For this episode on ARPKD interviewed Dr. Lisa Guay-Woodford a clinician scientist at Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia who is a world-renowned expert on cystic kidney diseases. She was part of one of the teams that discovered the ARPKD gene and provides fascinating insight into the history and management of the condition.

References

ARPKD genetic variations: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1096719209002947

Bilateral nephrectomy outcomes: https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-020-71956-1 

We talk to the experts in the Neonatal Kidney Collaborative (NKC) about the recently published guidelines regarding kidney follow-up for NICU graduates, a product of the NIH-supported workshop in 2024 spearheaded by Dr. Michelle Starr of Indiana University/Riley Children's Hospital. Guests include Dr. Marissa DeFreitas, pediatric nephrologist at the University of Miami, Dr. Matt Harer, neonatologist at the University of Wisconsin, Dr. Kat Gist, pediatric cardiac intensivist at Cincinnati Children's, Dr. Heidi Steflik, neonatologist at the Medical University of South Carolina, and Dr. Tom Forbes, pediatric nephrologist at Royal Children's Hospital in Melbourne, Australia. 

Links

Kidney Monitoring for NICU Grads Follow-Up Guidelines: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2823652

AWAKEN study: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5933049/ 

Join the NKC! https://www.babykidney.org/ 

As part of the leadership series of podcast episodes, this episode discusses life as a pediatric kidney transplant director. Dr. Jodi Smith, Seattle Children's transplant director and ASPN president, Dr. Gina Barletta, Phoenix Children's transplant director, and Dr. Sarah Kizilbash, co-host and University of Minnesota transplant director, talk about why and how they got to be transplant director, their program's structure, strengths, weaknesses and the greatest joys of their job. 

For more information about the ASPN transplant interest group, check out this link https://aspneph.org/transplant-interest-group/ or email jodi.smith@seattlechildrens.org

For information about UNOS, check out the calendar of events https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/news/calendar-of-events/ 

For UNOS requirements to become a transplant physician, check out this link https://optn.transplant.hrsa.gov/media/2785/membership_requirements-for_pediatric_components.pdf 

Join us in our discussion with Dr. Deepa Chand, who is a pediatric nephrologist, former dialysis and division director, and now director of patient safety in immunology at Novartis. She also continues to practice pediatric nephrology at the University of Illinois-Peoria. She talks about her journey to where she is today, behind-the-scenes information regarding drug development and approval, and provides practical advice that is valuable for clinicians and researchers alike.  

This is the first episode in our leadership series! We talk with Drs. Sudha Garimella, associate professor of pediatrics at Prisma Health, and Priya Verghese, professor of pediatrics at Lurie Children's/Northwestern University about their roles as division directors in pediatric nephrology. They discuss their career paths, challenges and rewards of the job, tips for recruitment and general leadership advice, helpful for all pediatric nephrologists! 

ASNP

Dr. Vikas Dharnidharka, Professor of Pediatrics and Pediatric Nephrology Division Director at Washington University School of Medicine in St. Louis, shares his extensive knowledge on PTLD (post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders) in pediatric kidney transplant recipients. He is the first author of a PTLD textbook (https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-030-65403-0) and has published numerous studies and guideline recommendations on the subject. We discuss the pathophysiology, risk factors, clinical presentation, work-up, treatment and prognosis of PTLD in this episode.

References

North American Pediatric Renal Trials and Collaborative Studies Registry (NAPRTCS) and Pediatric Nephrology Research Consortium (PNRC) studies regarding the advantages of lower dose thymoglobulin induction therapy in kidney transplantation

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32903852/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33912749/

International Pediatric Transplant Association (IPTA) PTLD guidelines

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36369733/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36369745/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37294621/

We have two fantastic Canadian guest nephrologists discussing IgA nephropathy on this episode. Dr. Sean Barbour is an adult nephrologist and associate professor at the University of British Columbia. He is a glomerulonephritis and epidemiology expert and serves as the chair of the British Columbia GN Committee and Registry. He developed and validated the IgA clinical prediction tool for both adults and children and has participated in the TESTING and NefIgArd clinical trials. Dr. Alexandra Cambier is a clinician-scientist and an associate professor of pediatric nephrology at Montreal University. She also worked on the pediatric IgA prediction tool and has numerous publications regarding biomarkers and genetic variants in children with IgA nephropathy. 

