Explore every episode of the podcast The Body of Evidence

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Hosts:     Christopher Labos

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

2) The original 1999 paper: https://psycnet.apa.org/record/1999-15054-002

3) Other examples of the Dunning-Kruger phenomenon: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12712114/

4) The statistical arguments of the Dunning-Kruger effect being a statistical artefact: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0160289620300271

Why is endometriosis so hard to diagnose and why do most people not really know what it is? For something so common, endometriosis is rarely talked about. Until today.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Hosts:     Christopher Labos & Sophie Tseng Pellar

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Researcher: Danielle Kaprelian

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

ESHRE guideline: endometriosis https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35350465/

Time to Diagnose Endometriosis: Current Status, Challenges and Regional Characteristics-A Systematic Literature Review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39373298/

Barriers to a Timely Diagnosis of Endometriosis: A Qualitative Systematic Review https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37441792/ 

Factors Associated with Time to Endometriosis Diagnosis in the United States https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28440744/ 

Rethinking the pathogenesis of endometriosis: Complex interactions of genomic, epigenetic, and environmental factors https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39293995/

The Immunopathophysiology of Endometriosis https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30054239/

Unus pro omnibus, omnes pro uno: A novel, evidence-based, unifying theory for the pathogenesis of endometriosis https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28571791/

Navigating towards precision: evaluating the clinical value of non-invasive biomarkers for the diagnosis of endometriosis https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38576337/

ACOG Publishes New Endometriosis Clinical Guidance, Aiming to Shorten Time to Diagnosis and Improve Access to Care https://www.acog.org/news/news-releases/2026/02/acog-publishes-new-endometriosis-clinical-guidance-aiming-shorten-time-diagnosis-improve-access-care

Diagnosis of Endometriosis https://www.acog.org/clinical/clinical-guidance/clinical-practice-guideline/articles/2026/03/diagnosis-of-endometriosis

Polycystic ovarian syndrome now has a new name, polyendocrine metabolic syndrome. But not everyone is happy. Is this progress or just a label swap?

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Hosts:     Christopher Labos & Sophie Tseng Pellar

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Researcher: Danielle Kaprelian

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

The Lancet (2026): Polyendocrine metabolic ovarian syndrome, the new name for polycystic ovary syndrome: a multistep global consensus process - ScienceDirect

International Evidence-Based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of PCOS: International Evidence-based Guideline for the Assessment and Management of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome 2023 - Monash University

Historical / context

NIH Methodology Workshop (2012): Evidence-based Methodology Workshop on Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) | NIH Office of Disease Prevention Website 

Commentary / debate

JAMA Medical News (2026): PCOS Is Now PMOS—Will a New Name Translate to Improved Clinical Care? | Reproductive Health | JAMA | JAMA Network

BMJ Commentary (2026): PCOS name change to PMOS must be managed to avoid confusing patients, says expert | The BMJ

Patient-facing summaries

Endocrine Society (2026): Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome: New name to improve diagnosis and care of condition affecting 170 million women worldwide | Endocrine Society

Yale Medicine (2026): PCOS Is Renamed PMOS: What You Need to Know | News | Yale Medicine

Protein maxxing is all the rage and the new dietary guidelines in the US recently doubled the recommended amount of protein intake. But will a high protein diet help you lose weight and will it really help you build more muscle?

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Hosts:     Christopher Labos & Sophie Tseng Pellar

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Researcher: Auriane Journet

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. Clinthorne, J., Leidy, H. J., & Sollid, K. (2026). A Modern Take on Protein Nutrition Meets Evolving Consumer Perceptions. The Journal of nutrition, 156(5), 101477. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101477 

2. Devries, M. C., Sithamparapillai, A., Brimble, K. S., Banfield, L., Morton, R. W., & Phillips, S. M. (2018). Changes in Kidney Function Do Not Differ between Healthy Adults Consuming Higher- Compared with Lower- or Normal-Protein Diets: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. The Journal of nutrition, 148(11), 1760–1775. https://doi.org/10.1093/jn/nxy197 

3. Hägele, F. A., Herpich, C., Koop, J., Grübbel, J., Dörner, R., Fedde, S., Götze, O., Boirie, Y., Müller, M. J., Norman, K., & Bosy-Westphal, A. (2025). Short-term effects of high-protein, lower-carbohydrate ultra-processed foods on human energy balance. Nature metabolism, 7(4), 704–713. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42255-025-01247-4

4. Health Canada. Canada's Dietary Guidelines for Health Professionals and Policy Makers. Government of Canada; 2019. canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/food-guide/explore/dietary-guidelines

5. Helms, E. R., Aragon, A. A., & Fitschen, P. J. (2014). Evidence-based recommendations for natural bodybuilding contest preparation: nutrition and supplementation. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 11, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/1550-2783-11-20

