How large is the universe? Where does it begin and end? How does it expand? These are some of the biggest questions of astronomy- and while humanity is so small that we may never be able to fully understand the universe's true scale, advancements in technology are helping us to look ever-deeper into space, towards the edge of our observable universe known as the Cosmic Horizon. Today, we will get to know our universe, its laws, and its awe-inspiring scale above all.

SOUNDTRACK:

Special thanks to Lombus, who allowed me to use his song Doppler Shores in the title screen:

https://lombus.bandcamp.com/track/doppler-shores

Songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ )

- The Theatrical Poster...: http://chriszabriskie.com/vendaface/

- Unfoldment, Revealment... http://chriszabriskie.com/reappear/

- Cylinder Five: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/

- Take Off and Shoot a Zero: http://chriszabriskie.com/stuntisland/

- Oxygen Garden: http://chriszabriskie.com/divider/

Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Other songs are from the YouTube Audio Library

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Introduction

(02:23) Defining the Universe

(06:51) The Big Bang

(09:12) The Observable Universe

(10:53) The Hubble Telescope

(11:46) The Hubble Deep Field

(16:49) Cosmic Expansion

(19:40) Redshift

(21:48) The Cosmic Horizon and the Unobservable Universe

(25:36) Accelerating Expansion

(28:29) Dark Energy

(30:14) The End of the Universe

What we perceive to be the edge of our universe is not the actual edge of the universe, with most scientists in agreement that more space lies hidden beyond what we're able to see. Last time out, we travelled to the very edge of our observable universe. But today, we will be going even farther, as we wade out into the darkness of the unobservable universe.

Soundtrack by CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823

- Taboo-Inspired Intro Track: https://youtu.be/YA3yfPh38mc

- Strange Days Ahead: https://youtu.be/QaGsRzO-2EA

- The Last Breath: https://youtu.be/AekcHz0ZdjU

- The Monolith: https://youtu.be/XK_iQLGpId0

- ESP Background Track: https://youtu.be/rT2ONCrdtVU

- Encounter: https://youtu.be/vxdlSXZvxL0

- Direct Space: https://youtu.be/G7-3crlxDDE

- Do You Understand: https://youtu.be/BXmPuHqXUzc

- Phonon: https://youtu.be/2Mgk6jem7Zg

- Dark Enigma 13: https://youtu.be/mGFxASTdnhc

- Book of the Dead: https://youtu.be/6X3RYrOy1RE

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Welcome Back

(01:50) Beyond the Cosmic Horizon

(05:42) The Shape of the Universe

(07:45) Universal Curvature

(12:35) Critically Dense Flat Universe

(15:18) Drawing Triangles on the CMB

(18:52) The Flatness Problem

(22:19) Multiply Connected Universe

(27:19) 4D Hyper Torus

(29:17) Curved on a Large Scale?

(31:50) Cosmic Inflation

(37:09) Closing Statements

One of astronomy's great, enduring mysteries is what really happens on the inside of a black hole. We know that anything which gets too close to a black hole is destroyed, but if you were able to jump right inside of one, then what would happen and where would you go? Today, we will explore a few of the many exotic and fascinating possibilities for what lies on the other side of a black hole.

SOUNDTRACK:

- The Anunnaki Return | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)

- Access Astronomy pt. 3 | CO.AG Music

- Access Astronomy pt. 5 | CO.AG Music

- Just Implants | CO.AG Music

- Where Have All the Cybertrackers Gone | Chris Zabriskie

- The Ambient | Kevin MacLeod (YouTube Audio Library)

- Cylinder Seven | Chris Zabriskie

- The Golden Present | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)

CO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA

All songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under a Creative Commons 3.0 License (reuse allowed). Chris Zabriskie's website: https://www.chriszabriskie.com

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Introduction

(01:55) Bending Spacetime

(04:23) Inside a Black Hole

(05:42) Wormholes & Einstein-Rosen Bridges

(08:38) White Holes

(11:54) Schwarzschild Metric & the Eternal Black Hole

(13:29) Penrose Diagram

(15:48) The Case Against White Holes

(18:49) White Holes as New Universes

(21:29) Black Hole Cosmology

(24:49) Hawking Radiation & the Final Phase

The Milky Way is surrounded by more than 50 near neighbour galaxies that make up the Local Group. The two largest galaxies are us and Andromeda, but we also have an often-overlooked third large galaxy in our neighbourhood- the Triangulum Galaxy. This galaxy is like its own mini-Milky Way, containing stars, clouds, clusters, supernova remnants, and satellites. These are the checkpoints in the Triangulum Galaxy which make up our tour today.

SOUNDTRACK: All tracks made by CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA

- A Dark Path: https://youtu.be/ORk0p0thnWU

- Heart of This Ancient City: https://youtu.be/uUw8RqPVoDU

- Was This the End or Just the Beginning: https://youtu.be/6A0UHOhRxZc

- Build, Create, Beautify: https://youtu.be/-Aq8PUPlbxU

- As the Sun Sets at the Temple: https://youtu.be/xBqirbnidbI

- Northern Lights: https://youtu.be/CgzVDdNcGLo

- Post Apocalyptic: https://youtu.be/4l_PxLFbdHQ

- Dark Horror Long Version: https://youtu.be/r632JTHP0mM

- Moonlight Over Rome: https://youtu.be/Oj3niiEu05E

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Introduction

(01:19) History of M-33

(04:50) Observations of M-33

(07:07) Morphology

(09:45) Satellite Galaxies

(11:43) H-II Regions

(14:34) NGC-604

(16:21) Resolving M-33's Stars

(20:13) Supernovae & Black Holes

(22:24) No Supermassive Black Hole?