Publications that we discuss in this episode-

IgA prediction tool validation:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30980653/ https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35490842/

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33220356/

CD89 in childhood IgA nephropathy:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34756952/

IgA nephropathy therapies in children:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34756952/

Targeted-release budesonide in adults with IgA nephropathy:

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36270561/

Join us for this special episode regarding how to apply for pediatric nephrology fellowship. We will give residents the inside scoop on succeeding in landing their top match in the application and interview process! Guests on this podcast are pediatric nephrology program directors- Drs. Erum Hartung (CHOP), Julie Goodwin (Yale), Elizabeth Ingulli (UCSD/Rady Children's), Carla Nester (University of Iowa) and current pediatric nephrology fellows- Emily Zangla (University of Minnesota), Carlos Becerril-Romero (Lurie Children's), Emilia Cadiz (Emory), Uche Nwaogazie (CHOP), and Kelly Garrity (UCLA).

Questions? Reach out to Emily at doctoremilyz@gmail.com 

Join us for the discussion on neonatal dialysis with expert Dr. David Askenazi from the University of Alabama who pioneered the adaptation of the Aquadex machine to infants!

We cover acute kidney injury, the utilization of peritoneal dialysis, CRRT, Aquadex and Carpediem in neonates and the logistics behind the use of these novel new machines. 

To get involved, visit the Neonatal Kidney Collaborative website at: https://babykidney.org/ 

High-yield papers on neonatal AKI and dialysis:

AWAKEN Study: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29732396/

Aquapheresis case series in children: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31462396/ 

CRRT vs. Carpediem outcomes: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34414499/ 

Dr. Brad Rovin, director of the Division of Nephrology and the Vice Chair of Research in Internal Medicine at the Ohio State University, discusses recent advances in lupus nephritis treatment. Dr. Rovin is deputy editor of Kidney International and the co-chair of glomerular disease guidelines for KDIGO. He has published many major landmark nephrology clinical trials in lupus nephritis (listed below), which he highlights in this episode. It's the "golden age" of lupus nephritis treatment! 

Papers we discuss:

BLISS (Belimumab) https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2001180 

AURORA (Voclosporin) https://www.thelancet.com/article/S0140-6736(21)00578-X/fulltext 

LUNAR (Rituximab) https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/art.34359 

NOBILITY (Obinutuzumab) https://ard.bmj.com/content/81/1/100 

TULIP-LN (Anifrolumab) https://ard.bmj.com/content/81/4/496 

Also check out https://kidney.wiki/ pediatric nephrology platform created by Ryan Town, a fellow from Stanford! 

(*OK, maybe not EVERYTHING, but a very thorough and worthwhile review!)

Dr. Michelle O'Shaughnessy, a consultant nephrologist at Galway University Hospitals in Ireland, and Dr. Tiffany Caza, a renal pathologist at Arkana Labs, give us the high-yield points on membranous nephropathy, in both pediatric and adult patients! They are both well published and have excellent clinical experiences to share with listeners. 

Check out Michelle's Cure GN paper on membranous treatment in children: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31844809/ 

Check out Tiffany's newest paper on novel membranous antigens: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36638888/ 

Dr. Lyndsay Harshman, an Associate Professor of Pediatric Nephrology and Director of the Pediatric Kidney Transplantation Program at the University of Iowa, explains how and why kids with chronic kidney disease have different brain structures and cognitive abilities, compared to their healthy peers. She discusses her research discoveries regarding brain imaging in kids with CAKUT and shares her tips so that clinicians can best help their at-risk patients. 