6. International Food Information Council. 2025 IFIC Food & Health Survey: The Full Report. January 2026. https://ific.org/research/2025-food-health-survey

7. Jäger, R., Kerksick, C. M., Campbell, B. I., Cribb, P. J., Wells, S. D., Skwiat, T. M., Purpura, M., Ziegenfuss, T. N., Ferrando, A. A., Arent, S. M., Smith-Ryan, A. E., Stout, J. R., Arciero, P. J., Ormsbee, M. J., Taylor, L. W., Wilborn, C. D., Kalman, D. S., Kreider, R. B., Willoughby, D. S., Hoffman, J. R., … Antonio, J. (2017). International Society of Sports Nutrition Position Stand: protein and exercise. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 14, 20. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12970-017-0177-8

8. Leidy, H. J., Clifton, P. M., Astrup, A., Wycherley, T. P., Westerterp-Plantenga, M. S., Luscombe-Marsh, N. D., Woods, S. C., & Mattes, R. D. (2015). The role of protein in weight loss and maintenance. The American journal of clinical nutrition, 101(6), 1320S–1329S. https://doi.org/10.3945/ajcn.114.084038

9. Morton, R. W., Murphy, K. T., McKellar, S. R., Schoenfeld, B. J., Henselmans, M., Helms, E., Aragon, A. A., Devries, M. C., Banfield, L., Krieger, J. W., & Phillips, S. M. (2018). A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of the effect of protein supplementation on resistance training-induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults. British Journal of Sports Medicine, 52(6), 376–384. https://doi.org/10.1136/bjsports-2017-097608

10. Pasiakos SM, Davis TA, Klurfeld DM, Neuhouser ML, Rodriguez NR, Tomé D. Perspectives on the protein recommendations in the 2025-2030 Dietary Guidelines for Americans. J Nutr 2026.

11. US Departments of Agriculture and Health and Human Services. Dietary Guidelines for Americans, 2025-2030.

12. Wycherley TP, Moran LJ, Clifton PM, et al. Effects of energy-restricted high-protein, low-fat compared with standard-protein, low-fat diets: a meta-analysis of RCTs. Am J Clin Nutr 2012;96(6):1281-1298. doi:10.3945/ajcn.112.044321

The United States outspends every other country on Earth on healthcare but shockingly does not have the best outcomes and ranks 32nd in terms of life expectancy. Switzerland spends less and does better. Plucky little Canada ranks 22nd in the world. Kim Moon is back to explain why more spending doesn't equal better outcomes and what really drives higher health care costs. Also, a comparative analysis of the US and Canadian healthcare systems: what works and what doesn't in each country.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Hosts:     Christopher Labos & Kim Moon

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. The richest Americans live about as long as the poorest Europeans, study says : NPR

1. U.S. Health Care from Global Perspective 2026 Expanded Edition | Commonwealth Fund

1. How does U.S. life expectancy compare to other countries? - Peterson-KFF Health System Tracker

1. Hospital Global Budgeting: Lessons from Maryland and Selected Nations

1. The U.S. Health Disadvantage and Why It Matters to Business - Community Health and Economic Prosperity - NCBI Bookshelf

1. Expanding healthcare capacity in Canada: the potential of internationally trained physicians - ScienceDirect

1. Troubling Diagnosis: Comparing Canada's Healthcare with International Peers – C.D. Howe Institute

1. Life expectancy at birth: Health at a Glance 2025 | OECD

1. Seven reasons why Americans pay more for health care than any other nation

1. Canada | Commonwealth Fund

1. State of Health Insurance Coverage in U.S.: 2024 Biennial Survey | Commonwealth Fund

1. Health Spending - International Comparison of Health Systems | KFF

1. Canadians need doctors. These strategies from around the country aim to find them | CBC News

1. 'You Aren't Trapped': Hundreds of US Nurses Choose Canada Over Trump's America - KFF Health News

1. COMMENTARY: 5 affordable ways to improve Canadians' access to health care in 2026 | CMA

We're back with another review of the show that will outlive us all. Grey's Anatomy part 3 with cases like the boy who lived in a plastic bubble, the man who believed he was pregnant, the competitive eater who ate too much, the woman who felt no pain, and the patient who could hear everything during surgery.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Hosts:     Christopher Labos & Robyn Flynn

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Researcher: Danielle Kaprelian

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

Is Bill Gates really trying to decrease the world's population by 15% using the covid vaccine? Was the gong show that is Microsoft Office just a prelude to mass genocide? What would you do if a friend forwarded you a Ted Talk of Gates claiming exactly that? Would you assume it was a deep fake or edited to misrepresent what he said or is it even more complicated than that. Floris van Vugt joins to unravel the mystery of the billionaire's bluster and tell us if indeed there are microchips in our vaccines.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

• Initially emailed clip

• Actual TED talk

• How does better healthcare reduce population growth?