(25:40) Future of the Local Group

The Andromeda Galaxy is our massive galactic neighbour, a spiral galaxy more than double the size of the Milky Way. In this video, we will be taking a journey, from this galaxy's ancient history, right up to its remote future- using the latest and most beautiful images to know our cosmic neighbour like never before. This is our journey to the Andromeda Galaxy...

Soundtrack by CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA

- Drifting Through Time: https://youtu.be/kVmCVk9NM3Q

- Wonderful Things: https://youtu.be/5fBOHzGRTRI

- Don't Fear Your Fears: https://youtu.be/8xme2NH5vEs

- Space: https://youtu.be/TIP8_SD5VDI

- Dreams: https://youtu.be/o3FJkyGRvk4

- Space Empires: https://youtu.be/kAvGZxtBzpw

- Thanks Everyone: https://youtu.be/00dPbEvyNMY

- Crystal Dream: https://youtu.be/4BHkReLzbBs

- 5500°C: https://youtu.be/Jr5-xFaiXp0

- Forever: https://youtu.be/TblP1MS9Z5w

- The Crystal Stream: https://youtu.be/yNxWUXK2pxo

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Introduction

(01:19) Historical Observations of Andromeda

(05:25) The Great Debate

(08:12) Modern Efforts to Study Andromeda

(09:36) Road to Andromeda

(14:00) Andromeda's Satellites

(17:48) Inside the Andromeda Galaxy

(21:07) Worlds Inside Andromeda

(22:51) Black Holes in Andromeda

(25:00) Andromeda's Blueshift

(27:32) Collision with the Milky Way

(31:07) Milkomeda

On the darkest of nights, free from the glow of the moon and the haze of light pollution, a stunning, striking formation can be seen imprinted upon the sky. That imprint is our galaxy- the Milky Way. Our galaxy is a giant, which extends for hundreds of thousands of light years. But by measuring the motions and velocities of the stars in our neighbourhood, both their past and future trajectories can be extrapolated- revealing the history of the Milky Way.

SOUNDTRACK: Music by Scott Buckley: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/

- Aurora: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/aurora/

- Petrichor: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/petrichor/

- In Search of Solitude: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/in-search-of-solitude/

- Decoherence: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/decoherence/

- The Things That Keep Us Here: https://www.scottbuckley.com.au/library/the-things-that-keep-us-here/

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Welcome

(01:49) Our Home Galaxy

(04:37) Mapping the Milky Way

(07:20) Globular Clusters

(09:14) Kraken

(11:00) Gaia-Enceladus

(13:30) NGC-2808

(15:17) Omega Centauri

(16:17) The Sequoia Galaxy

(18:11) The Helmi Stream

(20:32) Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy

(23:55) Conclusion

How old is the oldest planet? When did the first planets form in the universe? And what about life-supporting worlds? These are some of the most complex questions in extrasolar-planetary science. But by studying the ancient exoplanets in the Milky Way galaxy, we've managed to build up a comprehensive picture of when the genesis planets formed, and what they were like. Those findings make up the content of our video today.

SOUNDTRACK (In order):

- Atomic - CO.AG: https://youtu.be/deKPhd-yZfY

- The UFO - CO.AG: https://youtu.be/MAC_XKNZk-w

- Drifting at 432 Hz - Unicorn Heads (YouTube Audio Library)

- The Kingdom of Shadows [1hr Soundscape]

- CO.AG: https://youtu.be/Nv_UBIC69aM

- Boundaries - CO.AG: https://youtu.be/2DDtR7G_VEo

- Just For Jolly - CO.AG: https://youtu.be/4D5D3OAuUaU

- Bodim Moor - CO.AG: https://youtu.be/PkX8fl-Huyw

- Forever Space - CO.AG: https://youtu.be/5cKpbh1NrUM

CO.AG is an ambient music creator who produces high-quality music for the YouTube community. Check out his channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Introduction

(01:37) How Planets Form

(08:58) Metallicity

(12:52) The Search for Exoplanets

(16:30) Methuselah- The Oldest Planet

(22:26) Primordial Gas Giant Formation

(26:05) Kepler-444- The Oldest Rocky Planets

(29:06) The First Habitable Worlds

(33:24) Starburst Metal Spreading

For more than 30 years, the Hubble Telescope provided our most profound window into the cosmos. From imaging the beautiful interiors o nebulae, to revealing the secrets of the universe at large, we’ve seen glimpses of space our ancestors scarcely dreamed of. And in today’s episode, we will relive some of the telescope’s grandest achievements as we recount the greatest discoveries of the Hubble Telescope.