Please provide any feedback you have! We love to hear it! https://s.surveyplanet.com/dmmriui5 

Dr. Matthew Sampson, a pediatric nephrologist and associate professor of pediatrics at Harvard Medical School, walks us through genetic testing for pediatric patients with kidney disease. He discusses indications for genetic testing and how to interpret results. He also talks about his lab and work as a genomics researcher. 

Episode References

Dr. Brad Rovin, director of the Division of Nephrology and the Vice Chair of Research in Internal Medicine at the Ohio State University, discusses IgA nephrology. Dr. Rovin is deputy editor of Kidney International and the co-chair of glomerular disease guidelines for KDIGO. He has published many major landmark nephrology clinical trials, including the BLISS and AURORA trials in lupus nephritis and the NefIgArd targeted-release budesonide trial in IgA nephropathy, which he highlights in this podcast.

Links to mentioned publications in this episode: 

BLISS https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2001180?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed

AURORA https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(21)00578-X/fulltext 

TESTING https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2792252   NefIgArd https://www.kidney-international.org/article/S0085-2538(22)00836-5/fulltext  

Meta-analysis SGLT2 inhibitors https://www.thelancet.com/action/showPdf?pii=S0140-6736%2822%2902074-8 

Dr. Marianne Yee, a pediatric hematologist at Emory, and Dr. Rima Zahr, a pediatric nephrologist at the University of Tennessee, share their clinical pearls regarding sickle cell disease and its subsequent kidney involvement. These experts bring up excellent points of discussion including albuminuria screening, hyperfiltration injury, the role of a kidney biopsy, papillary necrosis, nocturnal hypertension, kidney transplant outcomes, renal medullary carcinoma and health disparities that these patients face. This episode is helpful for both pediatric and adult nephrologists, primary care providers and hematologists! 

Check out these high-yield publications:

Genetics of medullary carcinoma: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34261517/

Sickle cell ESRD patient disparities: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36191963/

Pediatric sickle cell kidney biopsy findings: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30945006/

Losartan for sickle cell albuminuria: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28951038/

CKD and albuminuria prevalence in pediatric sickle cell disease: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21940843/

Dr. Michael Bernaba, a Mayo Clinic adult nephrology fellow, Paige Balgie, RD, LD who specializes in pediatric nephrology nutrition at the University of Minnesota and Dr. Chelsey Jensen, PharmD, who has special expertise in pediatric transplant and nephrology patients at the University of Minnesota discuss how to deal with hyperkalemia and hyperphosphatemia. We discuss renal-friendly infant formula,  clinical tricks from our friendly nutritionist and pharmacist and the different approaches adult versus pediatric providers take in regards to binders to deal with these pesky problems. 

We would love your feedback of this podcast if you can fill out this brief survey: https://s.surveyplanet.com/dmmriui5

This is a continuation of September's episode 9. Dr. Michael Mortiz and Dr. Carlos Ayus take us through the history of intravenous fluids in children with the discovery of SIADH and the life-threatening hyponatremic encephalopathy cases that lead to a change in practice with the use of normal saline.

Dr. Mortiz is the director pediatric nephrology, along with the dialysis and transplant programs at UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh. He most notably published the 2018 AAP Clinical Practice Guideline: Maintenance Intravenous Fluids in Children. Dr. Ayus is an adult nephrologist and professor of medicine at UC Irvine with an interest in electrolyte disorders. He has trained, and worked with, founding fathers of both pediatric and adult nephrology, such as Drs. Floyd Rector and Malcolm Holliday.

We would love feedback! Take this quick survey please :) https://s.surveyplanet.com/dmmriui5

Dr. Michael Mortiz and Dr. Carlos Ayus take us through the history of intravenous fluids in children with the discovery of SIADH and the life-threatening hyponatremic encephalopathy cases that lead to a change in practice with the use of normal saline.

Dr. Mortiz is the director pediatric nephrology, along with the dialysis and transplant programs at UPMC Children’s Hospital of Pittsburgh. He most notably published the 2018 AAP Clinical Practice Guideline: Maintenance Intravenous Fluids in Children. Dr. Ayus is an adult nephrologist and professor of medicine at UC Irvine with an interest in electrolyte disorders. He has trained, and worked with, founding fathers of both pediatric and adult nephrology, such as Drs. Floyd Rector and Malcolm Holliday.

