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Explore every episode of the podcast Rhesus Medicine Podcast - Medical Education

Dive into the complete episode list for Rhesus Medicine Podcast - Medical Education. Each episode is cataloged with detailed descriptions, making it easy to find and explore specific topics. Keep track of all episodes from your favorite podcast and never miss a moment of insightful content.

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TitlePub. DateDuration
Psoriasis - Including Types and Treatment 16 Sep 202400:12:45

Psoriasis explained, including the different types and treatment options for each. Also includes psoriasis pathophysiology, causes and aggravating factors.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Psoriasis?
0:21 Psoriasis Pathophysiology
1:57 Psoriasis Causes and Triggering Factors
3:42 Psoriasis Symptoms & Psoriasis Types
7:28 Psoriasis Diagnosis
8:10 Psoriasis Treatment


References

  1. Jones, C (2023) - DermNetNZ - “Psoriasis”. Available at https://dermnetnz.org/topics/psoriasis
  2. Wu, B (2017) - DermNetNZ - “Drug-Induced Psoriasis”. Available at https://dermnetnz.org/topics/drug-induced-psoriasis
  3. National Psoriasis Foundation (2022) - “Psoriasis: Causes & Triggers”. Available at https://www.psoriasis.org/causes/
  4. British Association of Dermatologists (2018) - “PSORIASIS – AN OVERVIEW”. Available at https://cdn.bad.org.uk/uploads/2021/12/29200253/Psoriasis-an-overview-update-October-2018-Lay-review-October-2018.pdf
  5. Witold Owczarek (2022) - “The role of HLA-Cw6 in psoriasis and psoriatic arthritis**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9661405/
  6. Psoriasis Association (2016) - “Types of Psoriasis “. Available at https://www.psoriasis-association.org.uk/media/InformationSheets/Types.pdf
  7. American Academy of Dermatology Association - “Management of Adult Psoriasis with Topicals”. Available at https://assets.ctfassets.net/1ny4yoiyrqia/56bNCO2qMLxBtICdr9biM6/204ac5f5d98243e116bce0b5725b9f92/AAD-Guideline-Topical-Psoriasis-Clinical-Pathway-May-2023-Update.pdf
  8. Hani, Y - (2024) - “Anatomy, Skin (Integument), Epidermis”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470464/#:~:text=The epidermis, the skin's outermost layer, is composed of
  9. Rendon, A (2019) - “Psoriasis Pathogenesis and Treatment**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6471628/#:~:text=Our discussion begins by addressing the inflammatory



Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Histrionic Personality Disorder 28 Aug 202400:04:30

A look at Histrionic Personality Disorder, a Cluster B Disorder in the DSM 5, including the main symptoms and traits, as well as the diagnostic criteria. Also includes treatment approach. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps
0:00 What is a Personality Disorder?
0:22 What is Histrionic Personality Disorder?
0:55 Histrionic Personality Disorder Symptoms
2:10 Histrionic Personality Disorder Diagnosis (DSM 5 Criteria)
2:34 Histrionic Personality Disorder Causes & Epidemiology
3:24 Histrionic Personality Disorder Treatment

LINK TO SOCIAL MEDIA:
https://www.instagram.com/rhesusmedicine/

References

  1. Zimmerman, M - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Histrionic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/histrionic-personality-disorder-hpd
  2. T,J. Torrico - StatPearls (2024) - “Histrionic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK542325/
  3. PsychDB (2024) - “Histrionic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.psychdb.com/personality/histrionic


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD)14 May 202400:06:27

Obsessive Compulsive Disorder (OCD) explained clearly, including most common obsessions and compulsions, possible causes, diagnostic criteria for OCD as well as OCD treatment. 

Free Practice Material:
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/AZ3oKJkYN1rsMm006FEh/obsessive-compulsive-flashcards-multiple-choice-questions-quiz?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:24 What is OCD?
1:05 OCD Symptoms
2:08 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Causes
3:12 OCD Epidemiology
3:58 Obsessive Compulsive Disorder Diagnosis (OCD Diagnostic Criteria) 

References

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) Obsessive Compulsive Disorder. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/362
  2. Katharine Anne Phillips, MD, Dan J. Stein, MD, PhD - MSD Manual Pro (2023) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD). Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-and-related-disorders/obsessive-compulsive-disorder-ocd
  3. Hannah Brock; Manassa Hany - StatPearls (2023) Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK553162/



Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


Understanding Chlamydia30 Apr 202400:05:53

We take a look at Chlamydia, including the most common signs and symptoms, life cycle, diagnosis as well as treatment. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:24 What is Chlamydia?
0:54 Chlamydia Life Cycle
1:42 Chlamydia Epidemiology
2:20 Chlamydia Symptoms
4:49 Chlamydia Diagnosis
5:27 Chlamydia Treatment

References

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Genital Tract Chlamydia Infection”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/52
  2. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Chlamydia - Uncomplicated Genital”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/chlamydia-uncomplicated-genital/
  3. Margaret R. Hammerschlag*,* MD, MSD Manual Pro Edition (2023) - “Chlamydia”. Available at Chlamydia - Infectious Diseases - MSD Manual Professional Edition (msdmanuals.com)


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Learn Chemotherapy Side Effects in 3 Minutes (Chemo Tox Man)16 Apr 202400:03:03

The Chemotherapy Toxicity Man (Chemo Tox Man), is a memory tool used to easily remember the main dose limiting side effects of various chemotherapies. 