SOUNDTRACK:

[0-7 Mins] A New Life Time Mix - CO.AG Music

[8-14 Mins] Borealis - Scott Buckley

[15-18 Mins] Computations in a SnowStorm - Scott Buckley

[19-25 Mins] Hymn to the Dawn - Scott Buckley

[25-32 Mins] First & Last Light - Scott Buckley

[33-38 Mins] Ephemera - Scott Buckley

[39-43 Mins] Resolutions - Scott Buckley

Scott Buckley's Music is made available under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence. For more information, see the artist's website:https://www.scottbuckley.com.au

Likewise, CO.AG's music is publicly usable with credit. Please check out his channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Introduction

(01:30) The Hubble Telescope

(06:12) Measuring Galactic Distances

(07:48) The Age of the Universe

(09:24) Servicing Mission 1

(11:42) Messier-87

(13:35) Supermassive Black Hole

(16:08) Comet Shoemaker-Levy 9

(19:53) The Hubble Deep Field

(23:42) Dark Energy

(27:41) Proto-planetary Disks

(29:09) Transiting Exoplanets

(32:42) Ultra Deep Field

(34:46) Moons of Pluto

(39:30) Frontier Fields

(41:00) Cosmic Distance Record

Ever wonder what it would be like to fly all the way to the edge of space? Well in this video, we'll be doing just that. Using beautiful images snapped by the Hubble and James Webb telescopes, we will embark on a tour of our universe- venturing deep into the darkness, and uncovering the most jaw-dropping landmarks along the way. This is our journey to the edge of the universe.

SOUNDTRACK [In order of appearance]:

- MindHunter (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/72JbdVDg3q0

- 11:11 at Smith - Ninth Street (Chris Zabriskie)

- Catafalque (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/Bf_24aUbaQ4

- Satanic (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/E_gQrAMVK8U

- Dark Enigma 11 (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/VVbH2gU8TvA

- It Will Make You Feel Better (Chris Zabriskie)

- Dark Enigma 9 (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/rkZg2FCRcjg

- I Refuse to Accept There's Nothing I Can Do About it (Chris Zabriskie):

- Lower Third Hall (Chris Zabriskie)

- Omen (CO.AG): https://youtu.be/C_ejkBhmmJE

Tracks by CO.AG Music and Chris Zabriskie. Songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under a Creative Commons Re-use Licence. Check out his new album, which was featured in this video: https://chriszabriskie.bandcamp.com

Check out CO.AG's channel, where he uploads loads of cool ambient tracks: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA

FOOTAGE:

The space scenes in this video were captured using SpaceEngine Pro, a virtual universe simulator:

http://spaceengine.org/

Images of space and scientific visualisations are public domain content, and can be downloaded from NASA's GSFC Visualisation Studio: https://www.nasa.gov/goddard

Other visualisations and images of space provided by the European Southern Observatory [ESO]: https://www.eso.org/public/

Graphic of the Virgo Supercluster by Ethylice4: https://www.deviantart.com/ethylice4

Stock footage sequences provided by Vecteezy.com . Pro License Holder: https://www.vecteezy.com/members/sea-media-stock

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Welcome

(01:32) What is the Observable Universe?

(05:15) The Local Volume

(10:20) Laniakea Supercluster

(14:24) Sloan Great Wall

(16:30) Active Galactic Nuclei

(19:53) Quasars

(23:00) Quasar Groups in the Deep Universe

(25:55) Hercules-Corona Borealis Great Wall

(28:14) Cosmic High Noon

(31:44) Re-ionization

(33:35) Farthest Galaxies

(36:35) The Dark Age

(39:19) The Edge of the Universe

In 1998, two teams of scientists measured the universe's rate of expansion, expecting to find it slowing down on route to a collapse. But instead, they found the opposite- the universe's expansion appears to be accelerating, having expanded more in the latter half of its life. In attempting to explain this mysterious behaviour, they revived one Einstein's long-since-forgotten ideas.

Thank you to SpaceWave - Cosmic Relaxation for yet another amazing soundtrack! If you liked this video's music, check it out below:

Dark Energy Soundtrack:

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj3460Ylt4JEcEiW6PxCH9Q

SpaceWave's Channel: https://youtu.be/XntDsSR38qU

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Introduction

(02:27) Accelerating Expansion

(05:09) Einstein's Greatest Blunder

(08:26) How Space Expands

(12:11) Redshift & Standard Candles

(17:03) Type 1a Supernova Searching

(19:25) Λ-CDM

(22:08) Baryonic Acoustic Oscillations

(26:27) Future Missions to Study Dark Energy

(28:46) Vacuum Fluctuations

(32:29) Quintessence

(34:43) Phantom Energy

(37:17) The Big Rip

Dark Matter is a theoretical form of invisible mass, which has never been definitively detected. You've probably heard of it before, as it makes up a large part of the physics you find in textbooks. But how can something that's never been seen have so much scientific confidence behind it? Furthermore, if we can't see it, how do we know that it is really there? And if it's not, what are the alternative explanations? These are the questions we will be aiming to answer, as we delve into the Dark Matter mystery.

The soundtrack was created by SpaceWave - Cosmic Relaxation.Listen to the full 2-hour Soundtrack:

https://youtu.be/ZDjXSOkThzk

I listen to his ambient music while I write and was keen to bring him on board. Thank you SpaceWave!

Check out his Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCj3460Ylt4JEcEiW6PxCH9Q

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Introduction

(01:53) What is Dark Matter?

(05:00) Signs of Missing Mass

(08:21) Lambda-Cold Dark Matter Model

(11:21) The Early Universe

(14:12) Dark Matter Structures

(20:22) The Bullet Cluster

(24:23) Weakly Interacting Massive Particles

(26:20) Search for Dark Matter

(31:00) Alternative Theories

(32:57) Modified Gravity

(35:31) Entropic Gravity

(38:06) Dark Energy?