• George Bernard Shaw Anti-Vax Quote

Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome has been renamed Polyendocrine Metabolic Ovarian Syndrome. So seems like a good time to review our previous episode on it as we prep for a formal update on why the name change happened. Also, we hear Danielle's voice for the first time!!

Robyn Flynn joins Chris to talk about polycystic ovarian syndrome. More common than most people realize and with more far-reaching implications than it would initially seem. It can impact fertility, cardiovascular health, and according to Robyn is more painful than childbirth?!? We're going to have to look into that one.

You can also check out Robyn's podcast, Rebel Mom Boss https://open.spotify.com/show/4uMAsJS9ySR47iGYw8ExDo?si=bc68ddfcb0bd4f3f

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1) Dutch Twin study about the role of genetics in PCOS:  

10.1210/jc.2005-1494

2) Cochrane review on meds that improve fertility

https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD003053.pub6/full

3) RCT of diet to restore fertility

https://academic.oup.com/jcem/article-abstract/88/2/812/2845309?redirectedFrom=fulltext

4) Benefits of weight loss prior to fertility treatment

10.1210/jc.2016-1659

5) Letrozole vs. clomiphene for fertility treatment

https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1313517

6) Metformin as a fertility treatment

10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.11995

Chris and Sophie provide an update on the Enhanced Games. They happened and the story, bad enough as it was, got a little a bit worse. Go back in time with us to review why allowing athletes to dope without consequences is "a farce, an extremely dangerous one"

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Hosts:     Christopher Labos & Sophie Tseng Pellar

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. Sophie's original article on the Enhanced Games: https://www.mcgill.ca/oss/article/critical-thinking-student-contributors-health-and-nutrition/faster-higher-stronger-enhanced

2. Popular press coverage of the games: https://www.nytimes.com/athletic/6374748/2025/05/22/enhanced-games-world-records-kristian-gkolomeev/

3. The story of the 15 year old Russian skater Kamila Valieva who lost her gold medal after taking trimetazidine https://www.theguardian.com/sport/2024/jan/29/russia-figure-skater-kamila-valieva-four-year-doping-ban-beijing-winter-olympics\

4. The TRAVERSE trial on the cardiovascular safety of testosterone https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2215025

In our first summer series episode, we review a topic that keeps coming back. Hormone therapy for menopause. It was a thing, then it stopped being a thing, now it's a thing again.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

 Geographic variability of menopausal symptoms

1) Nappi RE et al. Global cross-sectional survey of women with vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause: prevalence and quality of life burden. Menopause. 2021 May 24;28(8):875-882. doi: 10.1097/GME.0000000000001793. 

2) Nappi RE, et al.  Prevalence and quality-of-life burden of vasomotor symptoms associated with menopause: A European cross-sectional survey. Maturitas. 2023 Jan;167:66-74. doi: 10.1016/j.maturitas.2022.09.006. 

What's the normal duration of symptoms

3) Avis NE, et al. Study of Women's Health Across the Nation. Duration of menopausal vasomotor symptoms over the menopause transition. JAMA Intern Med. 2015 Apr;175(4):531-9. doi: 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.8063. 

The Women's Health Initiative (WHI) studies

Rossouw JE et al. Risks and benefits of estrogen plus progestin in healthy postmenopausal women: principal results From the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2002 Jul 17;288(3):321-33. doi: 10.1001/jama.288.3.321. 

Anderson GL et al. Effects of conjugated equine estrogen in postmenopausal women with hysterectomy: the Women's Health Initiative randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 2004 Apr 14;291(14):1701-12. doi: 10.1001/jama.291.14.1701.

Decline in HRT after WHI studies

Sprague BL, Trentham-Dietz A, Cronin KA. A sustained decline in postmenopausal hormone use: results from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2010. Obstet Gynecol. 2012 Sep;120(3):595-603. doi: 10.1097/AOG.0b013e318265df42.

Danish Osteoporosis Prevention Study

Schierbeck LL metal. Effect of hormone replacement therapy on cardiovascular events in recently postmenopausal women: randomised trial. BMJ. 2012 Oct 9;345:e6409. doi: 10.1136/bmj.e6409.

Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS)

Harman SM, et al. Arterial imaging outcomes and cardiovascular risk factors in recently menopausal women: a randomized trial. Ann Intern Med. 2014 Aug 19;161(4):249-60. doi: 10.7326/M14-0353.

Kronos Early Estrogen Prevention Study (KEEPS)

Hodis HN et al. Vascular Effects of Early versus Late Postmenopausal Treatment with Estradiol. N Engl J Med. 2016 Mar 31;374(13):1221-31. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1505241. 