Free Practice Material: https://app.wisdolia.com/deck-overview/nYkSPa93LkHe96LS7br8?r=AktEDxk84PSiR5geXURFJtHIG2G2?ref=rhesusmedicine

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Video Timestamps:
0:28 The Chemo Tox Man 

References

  1. Diaz, G (2021) - GrepMed “Chemo Man”. Available at https://www.grepmed.com/images/13767/chemo-effects-toxicities-man-side
  2. Busti, A (2019) - “anti-NEO PLASTIC man”. Available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kB6R1SOca8s


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


Bulimia Nervosa10 Apr 202400:06:25

Bulimia Nervosa explained, including differences between Bulimia and Anorexia, as well as Bulimia symptoms. Also includes Bulimia Nervosa diagnostic criteria and treatment.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!):
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Bulimia Nervosa?
0:42 Bulimia Epidemiology
1:21 Bulimia Symptoms
3:55 Bulimia Diagnosis (Bulimia Nervosa DSM 5 Criteria)
4:54 Bulimia Treatment


References

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) “Bulimia Nervosa”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/441
  2. Di Evelyn Attia, MD, B. Timothy Walsh, MD - MSD Manual Pro (2023) “Bulimia Nervosa”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/it/professionale/disturbi-psichiatrici/disturbi-dell-alimentazione/bulimia-nervosa
  3. Cynthia M. Bulik, Ph.D. (2012) “The Changing “Weightscape” of Bulimia Nervosa”. Available at https://ajp.psychiatryonline.org/doi/10.1176/appi.ajp.2012.12010147
  4. Blas Garcia Garcia (2018) “Bilateral Parotid Sialadenosis Associated with Long-Standing Bulimia: A Case Report and Literature Review”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5878158/
  5. The Bulimia Project “Bulimia Diagnostic Criteria”. Available at https://bulimia.com/bulimia-diagnostic-criteria/
  6. Annelies E. van Eeden (2021) “Incidence, prevalence and mortality of anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8500372/
  7. Guillermo Firman (2020) “Diagnostic Criteria for Bulimia Nervosa (DSM-5)”. Available at https://medicalcriteria.com/web/bulimia/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Anorexia Nervosa 20 Mar 202400:08:01

Anorexia Nervosa explained, looking particularly at Anorexia symptoms including criteria for diagnosis. Also includes Anorexia treatment and epidemiology. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Anorexia?
0:19 Who is affected by Anorexia? 
1:22 Anorexia Symptoms
3:26 Anorexia Diagnosis
5:10 Anorexia Treatment

References

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) Anorexia Nervosa. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/440/
  2. MSD Manual Pro (2022) Anorexia Nervosa. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/psychiatric-disorders/eating-disorders/anorexia-nervosa



Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Neurological Examination - Upper Limbs 04 Mar 202400:11:44

A systematic approach to the Upper Limb Neurological Examination, including key features of Upper vs Lower Motor Neuron lesions, as well as mnemonics and high yield points.  

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 Preparation
0:53 Inspection
2:13 Tone
3:36 Power
6:22 Reflexes
8:13 Co-Ordination
9:15 Sensation
10:31 Concluding the Examination

References

  1. Bargiela, D - Geeky Medics (2024) Upper Limb Neurological Examination. Available at https://geekymedics.com/upper-limb-neurological-examination/
  2. TeachMeSurgery (2022) Upper and Lower Limb Neurological Examination. Available at https://teachmesurgery.com/examinations/neurological/peripheral-neurological/
  3. Oxford Medical Education (2016) Neurological Examination. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/neurological-examination/
  4. Nickon, C - Life in The Fast Lane (2020) Myotomes and Differentiating Nerve Lesions. Available at https://litfl.com/myotomes-and-differentiating-nerve-lesions/

Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Obstructive Sleep Apnea04 Mar 202400:07:44

Obstructive Sleep Apnea (OSA) explained clearly, including pathophysiology and risk factors, as well  as the diagnostic criteria and treatment options

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Obstructive Sleep Apnea
0:19 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Pathophysiology
1:54 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Caues (Risk Factors) 
3:01 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Signs and Symptoms 
4:35 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Diagnosis
5:51 Obstructive Sleep Apnea Treatment 

References

  1. Jennifer M. Slowik; Abdulghani Sankari; Jacob F. Collen. - Stat Pearls (2022) Obstructive Sleep Apnea. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459252/
  2. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Obstructive sleep apnoea in adults. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/215


Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Gout 01 Mar 202400:10:14

A complete summary of Gout, including how people get Gout (Gout pathophysiology), as well as its causes and signs and symptoms. Also includes diagnostic criteria and gout treatment, including diet changes. 

Consider subscribing onYouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Gout? 
0:18 Gout Pathophysiology 
1:32 Gout Risk Factors / Causes
3:29 Gout Signs and Symptoms
6:10 Gout Diagnosis
7:35 Gout Treatment

References

  1. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Gout. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/gout/
  2. Ardy Fenando; Manjeera Rednam; Rahul Gujarathi; Jason Widrich. - StatPearls (2022) Gout. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK546606/
  3. Christina George; Stephen W. Leslie; David A. Minter. - StatPearls (2023) Hyperuricemia. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459218/


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Stevens-Johnson Syndrome & Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (SJS & TEN)28 Feb 202400:05:42

We cover both Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN), including their definitions, causes and pathophysiology. Also includes the signs and symptoms, diagnosis and severity scoring, and treatment options. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Stevens-Johnson Syndrome / What is Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis? 
0:37 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:15 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Signs and Symptoms
3:23 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Diagnosis
4:39 Stevens-Johnson Syndrome Treatment

References

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2022) Stevens-Johnson syndrome and toxic epidermal necrolysis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/237
  2. Julia Benedetti  MD - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Stevens-Johnson Syndrome (SJS) and Toxic Epidermal Necrolysis (TEN) ****Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/dermatologic-disorders/hypersensitivity-and-reactive-skin-disorders/stevens-johnson-syndrome-sjs-and-toxic-epidermal-necrolysis-ten



Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

ECG Interpretation Made Easy - Systematic Approach26 Feb 202400:13:26

A systematic approach to reading an Electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG) in 5 clear steps that will increase confidence in ECG interpretation. 