Lately, there has been talk of a new largest black hole, named Phoenix A*, which is said to have a mass greater than 100 billion times the mass of the sun! This is much larger than the previous record holder, TON-618. But can we really rely on this prediction? And if not, then what is the largest black hole out there, and how do we know its true size? These are the questions we will answer in search of the universe's biggest black holes.

Soundtrack: CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic1823

- Old Radio Transmission: https://youtu.be/1O8to3C5rM4

- Oprahme: https://youtu.be/2nliN0RbIyw

- Long Relaxation Mix: https://youtu.be/8TRjdzXJ5-M

- The Earth is Screaming: https://youtu.be/38P0cv_0z5M

- Welcome to Somethink: https://youtu.be/R73ZWEDSiM4

- What’s Left: https://youtu.be/Qlp7DmhU1KM

- The Fallen Angel: https://youtu.be/U0YL-4yDKJM

- Watch My World Burn: https://youtu.be/ejMf7HtsYWw

- A Deep Digital Dream: https://youtu.be/Kou0UzcFd8Q

- Advanced Technology Mix: https://youtu.be/dG7J2HZYqpM

- A Slow End: https://youtu.be/FVbGDg-pjNE

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Start

01:50: Stellar Black Holes

05:00: Intermediate & Supermassive Black Holes

07:09: IC 1101*

09:39: TON-618

12:45: The Phoenix Cluster

15:34: Phoenix A

18:18: X-Ray Cavities & Eruptions

20:28: Phoenix A* Black Hole

22:26: Is Phoenix A* the Largest Black Hole?

25:33: Other Ultramassive Black Hole Candidates

The Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) is the oldest light in the universe that we can see or detect. It was emitted only 380,000 years after the universe was born, back when it was a much more chaotic place. This microwave-band static is fundamentally linked to the Big Bang, and if we map it precisely enough, we can discover a wealth of information about the age, composition and structure of the universe.

MUSIC:

- Deep Static: https://youtu.be/WB5jmdJvQeU

- Cosmic Microwave Background Noise: https://youtu.be/YkE8d2vrWI0

- I Knew My Way Downtown - Chris Zabriskie

- Everyone Will Notice, No One Will Say Anything - Chris Zabriskie

- You Fiddle, I'll Burn Rome - Chris Zabriskie

- God be with You til we Meet Again - Chris Zabriskie

- A Million Thoughts - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/nOSPuq64ORQ

- A Person That They Will All Fear - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/NccLZFUIxlM

- Haunted - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/T0WjL4phiuk

- We Can Rebuild Your World - CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/pe_mx7YiPwMAll songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 License (re-use allowed)

I Made This While You Were Asleep (Album): https://chriszabriskie.bandcamp.com/album/i-made-this-while-you-were-asleep

Chris Zabriskie's Website: https://www.chriszabriskie.com

CO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Static

01:48: The Big Bang

04:58: The CMB: The Final Photons

08:16: History of Background Radiation Observations

10:58: Missions to Map the CMB (COBE, WMAP, Planck)

13:09: What Does the Map Show Us?

15:17: Cosmic Inflation

17:04: The Cold Spot

21:15: Hawking Points

26:17: The End?

Saturn's most distinguished feature are its brilliant, shining rings, which have intrigued astronomers since the 17th century. But in the 1980s, Voyagers 1 & 2 revealed to us that each of the large planets in the Solar System is home to a ring system, but each varies wildly in its composition, arrangement, and substantiality. In this video, we will explore the complex and elegant natural phenomenon that is planetary ring systems.

Music:

- Drifting at 432Hz | Unicorn Heads

- The Oceans Continue to Rise | Chris Zabriskie

- Passing a Foreign Moon | I Think I Can Help You

- The Five Books | I Think I Can Help You

- I Want To Fall in Love on Snapchat | Chris Zabriskie

- Nevada City | Huma Huma

- Open Sea Morning | Puddle of Infinity

Songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

All other songs were retrieved from the YouTube Audio Library

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Introduction

02:05: What is a Ring System?

04:31: How do Ring Systems Form?

08:03: The Rings of Saturn

11:58: The Rings of Uranus

13:43 Shepherd Moons

16:03 J1407b - Super Saturn Rings

What is the largest galaxy? For a long time, the largest was thought to be IC 110. But since 2022, there has been talk of a new, even larger galaxy, Alcyoneus, which is said to be more than 16 million light years in diameter! But is that what's really being proposed in the original paper detailing the discovery? Not exactly, because Alcyoneus is a Radio Galaxy. But what is a radio galaxy, and if Alcyoneus is not the largest galaxy, then how large really is it?

SOUNDTRACK:

All tracks by CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA

- Sound of the Sun: https://youtu.be/4u6Gt7NXlDE

- A World of Different Dimensions: https://youtu.be/g9vULHb_7mQ

- Your Outer World: https://youtu.be/OnZjKSQS9b0

- Travel Beyond Your Imagination: https://youtu.be/Z2XDR9N00Jo

- Create the Future: https://youtu.be/z9HM9VTnFDQ

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) What is the Largest Galaxy?

(02:02) Galaxies

(04:13) IC 1101

(06:32) Radio Galaxies

(12:31) Giant Radio Galaxies

(14:40) Alcyoneus, Largest Radio Galaxy

(18:39) Alcyoneus' Host Galaxy

(22:57) The Largest Galaxy- Some Considerations

(28:51) Closing Statements

Supernovae are some of the brightest and most powerful explosions in the universe, bright enough to outshine entire galaxies. These cosmic catastrophes come in many varieties, characterised by their elements and light. Today, we will cover the various types of supernova as we take a deep dive into these tremendous explosions.

