have-i-learned-from-living-abroad-english-vocabulary-lesson/

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VOCABULARY LIST

• Immigration (Noun): The act of moving to a foreign country for the purpose of residing there.
• Visa (Noun): An official authorization attached to a passport, permitting the holder to enter, leave, or stay in a foreign country for a period.
• Overwhelmed (Adjective): Feeling defeated or unable to cope.
• Bureaucratic (Adjective): Relating to the administration of governmental agencies characterized by excessive red tape and routine procedures.
• Language barrier (Noun): The difficulty that arises from differences in language between people who are trying to communicate with each other.
• Lonely (Adjective): Feeling sad and alone due to a lack of companionship or social interaction.
• Friendship (Noun): A close and supportive relationship between two or more people.

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The French Revolution was one of the most influential events in modern human history. Today, let’s talk about the causes, events, and consequences of the revolution, while learning some useful English vocabulary!

TRANSCRIPT -- https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/10/03/what-was-the-french-revolution/

175. The Language of Protesting (English Vocabulary Lesson

174. Why Are Iranian Women Burning Their Hijabs? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

173. What is the Human Development Index? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

172. What Happens When the Queen Dies? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

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Revolution (n) – a change is the way a country is governed, usually to a different political system and often using violence or war

The country seems to be heading towards revolution

Republic (n) – a country without a king or queen, usually governed by elected representatives and a president

San Marino in Europe is considered the oldest republic in the world

Noble (adj) – belonging to a high social rank in a society, especially by birth

He was born into a famous noble family

To culminate (v) – if an event or series of events culminates in something, it ends with it, having developed until it reaches this point

Their many years of research have finally culminated in a cure for the disease

The Enlightenment (n) – the period in the 18th century in Europe when many people began to emphasize the importance of science and reason

Jean-Jacques Rousseau was one of the greatest Enlightenment thinkers

Treason (n) – (crime of) showing no loyalty to your country

In 1606 Guy Fawkes was executed for treason

Feudalism (n) – the social and land-owning system of western Europe in the Middle Ages in which people served noble families and in exchange were supported and given land

Capitalism replaced feudalism in western Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries

Fraternity (n) – a feeling of friendship and support

The Olympics have become a way to promote fraternity between nations

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English is the language of protesting across the world. Let’s learn the vocabulary and techniques you need to protest in English and understand why people take to the streets.

TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/09/28/the-language-of-protesting/

174. Why Are Iranian Women Burning Their Hijabs? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

173. What is the Human Development Index? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

172. What Happens When the Queen Dies? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

171. The Life of Queen Elizabeth II (English Vocabulary Lesson)

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Women in Iran have taken to the streets, leading protests, burning their head scarves, and clashed with police. Today, let’s discuss why Iranian women are burning their hijabs and protesting against their government.

TRANSCRIPT - https://thinkinginenglish.blog/2022/09/26/why-are-iranian-women-burning-their-hijabs/

173. What is the Human Development Index? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

172. What Happens When the Queen Dies? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

171. The Life of Queen Elizabeth II (English Vocabulary Lesson)

170. Who was Gorbachev? (English Vocabulary Lesson)

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Morality (n) – a personal or social set of standards for good or bad behaviour and character

Technology’s morality is determined by its political or social use

Hijab (n) – the head covering that some Muslim women wear when they are outside

Iranian law requires women to wear a hijab while in public

To spark (v) – to cause the start of something

The visit of the Donald Trump sparked mass demonstrations

Unrest (n) – disagreements or fighting between different groups of people

It is feared that the civil unrest in that country could lead to war

Zealot (n) – a person who has very strong opinions about something, and tries to make other people have them too

He is a religious zealot

To detain (v) – to force someone to officially stay in a place

A suspect has been detained by the police for questioning

Outage (n) – a period when a service, such as electricity, is not available

The radio news reported power outages affecting 50 homes

Decisively (adv) – quickly, effectivley, and confidently

If they had acted more decisively, they could have saved him