Don’t miss out on an inside glimpse into how these experts managed to overturn popular opinion and accepted concepts in the field of nephrology during the last 20 years in order to save lives! This podcast is relevant to ANY PROVIDER who is administering IV fluids to hospitalized patients.

Questions/comments/feedback?? Email doctoremilyz@gmail.com.

Dr. Keia Sanderson from UNC and Dr. Tahagod Mohamed from Nationwide Children's are two spectacular pediatric nephrologists with a special expertise and interest in neonatal nephrology. They comment on evidenced-based medicine in the field, along with the diagnosis, evaluation, management, follow-up and importance of neonatal acute kidney injury. 

*News Alert*! The Women in Nephrology Leadership Conference will be in Birmingham, AL from September 23-24, and will not disappoint! Follow this link for agenda and registration https://www.eventbrite.com/e/wining-strategies-to-lead-successfully-in-nephrology-tickets-367202020127. Questions? Email win@womeninnephrology.org

'Tis the season! Dr. Sharon Andreoli and Dr. Myda Khalid from Indiana University School of Medicine & Riley Hospital for Children discuss their clinical expertise in STEC-HUS.

Dr. Andrew Schwaderer, a Professor of Pediatrics at Indiana University School of Medicine and Riley Children's Hospital, discusses the presentation, evaluation and management of kidney stones in children.

We would greatly appreciate feedback for this podcast using this quick survey. Thanks! https://s.surveyplanet.com/dmmriui5 

Dr. Agnes Swiatecka-Urban, Division Head of Pediatric Nephrology and Professor at the University of Virginia and Dr. Emily Joyce, a pediatric nephrologist at Rainbow Babies and Children’s Hospital, discuss tubulointerstitial nephritis.

They have published a thorough and very helpful review article on the subject, which can be accessed here https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5099107/.

We would love your feedback if you can please fill out this quick survey! https://s.surveyplanet.com/dmmriui5 

Dr. Chavers and Dr. Kizilbash are the guest experts this month from the University of Minnesota, here to discuss pediatric kidney transplantation. This is a continuation of last month's episode.

I am proud to report that UMN has performed over 1000 transplants in children, and the first and the most infant kidney transplants in the world!

Dr. Chavers is a professor of pediatrics and has a strong clinical research background, formerly the clinical research chair at the University of Minnesota and serves on the board of the NIH CKiD study and as a PI on a CDC NHANES study. She has published countless research papers regarding transplants and cardiovascular health in pediatric CKD patients.

Dr. Kizilbash is an assistant professor of pediatrics, fellowship director and current medical director of the kidney transplant team at the University of Minnesota. She is a prolific clinical researcher in transplant outcomes and has won numerous awards for her research and teaching skills.

Join us for an episode on anemia of chronic kidney disease with two pediatric nephrology experts on the topic, Dr. Meredith Atkinson, Associate Professor of Pediatrics at Johns Hopkins, and Dr. Mark Hanudel, Associate Professor of Medicine at UCLA. We will explore the underlying mechanisms behind anemia of CKD, novel treatments for anemia, thoughts on preventing hemoglobin cycling in the setting of Epoetin Alfa, and various iron supplementation tips. 

Dr. Chavers and Dr. Kizilbash are the guest experts this month from the University of Minnesota, here to discuss pediatric kidney transplantation.

I am proud to report that UMN has performed over 1000 transplants in children, and the first and the most infant kidney transplants in the world!

Dr. Chavers is a professor of pediatrics and has a strong clinical research background, formerly the clinical research chair at the University of Minnesota and serves on the board of the NIH CKiD study and as a PI on a CDC NHANES study. She has published countless research papers regarding transplants and cardiovascular health in pediatric CKD patients.

Dr. Kizilbash is an assistant professor of pediatrics, fellowship director and current medical director of the kidney transplant team at the University of Minnesota. She is a prolific clinical researcher in transplant outcomes and has won numerous awards for her research and teaching skills.