SOUNDTRACK:

- Woodstock | Joni Mitchell: https://youtu.be/cRjQCvfcXn0

- Spenta Mainyu | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)

- Access Astronomy Pt. 1 | CO.AG: https://youtu.be/6cBmmEH18ek

- Away | Patrick Patrikios (YouTube Audio Library)

- Orbiting Knowhere | Corbyn Kites (YouTube Audio Library)

- Guardian of the Threshold | I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)

- What Am I | CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/DlqnuShotd8

- The End | Kyote Hearing (YouTube Audio Library)

- Attraction | Density & Time (YouTube Audio Library)

- The Four Masks | I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)

- Black Moon | CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/uFatcfIA_oQ

- Magnetic Lullaby | Amulets (YouTube Audio Library)

- So Dark | CO.AG Music: https://youtu.be/FzMUeqp_Akg

- No. 8 Reqium | Esther Abrami (YouTube Audio Library) CO.AG Music's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA

CHAPTERS:

(00:00) Stardust

(01:58) What is a Supernova?

(04:41) Historic Supernovae Observations

(06:58) SN-1987A

(09:41) Classifying Supernovae

(12:00) Core Collapse Supernova

(18:40) Types of Core Collapse Supernovae

(21:35) Type 1a Supernova

(24:05) Standard Candles

(26:23) Kilonova

No matter where you are, you are always moving. The Earth orbits the sun, while the sun moves round the galaxy. But what makes the galaxy move? That is the topic of our video today. Everything in our local galaxy supercluster, Laniakea, is being dragged towards a high concentration of mass obscured by the opaque clouds of our galaxy, but what is it? It has all the ingredients for an epic cosmic mystery, the mystery of the Great Attractor.

Background Songs by CO.AG Music: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA

Transcending Ambient Chill Out Music: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aAp5ecwlU7MThe Deep: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e9TJrLeqnhw

All other tracks are from the YouTube Audio Library

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Introduction

02:13: Galaxies

04:04: Our Local Universe

06:56: The Laniakea Supercluster

09:00: The Great Attractor

10:03: The Zone of Avoidance

11:45: History of Great Attractor Observations

13:56: Surveying the Great Attractor Region

18:39: Dark Flow

20:27: The Dipole Repeller

22:16: CIZA Search

23:37: The Shapley Supercluster

26:03: The Vela Supercluster

27:30: A Mystery Solved?

Stars come in a wide range of sizes, but how do we calculate a star's size to determine which is the largest? In this episode, we will find out how stars are measured to determine their mind-boggling sizes, and above all, which of them are the biggest of all.

PLEASE NOTE: This one is an older video of mine, back in 2021 when it was thought that the largest known star was Stephenson 2-18. It has since been reassessed as most likely not a member of the Stephenson-2 Cluster, and thus not amongst the candidates for the largest star. I plan to remake this video some time in 2026.

SOUNDTRACK:

Two songs in this video were made by Chris Zabriskie. (http://chriszabriskie.com/)

- Abandon Babylon (Album from which the songs came: https://chriszabriskie.bandcamp.com/album/abandon-babylon)Dark Fog & Ice Demon by Kevin MacLeod are both licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence.

Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1300031 , http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1200061

Artist: http://incompetech.com/

All other music provided by the YouTube Audio Library
CHAPTERS:

00:00: Introduction

01:04: What Are Stars?

05:40: How Stars Get Big

09:38: Problems with Direct Measurements

11:31: Parallax

13:01: Indirectly Measuring Stars

15:33: VY Canis Majoris

18:30: UY Scuti

22:59: Stephenson 2-18

Quasars are the brightest phenomenon in the entire universe, able to outshine any type of star, and even entire galaxies containing hundreds of billions of them. They are the product of monster black holes at the centres of large galaxies, and so when we find multi-billion light year clusters of quasars dotted around the early universe, we are forced to reconsider some of our most fundamental assumptions of cosmology.

BACKGROUND MUSIC:

- Cylinder One - Chris Zabriskie

- Descent - The Tower of Light (YT Audio Library)

- Dreaming Blue - Sextile (YT Audio Library)

- Turn - The Tower of Light (YT Audio Library)

- There Are Many Different Kinds of Love - Chris Zabriskie

- Retro Dreamscape - Twin Musicom (YT Audio Library)

- Flecks of Light - The Tower of Light (YT Audio Library)

- Clouded - Public Memory (YT Audio Library)

- Trickling Up - Godmode (YT Audio Library)

Songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under Creative Commons 4.0 Licence:

- Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

- Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/cylinders/

00:00: Introduction

02:00: What is a Quasar?

09:46: The Peak Quasar Epoch

11:50: The Search for Quasars

20:39: Large Quasar Groups

22:15: Cosmic Structures & the Cosmological Principle

24:35: The Largest LQGs

27:34: Seeing Patterns In Noise

Supervoids are the enormous, empty spaces between galaxy clusters and galaxy filaments. But just because they are empty, doesn't mean they can't be filled with fascinating science! They have taught us a great deal about both galaxy structures in the early universe, and how they grow in the present. And today we'll be venturing into a few of the biggest!