Primary reference recommended for further reading: 
Life In The Fast Lane - https://litfl.com/ecg-library/

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 ECG – The Basics You Need To Know 
1:13 ECG Interpretation – Details and Settings 
1:44 ECG Interpretation – Axis
3:02 ECG Interpretation – Rate 
4:09 ECG Interpretation – Rhythm 
6:39 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (QRS)
8:41 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (ST Segment)
10:09 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (T Waves)
10:58 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (QT Interval)
11:42 ECG Interpretation – Morphology (U Waves)
11:54 Flow Chart   
12:18 Important Considerations 

References

  1. Life In The Fast Lane - ECG Library. Available at https://litfl.com/ecg-library/
  2. ECG Waves - A Systemic Approach to ECG interpretation: an efficient and safe method. Available at https://ecgwaves.com/topic/systematic-clinical-ecg-interpretation-review-guide/
  3. Oxford Medical Education (2014) ECG (EKG) Interpretation. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/ecgs/ecg-interpretation
  4. Thoracic Key (2020) The ECG in healthy people. Available at https://thoracickey.com/the-ecg-in-healthy-people-2/
  5. MedSchool - Basics of ECG Interpretation. Available at https://medschool.co/tests/ecg-basics


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Narcissistic Personality Disorder16 Aug 202400:05:32

Understanding Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), including the 9 core signs and symptoms as well as the DSM 5 criteria for diagnosis. Also includes treatment / management options. 

Free Practice Material:
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/k5eIx6VHKWXwmpbUZGSb?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is a Personality Disorder? 
0:22 What is Narcissistic Personality Disorder? 
0:39 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Symptoms
2:36 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Diagnosis (DSM 5 Criteria)
3:29 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Causes & Epidemiology 
4:17 Narcissistic Personality Disorder Treatment

References

  1. Zimmerman, M - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/psychiatric-disorders/personality-disorders/narcissistic-personality-disorder-npd
  2. Ronningstam, E - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder: A Basic Guide for Providers**”.** Available at ****Narcissistic Personality Disorder: Guide for Providers at McLean Hospital
  3. Po Wenger, C (2024) - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder**”.** Available at https://www.mentalhealth.com/library/narcissistic-personality-disorder
  4. PsychDB (2024) - “Narcissistic Personality Disorder**”.** Available at https://www.psychdb.com/personality/narcissistic
  5. Yu, L.L.L, Huajian, C - (2018) “The Etiology of Narcissism: A Review of Behavioral Genetic Studies”. Available at https://link.springer.com/epdf/10.1007/978-3-319-92171-6_16?sharing_token=8TalAHCcduvcrHiO1LQzFfe4RwlQNchNByi7wbcMAY7JlesuMlHV_YZiYCFlxHB5LfgxgMqHTxbtyuZ5Jrkn16vlsJ3o4Ybjmi6BrAeCngLOZ2-cRUzkcXhWjh5rg8kyQl63wbG19HsppBGGIdm7QPUNrT94c_9-yf6xTyhYfgs%3D


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


Epistaxis (Nosebleeds)24 Feb 202400:06:09

A look at nosebleeds (Epistaxis), including the most common causes and pathophysiology, possible consequences, and epistaxis management including nasal first aid, second line therapies and surgery. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Epistaxis? 
0:13 Epistaxis Pathophysiology
1:01 Epistaxis Causes (Nosebleed Causes) 
2:07 Epistaxis Diagnosis
2:55 Epistaxis Treatment (Nosebleed Treatment Including Nosebleed First Aid) 

References

  1. ENT SHO (2022) Epistaxis. Available at https://entsho.com/epistaxis
  2. Ayesha Tabassom; Julia J. Dahlstrom - Stat Pearls (2022) Epistaxis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK435997/.)

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is for educational and entertainment purposes only and is not a guide to diagnose or to treat any form of condition.  The content is not to be used to guide clinical practice and is not medical advice. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Wilson's Disease (Hepatolenticular Degeneration) 22 Feb 202400:08:09

Wilson's Disease explained (Hepatolenticular Degeneration), including its pathophysiology and genetics, signs and symptoms, diagnosis (with criteria!) and treatment options. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Wilson’s Disease
0:21 Wilson’s Disease Pathophysiology
2:06 Wilson’s Disease Symptoms
3:37 Wilson’s Disease Causes
4:07 Wilson’s Disease Diagnosis 
5:46 Wilson’s Disease Criteria (Leipzig Score)
6:20 Wilson’s Disease Treatment 

References:

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) Wilson’s Disease. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/427/
  2. Larry E. Johnson - MSD Manual Pro (2023) Wilson Disease. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/nutritional-disorders/mineral-deficiency-and-toxicity/wilson-disease
  3. Gaillard F, Deng F, Weerakkody Y, et al. (2020) Face of the giant panda sign (midbrain). Available at https://radiopaedia.org/articles/face-of-the-giant-panda-sign-midbrain
  4. Wu, Fei & Wang, Jing & Pu, Chunwen & Qiao, Liang & Jiang, Chunmeng (2015) Wilson’s Disease: A Comprehensive Review of the Molecular Mechanisms. Available at https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Copper-is-delivered-by-HCTR1-to-cytosol-where-it-mainly-binds-to-Atox1-Atox1-transfers_fig2_276910514


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Neurological Examination - Lower Limbs 12 Feb 202400:12:11

A systematic approach to the Lower Limb Neurological Examination, including mnemonics and high yield points.  