Clifford Kashtan, MD and Michelle Rheault, MD give us the inside scoop on Alport Syndrome- when to consider the diagnosis, the role of a biopsy and genetic testing, benefits of early treatment and surveillance and management strategies.

Dr. Kashtan is a tenured Professor of Pediatrics at the University of Minnesota and an international expert in Alport Syndrome. He founded, and is still the director, of the Alport Syndrome Treatments and Outcomes (ASTOR) registry and is on the board of the Alport Syndrome Foundation. He has authored countless textbook chapters, articles and clinical research on the topic.

Dr. Rheault is an Associate Professor of Pediatrics and division chief of pediatric nephrology at the University of Minnesota. She has a special interest in Alport Syndrome, nephrotic syndrome and genetic diseases. She serves the board of Women in Nephrology as well as the Pediatric Nephrology Research Consortium. She is an active clinical researcher and “Tweet-iatrician.”

Please reach out with comments/suggestions/feedback! doctoremilyz@gmail.com

Peter Harris, PhD and Christian Hanna, MD, MS from the Mayo Clinic discuss the genetic implications, screening and management of ADPKD (autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease) in pediatric patients. 

Dr. Harris is a Professor of Biochemistry/Molecular Biology and Medicine and the Director of the Mayo Translational PKD Center. His lab discovered the PKD1, PKHD1, TSC2 and other PKD genes. His laboratory employs genetic, cell biological, and animal studies to better understand the pathogenesis of various cystic kidney diseases. His work is funded by the NIDDK.

Dr. Hanna is an assistant professor of pediatrics, on faculty at the Mayo Clinic as a pediatric nephrologist with a special interest in pediatric cystic kidney diseases including ADPKD and others. His research interests include looking at biomarkers that correlate with kidney cysts burden and ADPKD progression in children. 

Join us for a journal-style episode covering 2023 CJASN article, "Timing of Kidney Replacement Therapy among Children and Young Adults." Drs. Nick Larkins and Simon Carter discuss the findings from the Australia and New Zealand Dialysis and Transplant Registry and compare and contrast it to United States, Canada and European data. 

Article link: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37279903/ 

Dr. Clemens Bergwitz, an associate professor of endocrinology at Yale University, walks us through how to work-up and treat patients with calcium and phosphorus disorders. He helped to discover the disease HHRH (hereditary hypophosphatemic rickets with hypercalciuria) and has wonderful knowledge to share with listeners regarding the bone-mineral axis! 

References

2024 KIR Update on HHRH https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38364990/ 

2009 Ped Nephrology Genetic causes of hypercalciuric nephrolithiasis https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2770137/ 

TMP calculation and reference ranges https://www.nbt.nhs.uk/sites/default/files/Protocol%20for%20measurement%20of%20TmP.pdf 

Join us to learn about hyperoxaluria from nephrolithiasis expert and division director of pediatric nephrology at Mayo Clinic, Dr. David Sas! We discuss pathophysiology, work-up and management of primary hyperoxaluria, including new game-changing therapies. Dr. Sas also answers other high-yield kidney stone management questions. 

Resources:

Novodetect primary hyperoxaluria/nephrolithiasis genetic panel testing: file:///Users/student/Downloads/BpG_GTP-for-NovoDetect-Panels-Form_GTP-NVDT-2P-B.pdf

Rare Kidney Stone Consortium (RKSC): 800-270-4637 or rarekidneystones@mayo.edu

Resources for physicians and patients regarding all forms of rare kidney stone diseases

Oxalosis and Hyperoxaluria Foundation (OHF): www.ohf.org

Resources for patients, parents, and physicians regarding primary hyperoxaluria

Dr. Laura Hesemann, a med/peds-trained adult and pediatric nephrologist and Chair of Pediatrics at the University of Missouri, shares her expertise about SGLT-2 inhibitors and their utility in clinical practice.