MUSIC:

- Long Walks [Emily A Sprague] - YouTube Audio Library

- Fairy Meeting [Emily A Sprague] - YouTube Audio Library

- A Slow Dream [Emily A Sprague] - YouTube Audio Library

- Devoid [ELPHNT] - YouTube Audio Library

- Rain Cloud Music [Emily A Sprague] - YouTube Audio Library

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Emptiness in Space

02:04: Defining a Void

03:52: Mapping Voids Around Us

04:38: How Voids Form

07:05: The Bootes Void

09:16: Voids and Dark Energy

10:33: The Cold Spot

12:10: The KBC Void

Not every galaxy is a fully formed spiral or elliptical galaxy. Some are much smaller, and orbit larger galaxies as well as each other, like ghosts. Today, we will examine these ghost galaxies- the satellites of the Milky Way and Andromeda.

SOUNDTRACK:

- The Sun is Scheduled to Come Out Tomorrow - Chris Zabriskie

- Cylinder Four - Chris Zabriskie

- I Can't Imagine Where I'd Be Without It - Chris Zabriskie

- Cylinder Two - Chris Zabriskie

All tracks by Chris Zabriskie licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license

(https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

00:00: Antlia 2: A Ghost Galaxy

02:16: Dwarf Galaxies 

06:14: Types of Dwarf Galaxy

08:00: Case Studies 

09:14: Magellanic Clouds 

12:35: The Triangulum Galaxy

Not every star in the universe can be seen shining brightly in the night sky. There are dozens of types of fascinating hypothetical stars, which are characterised by their extreme behaviour. Today, we will be taking a look at a few of these corrupted stars, from the start of the universe right up until the end.

MUSIC TRACKS:

- Passing a Foreign Moon - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)

- The Shadow Self - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)

- The Bardo - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)

- To Have To In Least Water - pATCHES (YouTube Audio Library)

- Surviving the Asteroid Belt - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)

- Wander - Emmit Fenn (YouTube Audio Library)

- Because for Everything There Is Someone - pATCHES (YouTube Audio Library)

- Adrift - ELPHNT (YouTube Audio Library)

- Verve - Benjamin Martins (YouTube Audio Library)

- Hollows - Houses of Heavens (YouTube Audio Library)

- Meeting Again - Emily A Sprague (YouTube Audio Library)

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Introduction

01:29: Population III Stars

04:50: Quasi Stars

07:42: Thorne-Zytkow Objects

10:37: Q-Stars and Exotic Matter

14:02: Quark Stars

15:51: Electroweak Stars

17:39: Strange Matter and Strange Stars

20:13: White Dwarfs

21:54: Frozen Stars

22:37: Black Dwarfs

23:18: Iron Stars

Europa is a fascinating moon, which is thought to be hiding a global ocean below its frozen surface. This makes it a hotspot for research and missions, with the ultimate goal being to identify an independent life source. In this video, we will go over this iconic satellite of Jupiter by the numbers, as we blow its perplexing mysteries wide open.

All background music came from the Royalty-Free & Attribution-Free YouTube Audio Library

CHAPTERS:

00:00 Introduction

00:58: Facts About Europa 

04:22: Europa’s Ice Sheet

06:52: Missions to Europa

09:29: The Subsurface Ocean

11:19: Tidal Heating 

13:44: Europa's Prospects for Life 

18:15: Future Missions to Europa

Most large planets have moons. We have discovered almost 200 in our Solar System alone, and so we expect that the Milky Way is teeming with many more- perhaps even outnumbering planets and stars. With so many moons, it adds a plethora of additional holdouts in the galaxy capable of supporting life, and thus they are tantalising targets for scientists. However, extra-Solar moons are so insanely distant and dark against the backdrop of space, that them is a tremendous challenge. In this episode, we will cover its story so far.

SOUNDTRACK:

- Satya Yuga | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)

- The Sleeping Prophet | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)

- Where in Literally | pATCHES (YouTube Audio Library)

- The Golden Present | Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Introduction

01:09: Exomoons

04:26: How We Find Exomoons

08:53: Kepler 1625 b-i

13:28: Other Exomoon Candidates

What lies at the edge of the Solar System? Far beyond the orbit of Neptune and the Kuiper Belt, deep into interstellar space, we find a vast, thick shell of icy space debris. We have never seen it directly, but we know it exists- because it is the source of the most distant comets that we see entering the Solar System. So why is it there? Today we'll find out.

All background songs in this video were sourced from the royalty and attribution-free YouTube Audio Library.

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Introduction

02:01: The Oort Cloud

05:18: The Scale of the Cloud

06:47: Formation of the Oort Cloud

09:33: The Source of All Comets

13:17: The Hills Cloud

14:40: Sedna

16:12: The Outer Oort Cloud

17:13: Siding Spring, Hale Bopp, Lovejoy

19:20: Future Missions to the Oort Cloud

21:46: Extra-solar Oort Clouds

The Solar System is home to eight principal planets, but this is far from the full picture. Hidden beyond the orbit of Neptune are dozens of small, icy worlds, known as Dwarf Planets, or Minor Planets! The best example is Pluto, but there are dozens more orbiting within the same band of material in the outer Solar System. Today, we will visit these frozen, far out worlds first hand.

