South Asia’s rivers are among the most biodiverse freshwater ecosystems on Earth, yet they are also among the most threatened. In this episode of the Think Wildlife Podcast, host Anish Banerjee is joined by Dr. Nachiket Kelkar, freshwater ecologist and researcher at the Wildlife Conservation Trust (WCT), to explore the future of river conservation across the Indian subcontinent. The conversation examines why conserving the Ganga and other major river systems requires protecting entire river ecosystems, balancing human livelihoods with biodiversity, and rethinking how we manage freshwater resources.
Dr. Kelkar begins by sharing how his fascination with whales and dolphins eventually led him to study one of the world’s most remarkable freshwater mammals—the Gangetic river dolphin. Often called the “blind tiger of the Ganga,” this functionally blind cetacean relies on echolocation to navigate the often muddy waters of the Ganga-Brahmaputra-Meghna-Karnaphuli-Sangu river basins, which span India, Bangladesh, and Nepal. He explains the dolphin’s unique adaptations, conservation status, and why it has become an iconic symbol of Ganga conservation and river biodiversity conservation.
The discussion explores whether the Gangetic river dolphin truly functions as an umbrella species for protecting Gangetic river biodiversity. While flagship species can help generate public awareness and political support, Dr. Kelkar explains why conserving freshwater ecosystems ultimately requires protecting fish, turtles, crocodilians, aquatic birds, riparian habitats, and the ecological processes that sustain entire river ecosystems, rather than focusing on a single charismatic species.
Studying dolphins in large, dynamic rivers presents unique scientific challenges. Dr. Kelkar discusses innovative survey techniques including double-observer surveys, acoustic monitoring, and population estimation methods that allow researchers to better understand dolphin abundance, behaviour, and habitat use. These scientific tools are essential for monitoring long-term population trends and guiding effective river wildlife conservation.
The conversation then turns to the growing threats facing South Asia’s freshwater ecosystems. Dr. Kelkar explains how dams, barrages, river fragmentation, canals, overfishing, bycatch, sand mining, pollution, reduced environmental flows, inland waterways, and proposed river interlinking projects are transforming the ecological character of rivers across the Gangetic plains. These pressures not only threaten the Gangetic river dolphin, but also jeopardise fisheries, ecosystem services, and countless other species that depend upon healthy freshwater habitats. The episode highlights why protecting river biodiversity must become a central component of broader wildlife conservation and biodiversity conservation strategies.
Pollution is another major focus of the discussion. Rather than viewing pollution solely as an engineering challenge, Dr. Kelkar argues that lasting solutions require behavioural and cultural change alongside improved governance, wastewater management, and stronger environmental stewardship. He explains why restoring the Ganga is ultimately about changing society’s relationship with rivers as living ecosystems rather than simply treating them as water resources.
Dr. Kelkar also introduces the Wildlife Conservation Trust’s Riverine Ecosystems and Livelihoods Programme, which works at the intersection of conservation, fisheries, governance, and community livelihoods. The discussion examines the challenges of coordinating multiple government departments, balancing competing stakeholder interests, understanding different fisheries typologies, and developing practical solutions that benefit both people and freshwater biodiversity.
The episode concludes with reflections on Dr. Kelkar’s career, the importance of interdisciplinary conservation science, and practical ways that individuals can contribute to protecting South Asia’s rivers. Whether you’re interested in river ecosystems, river biodiversity, Gangetic river dolphin conservation, Ganga wildlife conservation, freshwater ecology, fisheries management, or environmental policy, this episode offers a comprehensive look at one of the world’s most important—and most threatened—freshwater landscapes.
Timestamp
00:00 – Introduction02:51 – Distribution & Conservation Status04:07 – The Blind Tigers of the Ganga05:54 – Umbrella Species Debate08:12 – Studying Dolphin Behavior10:29 – Population Surveys & Methods15:59 – Threats: Hunting, Dams & Pollution23:44 – Solving the Pollution Crisis26:29 – Project Dolphin & Marine Species30:08 – Riverine Ecosystems & Livelihoods Program35:43 – Governance & Stakeholder Challenges40:11 – Fisheries & Conservation49:40 – Career Reflections54:40 – How to Get Involved
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