Drs. Donna Claes, Vivian Shih and Annie Kouri (our co-host) discuss their roles as pediatric dialysis directors at their institutions. Donna Claes is an associate professor of pediatric nephrology and chronic dialysis director at Cincinnati Children's and Vivian Shih is an assistant professor of pediatric nephrology and acute dialysis director at Children's Hospital Colorado. We talk about the road to becoming a dialysis director, what the job entails, the challenges, the rewarding aspects of the job and tips for those who are considering stepping into this position at their institution. 

Dr. Katherine Twombley, professor and chief of pediatric nephrology at the Medical University of South Carolina, shares her knowledge on FSGS recurrence after transplant. She discusses the diseases that cause FSGS and her strategy for managing these complex patients. Dr. Twombley is the director of dialysis and kidney transplantation, and does clinical research in the area of transplant. She is involved with leadership roles both in ASPN and AST.

If you have any feedback or would like to come onto the podcast, please email doctoremilyz@gmail.com

A NephMadness special episode on minimal change disease in kids, supported by the AJKD and NKF. Guests include Dr. Alvarez Elias, who is an AJKD executive team member, pediatric nephrologist and research scientist at Fresenius, and Dr. Mallory Downie, a pediatric nephrologist at McGill University with her own lab studying genetics behind kidney disease in kids, specifically nephrotic syndrome. We discuss the exciting pathophysiology breakthroughs in MCD and treatment of relapses. Please participate in NephMadness 2025 by following this link: https://www.tourneytopia.com/AJKD/NephMadness/SubmitPicks/Picks.aspx 

For more details on MCD in kids see this commentary: https://ajkdblog.org/2025/03/07/nephmadness-2025-minimal-change-disease-beyond-idiopathic-redefining-nephrotic-syndrome-for-the-modern-era/ 

Dr. Maria Diaz-Gonzalez de Ferris, MD, MPH, PhD, joins us for a conversation about her approach to transitions of care in Nephrology. She is a pediatric nephrologist at UNC Chapel Hill, the Director of the UNC Transition Program otherwise known as STARx. Through her research work focusing on healthcare transitions for children with medical complexity, she has developed a system of healthcare checkpoints and resources that assess autonomy and self-management. In this episode, we briefly discuss the importance of transitions of care, general guidelines and resources, approaches in specialized populations such as transplant/CKD/ESRD, and resources that are available to those interested in optimizing their local transitions of care infrastructure.

Resources:

National and International Guidelines

• International Pediatric Nephrology Association (IPNA): https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21832978/
• AAP/AAFP/ACP Healthcare Transition Guidelines (for general health care transitions and transfer): https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/142/5/e20182587/38577/Supporting-the-Health-Care-Transition-From
• Got Transition (online resource for general transitions of care): https://www.gottransition.org/

STARx Program Description: https://www.med.unc.edu/transition/about-us-1/

STARx Transition Tools (Healthcare passport, All you need is love transition syllabus, Transition Index readiness assessment, STARx questionnaire): https://www.med.unc.edu/transition/transition-tools/

Drs. Stu Goldstein, Professor & Director of the Center of Acute Care Nephrology at Cincinnati Children's, and Jordan Symons, Professor, Fellowship Program Director and Apheresis Director at Seattle Children's Hospital provide their expertise regarding pediatric acute kidney injury. We discuss the emergence of the sub-specialty of critical care nephrology, harms of fluid overload, utility of biomarkers, benefits of early AKI awareness and CRRT therapy and an individualized approach to the pediatric patient with an AKI.

References

AWARE Study NEJM 2016- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27959707/

Renal Angina Index (RAI) validation 2014 Kidney Int  -https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24048379/

Renal Angina Index & Fluid Overload Prediction BMC Neph 2021- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34635072/

TAKING FOCUS-2 RAI + uNGAL improves outcomes Kidney Int. 2023- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38106571/

Fluid Overload Review Ped Neph 2024- https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37861865/

Urinary NGAL Validation Kidney Int. 2024-https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39156146/ 

Urinary NGAL is FDA cleared in children! https://bioporto.us/pronephro-aki/