MUSIC:

- Mist - Odonis Odonis

- Lucid Haze - Amulets 

- Shallow Depths - jAde Wii 

- At the Foot of the Sphinx - Twin Musicom 

- Length of Light - Amulets 

- Crystaline - Amulets 

- Doll Dancing - Puddle of Infinity 

- I Am Running Down the Long Hallway - Chris Zabriskie

- Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring - Kevin MacLeod

At the Foot of the Sphinx by Twin Musicom is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Artist: http://www.twinmusicom.org/

I Am Running Down the Long Hallway of Viewmont Elementary by Chris Zabriskie is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Source: http://chriszabriskie.com/honor/

Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

Jesu, Joy of Man's Desiring by Kevin MacLeod is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 licence. https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Source: http://incompetech.com/music/royalty-free/index.html?isrc=USUAN1100189

Artist: http://incompetech.com/

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Introduction

01:52: Minor Planets 

05:34: Ceres 

09:15: The Kuiper Belt 

11:49: Pluto

16:43: Why the IAU Demoted Pluto 

17:46: Eris 

20:17: Haumea 

22:08: Makemake 

24:24: Arrokoth

Black holes are fascinating in so many ways- especially when you put two of them together. Their resonance and orbit physically ripples space itself, emitting waves that can travel through space for billions of years. Since 2016, we have been able to detect these gravitational wave events, and earlier this month, we detected a record-breaking one.

SOUNDTRACK:

- Wander - Emitt Fenn (YouTube Audio Library)

- A Slow Dream - Emily A. Sprague (YouTube Audio Library)

- Nexus Dawn - CO.AG: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=oTrZx2KM6JA&t

- Last Night I Dreamt I Saw True Love In Your Eyes - Chris Zabriskie: https://soundcloud.com/chriszabriskie/last-night-i-dreamt-i-saw-true

- Passing a Foreign Moon - I Think I Can Help You (YouTube Audio Library)

- Thin Places - Jesse Gallagher (YouTube Audio Library)

- Running Out of Time - CO.AG: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=P13lnycYaeI

- Sound of the Earth EM White Noise: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QB2AK-odioc

CO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA

All tracks by Chris Zabriskie licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/)

Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Introduction

01:08: What is a Black Hole?

04:07: Types of Black Hole

05:26: Misconceptions About Black Holes

08:46: Anatomy of Black Holes

12:26: Inside the Black Hole

14:09: Intermediate Mass Black Holes

15:17: Black Hole Mergers

17:09: Gravitational Wave Signals

19:12: The Pair Instability Gap

23:03: The Big Crunch

On December 25th, 2021, NASA's most sophisticated, ground-breaking and expensive observatory ever blasted off from the Earth. The James Webb Telescope is an infrared observatory, capable of looking back all the way to the universe's first light. In this video, we will explore how this initiative came to be, and what the future holds in this exciting new age of astronomy.

SOUNDTRACK:

- Valhalla [Long Version] - CO.AG Music

- Show Me the New Way - CO.AG Music

- The Deep [Long Version] - CO.AG Music

- I Am Blessed - CO.AG Music

- Is This The Way It Ends - CO.AG Music

- The Young & Old Know Love - Puddle of Infinity (YouTube Audio Library)

CO.AG Music's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvA

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Lift-off!

01:39: Background

03:55: Webb's Troubled Development

08:17: Webb's Mirrors

10:48: Surveying in Infrared

13:51: Webb's Sunshield & Orbit

16:52: Deployment Phase

22:06: The Cosmic Dawn

24:14: Light from the First Stars

28:02: Search for Habitable Exoplanets

30:46: Other Uses for Webb

The Solar System is vast and diverse, home to eight large planets, including one which gave rise to life. While humanity was born too late to witness the events that occurred at the birth of the Solar System first-hand, by peering into the surroundings of others stars, we are starting to piece together the events that unfolded at the birth of our own Solar System. Today, we shall explore the culmination of these decades of research, as we tell the story of the birth of the Solar System.

MUSIC:

- In the Throes - Asher Fulero

- Song of Sadhana - Jesse Gallagher

- Lord of the Dawn - Jesse Gallagher

- Cylinder Three - Chris Zabriskie

- Let Your Enemies Feel the Weight of Your Burdens - Chris Zabriskie

- Lost Kingdom - CO.AG Music

- Underwater Exploration - Godmode

- The Sky is on Fire - CO.AG

- I Am Running a Marathon - Chris Zabriskie

- Somnolent - The TidesCO.AG's can be found on his YouTube channel:

https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCcavSftXHgxLBWwLDm_bNvAAll songs by Chris Zabriskie are licensed under a Creative Commons 4.0 Attribution License.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Artist: http://chriszabriskie.com/

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Introduction

01:11: The Solar System

04:44: The Nebular Hypothesis

07:27: Star Formation

11:54: Planetary Formation Window

18:20: The Story of the Solar System

21:34: Rise of the Gas Giants

25:23: The Terrestrial Planets

30:46: Three Water Worlds

Earth is a success story, a thriving world that has hosted life for almost 4 billion years. But, no matter how peaceful things are now, a new age is coming for the Solar System. An age of change, destruction and evolution. A place for new worlds and new stories, but one in which the Earth has no place.

MUSIC:

- Dreamscape - Density & Time

- The Unknown - CO.AG Music - https://youtu.be/IFYTGVE1aRs

- Sunrise on Mars - Audionautix

- As Prevent You Do - pATCHES

- At the Foot of the Sphinx - Twin Musicom

- It Maintains, Eyes Change - Puddle of Infinity

- Growing Space - Astron

- The Blue Pearl - Jesse Gallagher

- Kallimachou - Dan Bodan

Sunrise on Mars by Audionautix is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 license.