Stopping hormonal therapy

Berman RS et al. Risk factors associated with women's compliance with estrogen replacement therapy. J Womens Health. 1997 Apr;6(2):219-26. doi: 10.1089/jwh.1997.6.219.

Grady D, Sawaya GF. Discontinuation of postmenopausal hormone therapy. Am J Med. 2005 Dec 19;118 Suppl 12B:163-5. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.09.051.

Tapering vs. abrupt stop or hormonal therapy

Haimov-Kochman R et al. Gradual discontinuation of hormone therapy does not prevent the reappearance of climacteric symptoms: a randomized prospective study. Menopause. 2006 May-Jun;13(3):370-6. doi: 10.1097/01.gme.0000186663.36211.c0. PMID: 16735933.

Susan Gerbic and the Guerilla Skepticism on Wikipedia project are trying to do the impossible. They are trying to fact check the internet. You too can join this vital work and make the internet a slightly more scientifically accurate place.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Hosts:     Christopher Labos

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. More on the Guerilla Skeptic project: https://www.abouttimeproject.org/

2. Her facebook page if you want to be in touch and join the group: https://www.facebook.com/Gerbic

Are light runs (Zone 2 runs) better than heavier workouts? Sophie goes on a semi-manic tangent in her most enthusiastic episode yet to answer whether less intense exercise might actually help your fitness level, aerobic threshold and mitochondrial efficiency. Also, Chris tells a funny marathon story and a viewer question tries to fact-check to the fact checkers on whether walking and running burn the same amount of energy.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Hosts:     Christopher Labos & Sophie Tseng Pellar

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Researcher: Auriane Journet

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1.   Storoschuk, K. L., Moran-MacDonald, A., Gibala, M. J., & Gurd, B. J. (2025). Much Ado About Zone 2: A Narrative Review Assessing the Efficacy of Zone 2 Training for Improving Mitochondrial Capacity and Cardiorespiratory Fitness in the General Population: KL Storoschuk et al. Sports Medicine, 55(7), 1611-1624. 

2.   Mølmen, K. S., Almquist, N. W., & Skattebo, Ø. (2025). Effects of exercise training on mitochondrial and capillary growth in human skeletal muscle: a systematic review and meta-regression. Sports Medicine, 55(1), 115-144.

3.   Inglis, E. C., Iannetta, D., Rasica, L., Mackie, M. Z., Keir, D. A., Macinnis, M. J., & Murias, J. M. (2024). Heavy-, severe-, and extreme-, but not moderate-intensity exercise increase V̇o 2max and thresholds after 6 wk of training. Medicine & Science in Sports & Exercise, 56(7), 1307-1316.

4.   McConell, G.K., Wadley, G.D., Le plastrier, K. and Linden, K.C. (2020), Skeletal muscle AMPK is not activated during 2 h of moderate intensity exercise at ∼65% in endurance trained men. J Physiol, 598: 3859-3870. https://doi.org/10.1113/JP277619

5.   Meixner, B., Filipas, L., Holmberg, H. C., & Sperlich, B. (2025). Zone 2 Intensity: A Critical Comparison of Individual Variability in Different Submaximal Exercise Intensity Boundaries. Translational sports medicine, 2025, 2008291. https://doi.org/10.1155/tsm2/2008291

6.   Harber MP, et al. Impact of Cardiorespiratory Fitness on All-Cause and Disease-Specific Mortality: Advances Since 2009. Progress in Cardiovascular Diseases 2017;60(1):11-20. PubMed 28286137

7.   Kodama S, Saito K, Tanaka S, et al. Cardiorespiratory Fitness as a Quantitative Predictor of All-Cause Mortality and Cardiovascular Events in Healthy Men and Women: A Meta-analysis. JAMA 2009;301(19):2024-2035. PubMed 19454641

A viewer question prompts Chris and Sophie to ask what actually causes "old-person smell" and is persimmon soap the only thing that can get rid of it? And what does this have to do with Japan?

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Hosts:     Christopher Labos & Sophie Tseng Pellar

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Researcher: Danielle Kaprelian

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. The 2001 Japanese study that most websites reference: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022202X15411984

Galactagogues and medications to boost milk production. Everything from oats to fenugreek to lactation cookies and prescription medications like metoclopramide and domperidone. Also, cow's milk protein allergy, reflux and baby's spit-up, the safety of alcohol while breastfeeding, and how to handle other prescription medications. Natalie Borden, an international board certified lactation consultant, joins Chris to debunk breastfeeding myths.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. Internet survey on patient use of lactation aides: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37236347/

2. Cochrane 2020 on galactogogues: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32421208/

3. 2023 RCT on lactation cookies: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36921902/