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 Preparation
0:49 Inspection
2:01 Tone
3:48 Power
5:29 Reflexes
7:23 Co-Ordination
9:32 Sensation
10:50 Concluding the Examination

References

  1. Oxford Medical Education (2016) Neurological Examination. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/neurological-examination/
  2. Newman, G. - MSD Manual Pro (2023) How to Assess Muscle Strength. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/neurologic-examination/how-to-assess-muscle-strength
  3. Bargiela, D - Geeky Medics (2010) Lower Limb Neurological Examination – OSCE Guide. Available at https://geekymedics.com/lower-limb-neurological-examination/
  4. M. Flower, M. Rose and J. Stern - MRCPUK (2019) Nervous system examination for PACES. Available at https://www.mrcpuk.org/sites/default/files/documents/Nervous system examination for PACES (002).pdf
  5. Hector A. Gonzalez-Usigli - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Tremor. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/neurologic-disorders/movement-and-cerebellar-disorders/tremor
  6. Teach Me Orthopedics (2023 ) The Deep Tendon Or Muscle Stretch Reflexes. ****Available at https://teachmeorthopedics.info/the-deep-tendon-or-muscle-stretch-reflexes/



Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Multiple Sclerosis02 Feb 202400:10:28

Multiple Sclerosis (MS) reviewed, including its subtypes, pathophysiology and risk factors. We also look at Multiple Sclerosis symptoms, as well as the diagnosis and treatment. 

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Revised McDonald’s Criteria (2017): https://www.va.gov/MS/Professionals/diagnosis/Updated_McDonald_Criteria_2017.pdf

Timestamps:
0:00 What is Multiple Sclerosis? 
0:24 Multiple Sclerosis Pathophysiology
2:37 Multiple Sclerosis Symptoms
3:41 Multiple Sclerosis Types
5:24 Multiple Sclerosis Causes and Risk Factors
7:06 Multiple Sclerosis Diagnosis
8:00 Multiple Sclerosis Treatment

References

  1. BMJ Best Practice Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/140
  2. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/multiple-sclerosis/
  3. Multiple Sclerosis Centers of Excellence (2021) Summary of 2017 McDonald Criteria for the Diagnosis of MS. Available at https://www.va.gov/MS/Professionals/diagnosis/Updated_McDonald_Criteria_2017.pdf
  4. Dawood Tafti (2022) Multiple Sclerosis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK499849/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Blood Gas Interpretation 01 Feb 202400:11:44

A systematic approach to blood gas interpretation (blood gas analysis) in 6 main steps,  including some extra tips.  

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Timestamps:
0:00 What does a blood gas show? 
0:34 Systematic Approach - 1) Details
1:05 Systematic Approach - 2) Partial Pressures
3:05 Systematic Approach - 3) Haemoglobin 
4:09 Systematic Approach - 4) pH -General 
5:30 Systematic Approach - 5) pH - Specific 
7:34 Systematic Approach - 6) pH- Compensation
8:15 Systematic Approach - 7) Lactate 
9:24 Systematic Approach - 8) Electrolytes & Glucose 
9:57 Blood Gas Pearls

References

  1. David A. Kaufman - American Thoracic Society Interpretation of Arterial Blood Gases (ABGs). Available at https://www.thoracic.org/professionals/clinical-resources/critical-care/clinical-education/abgs.php
  2. Oxford Medical Education (2014) Arterial Blood Gas (ABG) interpretation for medical students, OSCEs and MRCP PACES. Available at **https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/abgs/abg-interpretation/
  3. Gillian Kelly - Royal College of Emergency Medicine (2021) Arterial Blood Gas Analysis. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/reference/arterial-blood-gas-analysis/
  4. Nickson, C - Life in the Fast Lane (2020) Anion Gap. Available at https://litfl.com/anion-gap/
  5. Scott A Helgeson (2017) Normal carboxyhaemoglobin level in carbon monoxide poisoning treated with hyperbaric oxygen therapy. Available at https://casereports.bmj.com/content/2017/bcr-2017-221174
  6. SKYLER LENTZ - Emergency Physician Monthly (2019) Blood Gases: ABG vs. VBG. Available at https://epmonthly.com/article/blood-gases-abg-vs-vbg/
  7. Yarstev, A - Deranged Physiology (2023) Concentration of total haemoglobin in the ABG sample. Available at https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-system/Chapter 122/concentration-total-haemoglobin-abg-sample

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Multiple Myeloma31 Jan 202400:10:38

A look at Multiple Myeloma (including MGUS), covering pathophysiology as well as signs and symptoms of multiple myeloma (CRAB criteria). Also includes the diagnostic criteria and treatment.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Multiple Myeloma?
0:21 Multiple Myeloma Pathophysiology 
1:34 Plasma Cell Dyscrasias
2:57 Multiple Myeloma Symptoms
5:59 Multiple Myeloma Causes & Risk Factors
6:51 Multiple Myeloma Diagnosis
7:11 Multiple Myeloma Diagnostic Criteria
7:38 Multiple Myeloma Treatment