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/

Artist: http://audionautix.com/

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Welcome Back

00:15: The Next Billion Years

06:10: Milkdromeda Collision

08:03: The Red Giant Branch

13:12: Habitable Moons

16:27: Titan

21:00: Titan's Prospects for Life

23:24: Horizontal and Asymptotic Giant Branch

26:52: The White Dwarf Sun

29:19: The Solar System's Last Day

From studying the dusty surface of Mars, to plunging into the atmosphere of Venus, over the last 60 years, we've launched hundreds of probes into space on trajectories to visit each of the terrestrial planets. But for all the fascinating discoveries made on the way, humanity's journey towards the stars started out in a much darker place- a battlefront between the world's then two great competing superpowers. And in this first episode on my new series on probes, we will revisit this space race, and the major milestones on route to visiting each of the terrestrial planets.

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Introduction

02:32: The Space Race

04:48: Pioneer Probes

07:32: Mariner Probes

09:55: Mariner 4 Mars Mission

12:27: Mariner 6 & 7

14:27: Mars Orbiters

17:05: Landing on Mars

18:57: Landing on Venus

21:30: The Viking Probes

26:12: Mercury Missions

33:00: Mars Rover Missions

38:16: To be Continued...

Far beyond the reaches of the four rocky planets, we find our Solar System's showpiece worlds- the two gas giants, Jupiter and Saturn. As the two largest planets, they both make tantalising targets for probes exploring the planetary neighbourhood, but both lie significantly further from the sun than the Earth and its terrestrial neighbours. But early in the 1970s, the technology for deep space voyages was primed, and missions to both Jupiter and Saturn ensued. Those missions make up the topic of our video today, in this second episode of our trilogy of Probes that Studied the Solar System.

CHAPTERS:

00:00: Welcome Back

01:52: The Gas Giants

04:11: When Planets Align

08:15: Pioneer 10's Journey to Jupiter

12:46: Pioneer 11's Jupiter Journey

15:10: Pioneer 11's Saturn Encounter

16:59: A Postcard from Humanity

18:46: The Galileo Spacecraft

24:27: Cassini-Huygens Spacecraft

29:11: Landing on Titan

32:14: Enceladus' Underground Ocean

33:55: Other Studies: Rings & Storms

36:52: Cassini's Grand Finale

38:38: Future Missions to the Gas Giants

42:33: To be Continued...

It's been more than half a century since humans last went to the Moon. But we will return before the decade is up, through NASA's revolutionary Artemis Program. But unlike its ancestral Apollo Program, Project Artemis is about more than just landing astronauts on the lunar surface. Its endgame is to enable us to stay there, and keep going back to a semi-permanent surface habitat- all in preparation for NASA's yet more ambitious, daunting endeavour of the 2030s- to reach the Red Planet, Mars.

SOUNDTRACK:

"Finding Direction" - CO.AG Music

(https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Xptr7cYeDBA)

"Her Smile Feeding the Cold Earth" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=G7gX08Ww6lY)

"Are You in Here With Us?" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=68e7Yqt0q_Q)

"Floating Through Black" - Boomer (Storyblocks Media)

"Echoes" - Enzo Orefice (Storyblocks Media)

"Nightlife" - CO.AG Music (https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9PE2XxNWj0M)

"Enchanted Winds" - Humans Win (Storyblocks Media)

"Still" - Humans Win (Storyblocks Media)

"Meditation Yoga Ambient" - Watermello (Storyblocks Media)

CO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic
CHAPTERS:

00:00: Artemis II

02:15: Road to the Moon Landing

07:09: The Apollo Program

13:31: The New Space Race

18:00: The Artemis Program

21:32: Artemis III

23:22: Artemis IV: The Next Moon Landing

26:04: Moon to Mars

Of all the spacecraft to have visited other worlds, there are two which have travelled further than any other, discovering more about the Solar System than their inventors ever could have imagined. They are the legendary pair of Voyager Probes- still the only spacecraft ever to have visited the Ice Giant planets, Uranus and Neptune. The story of their 40 years in space makes up the topic of our video today- from the gas giants, to the ice worlds, and then out into the depths of interstellar space...

SOUNDTRACK:

- Just a Shadow | CO.AG Music (https://youtu.be/pRDzXIV5yKg?si=Z4ooBaD1wZmV_Y7B)

- Deep Sleep | Amber Waldron (Storyblocks)

- Beyond This Earth to the Stars | CO.AG Music

(https://youtu.be/aPQl1d96_Bk?si=sLbl_gG8oqhcwuW0)

- Contemplative | Amber Waldron (Storyblocks)

- Spa Go | Gushito (Storyblocks)

- Descend Into Horror 5 | CO.AG Music

(https://youtu.be/Ev49l2ZGFmg?si=Cj4CUoob2wRCjSaQ)

- Guitar Drone Meditation | Humans Win (Storyblocks)

- SpaceShip | Jayson Wayne Brown (Storyblocks)

CO.AG's Channel: https://www.youtube.com/@co.agmusic

CHAPTERS

00:00: Welcome Back

01:31: The Grand Tour

06:00: Voyager-1's Gas Giants Mission

09:40: Voyager-1's Titan Flyby

12:27: The Pale Blue Dot

14:30 Voyager-2's Gas Giant Mission

18:15: Voyager-2's Uranus Encounter

21:24: Voyager-2's Neptune Encounter

25:00: Exiting the Heliosphere

29:19: The Interstellar Mission

34:04: One Final World... (Pluto)

37:05: New Horizons Kuiper Belt Mission

42:48: An Unconventional Signature...