4. The LactMed database: https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK501922/

How do I know if my baby is getting enough milk? What is proper latching technique? How do you treat painful nipples? Natalie Borden, an international board certified lactation consultant, joins Chris to debunk breastfeeding myths.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1) 2014 Cochrane review on Interventions for treating painful nipples among breastfeeding women https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25506813/

Pink noise claims it can boost your memory, help your sleep, and treat your ADHD. But how it's studied in a sleep lab is very different from passive listening all night long. Chris and Sophie dive into the evidence to figure out if the influencers pushing pink noise for sleep got it right or if they're simply dreaming.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Researcher: Danielle Kaprelian

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. The different colours of noise from white to pink to brown: https://www.allure.com/story/what-is-brown-noise-pink-white-sound-therapy

2. The famous 2017 "memory enhancement" study: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2017.00109/full

3. A lay summary of the above study: https://time.com/collections/guide-to-sleep/4694555/pink-noise-deep-sleep-improve-memory/

4. The study showing pink noise might make things worse: https://academic.oup.com/sleep/article/49/5/zsag001/8452884

5. Dr. F. Perry Wilson's Medscape video series on pink noise: https://www.medscape.com/viewarticle/pink-noise-could-be-wrecking-your-sleep-2026a100039x

6. A 2022 systematic review on overall sleep quality: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34964434/

7. Memory claims and pink noise: https://www.frontiersin.org/journals/human-neuroscience/articles/10.3389/fnhum.2023.1302836/full

8. Examples of white and pink noise are found here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Pink_noise.ogg and https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:White-noise-sound-20sec-mono-44100Hz.ogg

Lipoprotein(a) or Lp(a) is suddenly all the rage because several drug companies are working on medications to lower this previously resistant form of cholesterol. Almost entirely genetic, unaffected by diet or lifestyle, it has numerous studies linking it to heart disease and aortic valve calcification. But it may not be the ticking time bomb some influencers like to claim.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. The genetic nature of Lp(a) levels: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/1386087/

2. Prevalence of elevated Lp(a) in 500,000 US patients https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27659098/

3. Prevalence of elevated Lp(a) in 2.9 million Chinese adults https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40266173/

4. Prevalence of elevated Lp(a) in the INTERASPIRE study https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40436467/

5. Variation of Lp(a) by sex: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27659098/

6. One of the many studies linking Lp(a) to cardiovascular disease https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33115266/

7. High Lp(a) and aortic stenosis: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1109034

8. FH and Lp(a) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32466883/

9. The ongoing Lp(a) trials https://familyheart.org/lpa-clinical-trials

Meniscectomies were once a very common surgery for knee pain. Then the data happened. Teppo Järvinen from the Finnish Centre for Evidence-Based Orthopaedics (FICEBO) joins Chris to talk about the recent 10-year data from the FIDELITY trial, showing that removing the meniscus in patients with knee pain did not improve symptoms and for a broader discussion about the role and importance of sham surgery and placebo controls in surgical research. He also shows Chris that orthopaedic surgeons are a surprisingly thoughtful and introspective group.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. The FICEBO website: www.ficebo.com

2. The original FIDELITY trial showing meniscectomy had no benefit: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1305189

3. The recent 10-year follow-up data from FIDELITY: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMc2516079

4. The SIMPLICITY HTN-3 sham surgery trial on renal denervation: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1402670

5. Max Planck's Principle: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Planck%27s_principle

Hyaluronic acid is the most versatile ingredient in the beauty industry and promises anti-aging wrinkle-free skin for everyone. Chris and Sophie dive in to find out how much of these claims are based in evidence and whether it does anything beyond moisturizing your skin.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Co-host: Sophie Tseng Pellar

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Producer: Danielle Kaprelian

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. 2022 systematic review of topical hyaluronic acid https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10078143/

2. A 2025 systematic review and meta-analysis of injectable hyaluronic acid https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39807700/

3. Meta-analysis of 7 randomized controlled trials of oral supplements containing hyaluronic acid https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40911749/

4. Large systematic reviews of skin supplements https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC9201759/

5. Single large randomized controlled trial of 129 subjects https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC10661223/

A viewer question prompts Chris and Sophie to dig into whether sleeping on your stomach is bad for your back. Prone vs. supine sleeping and its implication on low back pain are very tenuous. The research on pillows reveals a surprising result and Chris explains why he loves his rock hard pillow.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. Systematic review on sleep posture & low back pain (2025) https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40338112/

2. Systematic review on pillow and nick pain https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33895703/

3. Small experimental study on sleep posture and muscle activity https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5468189/

4.  