References

  1. James R. Berenson - **MSD Manual Pro (2023) Multiple Myeloma. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/plasma-cell-disorders/multiple-myeloma
  2. Sara A. Albagoush; Cameron Shumway; Alexandre M. Azevedo (2023) Multiple Myeloma. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534764
  3. International Myeloma Foundation (2021) What Are MGUS, Smoldering Multiple Myeloma, and Active Myeloma? Available at https://www.myeloma.org/what-are-mgus-smm-mm
  4. S. Vincent Rajkumar (2022) Smoldering multiple myeloma current treatment algorithms. Available at https://www.nature.com/articles/s41408-022-00719-0/
  5. Sumana Kundu (2022) Multiple Myeloma and Renal Failure: Mechanisms, Diagnosis, and Management. Available at https://www.cureus.com/articles/86261-multiple-myeloma-and-renal-failure-mechanisms-diagnosis-and-management#!/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Pneumonia 30 Jan 202400:07:17

A look Pneumonia, including Community vs Hospital Acquired Pneumonia and the pathophysiology. We also cover the signs and symptoms as well as the diagnosis, Pneumonia treatment and the main antibiotics used. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Pneumonia? 
0:55 Community Acquired Pneumonia 
1:47 Hospital Acquired Pneumonia 
2:25 Pneumonia Pathophysiology
3:28 Pneumonia Symptoms (Signs and Symptoms) 
4:14 Pneumonia Diagnosis
5:51 Pneumonia Treatment 

References

  1. Sethi, S - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Overview of Pneumonia. Available at*:* https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/pneumonia/overview-of-pneumonia
  2. NICE (2019) Pneumonia (hospital-acquired): antimicrobial prescribing. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng139
  3. BMJ Best Practice (2022) Pneumonia (Overview). Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1113
  4. Raghavendra R. Sanivarapu; Joshua Gibson (2023) Aspiration Pneumonia. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK470459/
  5. Vardhmaan Jain; Rishik Vashisht; Gizem Yilmaz; Abhishek Bhardwaj (2023) Pneumonia Pathology. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK526116/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Haemochromatosis 29 Jan 202400:10:30

Haemochromatosis explained, including iron physiology and haemochromatosis pathophysiology, as well as the various genetic causes of hereditary haemochromatosis. We also look at the main symptoms, diagnostic tests and treatment options. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Haemochromatosis? 
0:15 Haemochromatosis Pathophysiology 
2:24 Hereditary Haemochromatosis Genetics
3:53 Causes of Secondary Haemochromatosis
4:11 Haemochromatosis Symptoms
6:18 Haemochromatosis Diagnosis
7:58 Haemochromatosis Treatment

References

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Haemochromatosis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/134
  2. Hamilton, J - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Hereditary Hemochromatosis. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/iron-overload/hereditary-hemochromatosis
  3. Hamilton, J. - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Overview of Iron Overload. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/iron-overload/overview-of-iron-overload
  4. Hamilton, J - MSD Manual Pro (2022) Secondary Iron Overload. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/hematology-and-oncology/iron-overload/secondary-iron-overload
  5. British Society for Haematology (2021) Guidelines for the monitoring and management of iron overload in patients with haemoglobinopathies and rare anaemias. Available at https://b-s-h.org.uk/guidelines/guidelines/guidelines-for-the-monitoring-and-management-of-iron-overload-in-patients-with-haemoglobinopathies-and-rare-anaemias
  6. Tsutomu N. (2017) Diagnosis and Clinical Implications of Diabetes in Liver Cirrhosis: A Focus on the Oral Glucose Tolerance Test. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5686620/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Approach to Fever in Children19 Jan 202400:10:49

Fever in children and infants is a common presenting complaint. We look at the potential causes of fever in children as well as red flag symptoms. Also includes fever pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is a fever?
0:44 Fever Pathophysiology
1:35 How does Fever help fight infections?
1:59 Fever vs Hyperthermia
2:20 Most Common Causes of Fever in Children
3:45 Signs and Symptoms
5:44 Spotting the Unwell Child
6:41 Diagnosis of Fever in Children
8:47 Treatment of Fever in Children

References:

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Assessment of fever in children. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/692/diagnosis-approach
  2. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Feverish Children Risk Assessment and Management. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/feverish-children-risk-assessment-management/
  3. NICE (2019) Traffic light system for identifying risk of serious illness in under 5. Available at https://www.nice.org.uk/guidance/ng143/resources/support-for-education-and-learning-educational-resource-traffic-light-table-pdf-6960664333
  4. Consolini, D - MSD Manuals Pro (2022) Fever in Infants and Children. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/pediatrics/symptoms-in-infants-and-children/fever-in-infants-and-children
  5. Meningitis Now Meningitis symptoms in children. Available at https://www.meningitisnow.org/meningitis-explained/signs-and-symptoms/signs-and-symptoms-children/
  6. Upton D. Allen - Canadian Paediatric Society (2018) The use of antiviral drugs for influenza: Guidance for practitioners. Available at https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/antiviral-drugs-for-influenza


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

10 Common ECG Patterns & Abnormalities 18 Jan 202400:12:33

We look at the most common ECG rhythms and patterns seen in Medicine, including main identifying features of each. 