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mike_Lindell

What are peptides like BPC-157 and why is RFK Jr. trying to make them more easily available to Americans? Also why are they illegal in Canada? We also reveal the two peptides (one very old and one very recent) that have revolutionized medicine. Hint we've covered both on the show before.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. Phase 1 safety study that was cancelled   https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT02637284

2. Retrospective case series of 12 patients https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34324435/

3. A pilot study of 2 patients https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40131143/

Background reading:

https://apnews.com/article/peptide-injections-risks-side-effects-6f0d391b270f5008932cba909b8fef07

https://ascpt.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cpt.613

https://capitalcurrent.ca/fitness-influencers-promote-risky-unproven-fitness-products-called-peptides-online-and-health-experts-are-ringing-alarm-bells/

https://theconversation.com/no-you-dont-need-the-barbie-drug-to-tan-whatever-tiktok-says-heres-why-melanotan-ii-is-so-risky-247445

https://erictopol.substack.com/p/the-peptide-craze

https://www.theguardian.com/wellness/2026/feb/05/injectable-peptides-trend

https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2026/04/13/why-are-people-injecting-themselves-with-peptides#rid=c3626699-c95b-487e-9e08-58814ae13bcd&q=peptides

Nicotine has been rebranded as a "health aid" by influencers. It can be an energy boost pre-workout, heighten focus, enhance performance and increase productivity. But we have been here before with nicotine products. Will we learn from past mistakes or are we doomed to repeat them.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. 2024 National Youth Tobacco Survey https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/73/wr/mm7341a2.htm

2. The illegal sale of nitcotine pouches https://www.cbc.ca/news/investigates/nicotine-pouches-illegal-sale-9.7000711

3. FDA authorizes marketing of nicotine pouches https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/fda-authorizes-marketing-20-zyn-nicotine-pouch-products-after-extensive-scientific-review

4. Growing popularity of nicotine pouches in young people https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40898003/

5. History of tobacco advertising restictions https://truthinitiative.org/research-resources/tobacco-industry-marketing/what-do-tobacco-advertising-restrictions-look-today

The viral TikTok trend of fibermaxxing suggests you should eat between 50-100g/day of fiber, two to three times the recommended amount. Chris and Sophie delve into the evidence about whether it actually does lower cholesterol, prevent cancer, and boost your immune system. Also, two new faces join the team.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Producer: Sophie Tseng Pellar

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. Epidemiological studies showing lower disease risk:

   1. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(18)31809-9/fulltext

   2. https://www.bmj.com/content/347/bmj.f6879

   3. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/202011

   4. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40651334/

2. Fiber and cholesterol: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30239559/

3. Fiber and weight loss: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/37163454/

4. Fiber and diabetes: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC11155034/

5. Fiber and the microbiome: https://www.cell.com/cell/fulltext/S0092-8674(21)00754-6

6. Fiber and irritable bowel syndrome: https://www.bmj.com/content/339/bmj.b3154

7. Fiber and colon cancer: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17855692/

A new position statement for screening for high cholesterol in kids raises important questions of who, when, how, and why? Dr. Michael Khoury, author of the new statement, joins Chris to discuss why Canada needed new guidance and why cholesterol isn't just an old person's problem.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. The position statement from the Canadian Pediatric Society: https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/lipid-disorders

2. 2017 survey of American pediatricians: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28209292/

3. 2020 survey of Canadian pediatricians: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0828282X20305146

4. 2019 Cochran review of statin therapy in children: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD006401.pub5/full

5. The 20 year follow-up study of the Netherlands cohort: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1816454

A series of inappropriate locker room conversations reveals two things: Sophie's friends don't have a good sense of boundaries and there's a lot of anxiety regarding sperm health. In theory, higher temperatures do affect sperm. But this a clinically meaningful effect or are we seeing a rehash of the worry around whirlpools from the 80s and 90s.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. Oxidative stress and the impact on fertility https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32033035/

2. Heat and the impact on spermatogenesis: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC7070831/

3. 2002 study of 8 normozoospermic patients who used a sauna dailiy for 2 weeks: https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1046/j.1365-2605.1998.00138.x?sid=nlm%3Apubmed

4. 2007 study of 11 infertile men after exposure to hot tubs: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17335598/

5. 2013 study showing a repeated but reversible impairment in spermatogenesis after sauna exposure: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/23411620/

6. 2018 systematic review: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5941775/

7. Declining fertility rates in Finland: https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/00324728.2020.1750677#d1e147

Do nasal strips actually help you breathe better? What about better sleep, snoring or sleep apnea? Chris and Sophie parse through the evidence. Also, some fan e-mail praising Sophie leads to some very long digressions and a promise to one day go geocaching. 

 Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1)The 2016 review on nasal dilators: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27367589/

2)The 2 in 1 RCT paper in patients with chronic sinusitis: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31209698/

3)American Academy of Sleep Medicine review: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/12938818/

4)2016 review of nasal dilators and snoring apnea https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5187471/

Chris and Sophie discuss norovirus, the winter vomiting disease, which ruins Sophie's evening plans. Also, a generalized discussion of body fluids and diarrheal illness make this our most disgusting and graphic episode ever. You've been warned.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1) Chris article on norovirus with all references in the hyperlinks: https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/labos-washing-your-hands-isnt-an-olympic-feat

Are men wimps or just immunologically inferior? Chris and Sophie review the evidence to decide if respiratory viruses really do hit men harder or if they are just looking for attention. Also Chris gushes about his favorite TV show, "All Creatures Great and Small." 

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1) Sophie's article:

2) BMJ review:  https://www.bmj.com/content/359/bmj.j5560

3) Man flu is not a thing post-hoc analysis: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0022399922003324#bbb0155

You may have heard about a "better" way to go for your daily walk. Japanese walking promises numerous health benefits. Two problems though. There's nothing Japanese about it and the benefits are not so clear cut. Nick Tiller is back to unpack this latest social media trend.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. The 2007 article that started it all: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0025619611613037

2. Nick's article about retro walking: https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/the-backward-world-of-retro-walking/

Kim Moon is back to discuss worms and other intestinal parasites. In wellness circles they are the cause of almost all your non-descript symptoms. But parasites are a real problem and global warming means these once tropical diseases are coming to a city near you.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

Why Does Everyone Think They Have Parasitic Worms?

Soil-transmitted helminth infections

The deadliest parasites in the world: 10 terrifying creatures you will want to avoid

Neglected tropical diseases -- GLOBAL

The Heavy Toll of the Black Belt's Wastewater Crisis | The New Yorker

There was a deal to fix this Alabama community's raw sewage crisis. Trump tore it up over DEI

Chagas disease (also known as American trypanosomiasis).

Chagas disease - PAHO/WHO | Pan American Health Organization

Kissing Bug.

Dracunculiasis (Guinea-worm disease)

Guinea Worm Disease Eradication Program

Removing Giardia Cysts from Drinking Water

U.S. Drinking-Water Systems Still Haven't Defeated This Nasty Parasite | Scientific American

https://www.bbc.com/news/articles/c80p81lvx0eo

Health warning following rise in Cryptosporidiosis notifications

Health officials investigating outbreak linked to raw milk

Foodborne illness outbreaks linked to unpasteurised milk and relationship to changes in state laws – United States, 1998–2018 - PMC

Echinococcus multilocularis - Public Health Ontario

Human echinococcosis incidence in Canada, 2000–2020, CCDR 50(9)

Echinococcosis

Parasite threat to pets and people on the rise in Western Canada | News | University of Calgary

Facial fillers are promoted on social media as safe, temporary and easily reversible. But the evidence paints a different story. Sophie joins Chris to unpack the evidence and the safety concerns of fillers that you should know before you go to a Medical Spa. Also, Chris takes the opportunity to tell Sophie about Conformity Gate.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. The persistence of fillers: https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC5011976/

2. Higher complication rates in Med Spas: https://www.asds.net/skin-experts/news-room/press-releases/safety-concerns-in-med-spas-with-little-to-no-physician-involvement

Food allergies, specifically peanut allergies have been increasing in children. But key research changed policy and the past 10 years have seen a steady decline. In a rare win for the goodies, we see how science shaped public policy and made things better for a whole generation of children. 

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. Chris article on peanut and food allergies: https://montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/labos-food-allergies-a-hard-nut-to-crack-but-theres-some-good-news

2. The old recommendations: https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article-abstract/106/2/346/62820/Hypoallergenic-Infant-Formulas?redirectedFrom=fulltext

3. The new recommendations: https://www.cps.ca/en/documents/position/allergenic-solids#ref2

4. Increasing food allergies: http://www.jacionline.org/article/S0091-6749(10)00575-0/abstract

5. The LEAP study: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1414850

6. The effect the LEAP study had on allergy rates in children" https://publications.aap.org/pediatrics/article/156/5/e2024070516/204636/Guidelines-for-Early-Food-Introduction-and?autologincheck=redirected

7. Skin contact as a risk factor for peanut allergies: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa013536

8. Oral Immunotherapy for peanut allergies: https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1812856

9. Met-analysis of immunotherapy for peanut allergies: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31030987/

In our ongoing quest to become a Grey's Anatomy rewatch podcast, we decided it would be a good idea to kick off the new year with another Grey's Anatomy focused episode. 

Our editor, and certified Grey's Anatomy superfan, Robyn Flynn, brings more crazy cases and stories from one of the longest running medical dramas of all time. Could these cases actually happen in real life?! And, if so, how would the doctors deal with those patients and situations?