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Recommended sources for further reading:
https://litfl.com/ecg-library/
https://ecgwaves.com/

Timestamps:
0:00 Sinus Rhythm (Sinus Tachycardia & Sinus Bradycardia
1:06 Atrial Fibrillation 2:35 – AF video link
2:38 Atrial Flutter
4:26 Premature Ventricular Contraction (PVCs) & Premature Atrial Contractions (PACs)
5:40 Bundle Branch Block (LBBB & RBBB) 
6:41 1st Degree AV Block
7:03 2nd Degree AV Block - Mobitz 1 (Wenckebach) & Mobitz 2 (Hay)
7:39 3rd Degree Heart Block (Complete Heart Block) 8:15 Heart Block Video Link
8:19 Ventricular Tachycardia & Ventricular Fibrillation
10:20 ST Elevation

References:

  1. Nickson, C - Life in the Fast Lane (2023) Atrial Fibrillation. Available at https://litfl.com/atrial-fibrillation/
  2. Buttner, R. Burns, E - Life in the Fast Lane (2022) Atrial Flutter. Available at https://litfl.com/atrial-flutter-ecg-library/
  3. Larkin, J. Burns, E - Life in the Fast Lane (2021) AV Block: 1st Degree. Available at https://litfl.com/first-degree-heart-block-ecg-library/
  4. Burns, E. Buttner, R - Life in the Fast Lane (2021) AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz I (Wenckebach Phenomenon). Available at https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-i-wenckebach-phenomenon/
  5. Burns, E. Buttner, R - Life in the Fast Lane (2022) AV Block: 2nd degree, Mobitz II (Hay block). Available at https://litfl.com/av-block-2nd-degree-mobitz-ii-hay-block/
  6. Larkin, J. Buttner, R. - Life in the Fast Lane (2023) AV Block: 3rd Degree. Available at https://litfl.com/av-block-3rd-degree-complete-heart-block/
  7. Buttner, R. Burns, E - Life in the Fast Lane (2023) Ventricular Tachycardia – Monomorphic VT. Available at https://litfl.com/ventricular-tachycardia-monomorphic-ecg-library/
  8. Burns, E. Buttner, R - Life in the Fast Lane (2022) The ST Segment. Available at https://litfl.com/st-segment-ecg-library/
  9. British Heart Foundation Atrial Flutter and Atrial Fibrillation. Available at https://www.bhf.org.uk/informationsupport/heart-matters-magazine/medical/ask-the-experts/atrial-flutter
  10. ECG Waves The ECG Book. Available at https://ecgwaves.com/course/the-ecg-book/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Sciatica (Including Red Flag Symptoms) 05 Aug 202400:07:11

Understanding sciatica, including pathophysiology and causes, as well as red flag symptoms of sciatica, its diagnosis and sciatica treatment. 

Free Practice Material: 
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/XScCpeACwXr0jlY55I9a?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1
Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:04 What is Sciatica?
0:42 Sciatica Pathophysiology
1:21 What causes sciatica? 
2:54 Sciatica Symptoms
4:27 Sciatica Red Flag Symptoms
5:16 Sciatica Diagnosis
5:37 Sciatica Treatment

References

  1. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Sciatica (lumbar radiculopathy)”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/sciatica-lumbar-radiculopathy/
  2. Moley, P.J - MSD Manual (2022) - “Sciatica**”.** Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/neck-and-back-pain/sciatica#Diagnosis_v908535
  3. Teach Me Orthopedics (2024) - “Sciatica**”.** Available at https://teachmeorthopedics.info/sciatica-2/
  4. Davis, D - StatPearls (2024) - “Sciatica”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK507908/
  5. Simoens, F - Physiopedia - “Disc Herniation”. Available at https://www.physio-pedia.com/Disc_Herniation


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


Trigeminal Neuralgia 17 Jan 202400:06:16

Trigeminal Neuralgia explained, including symptoms, causes, pathophysiology as well as diagnosis (with criteria) and treatment options.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Trigeminal Neuralgia?
0:15 Trigeminal Neuralgia Pathophysiology
1:30 Trigeminal Neuralgia Symptoms
2:31 Trigeminal Neuralgia Causes
3:04 Trigeminal Neuralgia Diagnosis
4:33 Trigeminal Neuralgia Treatment

References

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at: https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/209/
  2. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at: https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/trigeminal-neuralgia/
  3. Julie G. Pilitsis, MD, PhD, Olga Khazen - American Association of Neurological Surgeons -Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at https://www.aans.org/Patients/Neurosurgical-Conditions-and-Treatments/Trigeminal-Neuralgia
  4. National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke - Trigeminal Neuralgia. Available at: https://www.ninds.nih.gov/health-information/disorders/trigeminal-neuralgia

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

The Cranial Nerve Examination14 Jan 202400:15:53

Cranial Nerve Examination explained, including individual nerve functions as well as mnemonics to remember Cranial Nerve names and function! 

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Timestamps:
0:00 Preparation
0:59 Cranial Nerve Mnemonics
1:42 General Inspection
2:04 Cranial Nerve 1 (Olfactory Nerve)
2:52 Cranial Nerve 2 (Optic Nerve) 
5:05 Pupillary Reflexes
7:20 Cranial Nerve 3 (Oculomotor) Cranial Nerve 4 (Trochlear) & Cranial Nerve 6 (Abducens)
9:11 Cranial Nerve 5 (Trigeminal Nerve)
10:49 Cranial Nerve 7 (Facial Nerve)
12:29 Cranial Nerve 8 (Vestibulocochlear Nerve)
12:58 Cranial Nerve 9 (Glossopharyngeal Nerve) & Cranial Nerve 10 (Vagus Nerve)
14:26 Cranial Nerve 11 (Spinal Accessory Nerve)
14:47 Cranial Nerve 12 (Hypoglossal Nerve)
15:17 Concluding the Examination

References:

  1. Sanders, K. - Teach Me Anatomy (2022)“Cranial Nerves”. Available at: https://teachmeanatomy.info/head/cranial-nerves/
  2. Oxford Medical Education (2015) “Cranial Nerve Examination”. Available at: https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/clinical-examinations/cranial-nerve-examination/
  3. M. Flower, M. Rose and J. Stern - MRCP (2019) “Nervous System Examination”. Available at: https://www.mrcpuk.org/sites/default/files/documents/Nervous system examination for PACES (002).pdf
  4. Bargiela, D - Geeky Medics (2010) - “Cranial Nerve Examination - OSCE Guide”. Available at: https://geekymedics.com/cranial-nerve-exam/


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


The Cardiovascular System Examination 02 Jan 202400:11:17

A review of the Cardiovascular System Examination, involving a systematic approach to help remember the key points, including trickier parts to remember like the JVP and Osler's Nodes vs Janeway Lesions.  

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Timestamps:
0:00 Cardiovascular System Exam Structure
0:25 Preparation - WIPE Mnemonic
0:57 Cardiovascular System Assessment - General Inspection
1:44 Cardiovascular System Assessment - Specific Inspection
6:18 Cardiovascular System Assessment - Auscultation
8:28 Cardiovascular System Assessment - Palpation and Percussion
10:24 Concluding the Examination 

References

  1. Kennedy, S. PACES Medical Education Leeds (2023) Cardiovascular Examination. Available at https://www.medicaleducationleeds.com/paces/cardiovascular-examination/
  2. OSCE Stop. Cardiac Examination. Available at https://oscestop.education/clinical-examination/cardiac-examination/
  3. Baliga, R. R (2001) 250 Cases in Clinical Medicine. Available at https://archive.org/details/250casesinclinic0000bali_03ed
  4. Potter, L. Geeky Medics (2023) Cardiovascular Examination. Available at https://geekymedics.com/cardiovascular-examination-2/


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


Cystic Fibrosis14 Dec 202300:12:49

Cystic Fibrosis explained, including Cystic Fibrosis pathophysiology, as well as its common symptoms. We also cover how Cystic Fibrosis is diagnosed (including newborn screening,  sweat testing and genetic testing) as well as Cystic Fibrosis treatment (with CFTR modulators!). 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1

Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps: 
0:00 What is Cystic Fibrosis?
0:53 Cystic Fibrosis Pathophysiology
5:55 Cystic Fibrosis Symptoms 
7:19 Cystic Fibrosis Diagnosis
9:29 Cystic Fibrosis Treatment

References

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Cystic Fibrosis. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/403
  2. MSD Manuals Pro (2022) Cystic Fibrosis. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/cystic-fibrosis-cf/cystic-fibrosis
  3. Fenker, D (2018) A Comparison between Two Pathophysiologically Different yet Microbiologically Similar Lung Diseases: Cystic Fibrosis and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6322854/
  4. Cystic Fibrosis Trust (2022) UK Cystic Fibrosis Registry 2021 Annual Data Report. Available at https://www.cysticfibrosis.org.uk/news/key-findings-from-the-2021-cf-registry-report
  5. Elaine Yu; Sandeep Sharma (2022) Cystic Fibrosis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK493206/
  6. British Lung Foundation. Cystic Fibrosis statistics. Available at https://statistics.blf.org.uk/cystic-fibrosis
  7. Andrea H. Roe (2021) Gynecologic health care for females with cystic fibrosis.        Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8607192/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


Diverticular Disease (Diverticulosis & Diverticulitis) 03 Dec 202300:07:09

Diverticular Disease explained, including differences between diverticulosis and diverticulitis, diverticular disease pathophysiology as well as signs and symptoms of each. Also includes diagnosis, and diverticular disease treatment. 

Consider subscribing to YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Diverticular Disease? (Diverticulitis vs Diverticulosis)
0:31 Diverticular Disease Pathophysiology
2:04 Diverticular Disease Symptoms
4:03 Diverticular Disease Diagnosis
4:47 Diverticular Disease Treatment

References

  1. MSD Manuals Pro (2022) Diverticular Disease. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/gastrointestinal-disorders/diverticular-disease
  2. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Diverticular Disease. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000089

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Approach to Psychiatric History Taking 03 Dec 202300:06:53

Psychiatric history taking has some clear differences from typical medical history taking. Here is an approach to help you remember the main points that need to be covered in a Psychiatry History Taking. 

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Timestamps:
0:05 General Approach
0:43 5S’s - Symptoms
2:31 5S’s - Social
3:24 5S’s - Substances
3:52 5S’s - Psychosis
5:07 5S’s - Self Harm / Suicide

References:

  1. Psych DB (2022) The Psychiatric Interview. Available at https://www.psychdb.com/teaching/1-psych-interview
  2. OSCE Stop (2023) Psychiatric history. Available at https://oscestop.education/history-taking/psychiatric-history/
  3. Speller, J - Geeky Medics (2023) Psychiatric History Taking – OSCE Guide. Available at https://geekymedics.com/psychiatric-history-taking-osce-guide/
  4. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2021) Psychosis and schizophrenia. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/psychosis-schizophrenia/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease03 Dec 202300:13:22

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) explained, including COPD pathophysiology, signs and symptoms, COPD diagnosis and treatment (with GOLD recommendations). 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD)? 
0:20 Normal Anatomy & Breathing Physiology
1:06 COPD Pathophysiology 
3:20 COPD Causes
3:56 COPD Symptoms
6:08 COPD Exacerbations & Complications
6:52 COPD Diagnosis
8:58 COPD Treatment - Exacerbation
9:52 COPD Treatment - Stable 

References

  1. MSD Manuals Pro (2022) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD). Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pulmonary-disorders/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-and-related-disorders/chronic-obstructive-pulmonary-disease-copd
  2. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/7/
  3. Pandirajan, K. - TeachMePhysiology (2023) Mechanics of Breathing. Available at https://teachmephysiology.com/respiratory-system/ventilation/mechanics-of-breathing/
  4. Anuj K. Agarwal (2023) Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease. ****Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559281/
  5. Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease (2023). 2023 GOLD REPORT. Available at https://goldcopd.org/2023-gold-report-2/