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

It's Part 2 of our end-of-year wrap up. Chris, Sophie, Robyn (behind the camera), and Tobi (wandering around) all join in to answer a potpourri of viewer questions. Also a video bonus for our Patreon members.

Hallux valgus (bunions) are more common in women than men and high heeled shoes are often blamed. But how much of the problem is environment and how much genetics?

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. Bunions in unshod populations: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/13587573/

2. Prevalence of bunions in the general population: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20868524/

3. The 2004 Cochrane review on conservative therapies to treat bunions: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20868524/

4. More recent data on conservatie therapies to treat bunions: https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34408037/

5. The 2024 Cochrane review on surgery to treat bunions: https://www.cochranelibrary.com/cdsr/doi/10.1002/14651858.CD013726.pub2/full

The global community has agreed to end the use of mercury in dental fillings. But is mercury in your mouth really dangerous and where else is mercury being used in the world? 

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1. Minamata Convention COP-6 conference https://minamataconvention.org/en/news/minamata-convention-cop-6-agrees-end-use-dental-amalgam-2034-marking-historic-milestone

2. WHO 1991 report on inorganic mercury: https://www.inchem.org/documents/ehc/ehc/ehc118.htm#PartNumber:1

3. Health Canada's 1996 report on mercury: 

https://www.canada.ca/en/health-canada/services/drugs-health-products/reports-publications/medical-devices/safety-dental-amalgam-health-canada-1996.html

Two new medical mysteries for Chris and Aigul to unpack. Why did this 44-year-old woman with Chron's disease develop a rash and why did a teenage cyclist with double vision develop an unstable gait?

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

Links to the cases:

1. https://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/unresolved-rash-44-year-old-woman-crohns-disease-2025a1000q3g

2.  https://reference.medscape.com/viewarticle/teenaged-cyclist-double-vision-and-unsteady-gait-2025a1000pqf

Jevin West joins Chris to talk about teaching critical thinking and whether AI is a force for good or a force for evil. Both of them have passed the Turing Test so all fellow humans are welcome.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1) Red Pen Reviews: https://www.redpenreviews.org

Nick Tiller returns to discuss whether saunas actually have health benefits and possibly completely contradict himself after his previous episode about ice baths. We dig into the data from Kuopio and the Finnish Kuopio Ischemic Heart Disease Risk Factor study and investigate whether there might be some risks associated with saunas.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1) Nick's Skeptical Inquirer article on the subject of saunas: https://skepticalinquirer.org/exclusive/are-saunas-good-for-you-yes-but/

2) The study purporting to show a 60% benefit in cardiovascular risk

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/10.1080/07853890.2017.1387927#d1e290

3) A scientific review of the health benefits of sauns from the same authors: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0025619623000083

4) One of the few RCTs on the issue although it only uses surrogate endpoints: https://journals.physiology.org/doi/full/10.1152/japplphysiol.00322.2023

EPISODE 152 – Why RFK Jr. is wrong to claim that Tylenol causes autism.

According to the Wall Street Journal, RFK Jr. and the HHS are planning to release a report claiming acetaminophen (Tylenol/paracetamol) is inked to autism spectrum disorder. The evidence says he's wrong. Not just because the better quality studies show no link, not just because autism is probably mostly genetic with some minor environmental factors impacting its prevalence, but also because the alternatives to Tylenol for pain/fever control are much worse.

Become a supporter of our show today either on Patreon or through PayPal! Thank you!

http://www.patreon.com/thebodyofevidence/

https://www.paypal.com/donate?hosted_button_id=9QZET78JZWCZE

Email us your questions at thebodyofevidence@gmail.com.

Editor:    Robyn Flynn

Theme music: "Fall of the Ocean Queen" by Joseph Hackl

Rod of Asclepius designed by Kamil J. Przybos

Chris' book, Does Coffee Cause Cancer?: https://ecwpress.com/products/does-coffee-cause-cancer

Obviously, Chris is not your doctor (probably). This podcast is not medical advice for you; it is what we call information.

References:

1)    The Wall Street Journal article:  https://www.wsj.com/health/healthcare/rfk-jr-hhs-to-link-autism-to-tylenol-use-in-pregnancy-and-folate-deficiencies-e3acbb4c

2)    Chris article in the Montreal Gazette: https://www.montrealgazette.com/opinion/columnists/article1154467.html

3)    The safety warning about NSAIDs in pregnancy: https://www.fda.gov/safety/medical-product-safety-information/nonsteroidal-anti-inflammatory-drugs-nsaids-drug-safety-communication-avoid-use-nsaids-pregnancy-20

4)    The 2024 Swedish study that used sibling controls: https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2817406

5)    Data showing the roughly 3:1 preponderance of males vs. females with autism https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34855727/

6)    Some of the environmental factors that may affect autism spectrum disorder https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21746727/