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Menopause02 Dec 202300:10:05

A look at menopause including its definition and physiology, as well as the common symptoms of menopause, the diagnosis and menopause treatment (including hormone replacement therapy). 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is the Menopause? 
0:35 Menopause Physiology
1:43 Menopause Causes (Other than natural) 
3:06 Menopause Symptoms
4:59 Menopause Diagnosis
6:18 Menopause Treatment 
7:15 Menopause Treatment (Hormone Replacement Therapy)

References

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Menopause. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/194/
  2. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) Menopause. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/menopause/
  3. MSD Manuals Pro (2023) Menopause. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/gynecology-and-obstetrics/menopause/menopause
  4. Hyun-Kyung Kim (2015) The Recent Review of the Genitourinary Syndrome of Menopause. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4561742/
  5. Lumen Learning The Ovarian Cycle, the Menstrual Cycle, and Menopause. Available at https://courses.lumenlearning.com/wm-biology2/chapter/the-ovarian-cycle-the-menstrual-cycle-and-menopause/
  6. British Menopause Society (2023) Education. Available at https://thebms.org.uk/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


Polycystic Ovary Syndrome02 Dec 202300:08:43

We cover Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS), including signs and symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome, its pathophysiology as well as the diagnostic criteria (Rotterdam criteria). We also look at Polycystic Ovary Syndrome treatment. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Polycystic Ovary Syndrome? 
0:17 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:42 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Symptoms
4:25 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Diagnosis (Rotterdam Criteria) 
6:33 Polycystic Ovary Syndrome Treatment 

References:

  1. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/polycystic-ovary-syndrome/
  2. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/141
  3. Lorena I. Rasquin; Catherine Anastasopoulou; Jane V. Mayrin (2022) Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK459251/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Congenital Heart Disease02 Dec 202300:19:47

A look at the main forms of congenital heart disease including Left to Right Shunts (VSD,ASD, Patent Ductus Arteriosus, Anomalous Pulmonary Vein Connections) and Right to Left Shunts (Tetralogy of Fallot, Transposition of the Great Arteries, Ebsteins Anomaly). 

Heart Sounds by:
Easy Auscultation https://www.easyauscultation.com/heart-sounds
License https://drive.google.com/file/d/1alTtvcl4sXTwPLhTYIxRps-deCVbGQRz/view?usp=drive_link

Volumes altered - no other changes made. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Congenital Heart Disease?
0:20 Types of Congenital Heart Disease Overview
1:07 Normal Anatomy & Physiology 
1:43 Left to Right Shunting Pathophysiology (Eisenmenger’s Syndrome)
3:04 Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)
5:25 Atrial Septal Defect (ASD)
7:35 Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)
11:16 Anomalous Pulmonary Venous Connections (APVC)
13:53 Tetralogy of Fallot (TOF)
14:49 Transposition of the Great Arteries (TGA) 
16:02 Ebstein’s Anomaly
17:45 Aortic Coarctation 

References:

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Congenital Heart Disease. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/1308/details
  2. Arvanitaki, A (2020) Eisenmenger syndrome: diagnosis, prognosis and clinical management. Available at **https://heart.bmj.com/content/106/21/1638
  3. Remien, K & Majmunda, S.H (2023) Physiology, Fetal Circulation. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK539710/
  4. MSD Manuals Pro. Congenital Cardiovascular Anomalies. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/pediatrics/congenital-cardiovascular-anomalies

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Chronic Cough Causes and Treatment (With Red Flag Symptoms) 27 Jul 202400:08:28

Chronic cough causes explained, looking at the differential diagnosis of a chronic cough as well as treatment options. Includes red flag symptoms associated with chronic cough.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is a cough?
0:30 Acute vs Chronic Cough
1:38 Causes of a Chronic Cough 
4:11 Chronic Cough Red Flags
5:25 Chronic Cough Treatment

References

  1. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Cough”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/cough/
  2. Parker, S, M - British Thoracic Society (2023) - “British Thoracic Society Clinical Statement on chronic cough in adults**”.** Available at https://thorax.bmj.com/content/78/Suppl_6/s3
  3. Pinto, B (2020) “ACEI-induced cough: A review of current evidence and its practical implications for optimal CV risk reduction**”.** Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7670268/


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


Ehlers Danlos Syndrome 01 Dec 202300:07:19

Ehlers Danlos Syndrome (EDS) explained, including subtypes such as Hypermobile EDS and Vascular EDS. We look at the hypermobility criteria (including Beighton score), as well as Ehlers Danlos Syndrome treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Ehlers Danlos Syndrome? 
0:25 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Pathophysiology
1:17 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Causes
1:50 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Symptoms and Signs
4:17 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Diagnosis
6:15 Ehlers Danlos Syndrome Treatment 

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 



Red Flags for Back Pain Mnemonic 01 Dec 202300:02:39

Back pain is extremely common, but these red flag symptoms help identify serious causes of back pain that require further investigation, using the mnemonic TUNA FISH. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 Sinister Causes of Back Pain
0:48 TUNA FISH 

References

  1. Royal College of Emergency Medicine (2021) Acute Lower Back Pain. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/reference/lower-back-pain/
  2. Royal College of Emergency Medicine (2023) Silver Trauma. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/foamed/silver-trauma/
  3. Radiopaedia (2021) Red Flags of Low Back Pain (Mnemonic). Available at https://radiopaedia.org/articles/red-flags-of-low-back-pain-mnemonic
  4. GP Notebook (2022) Tuna Fish (Back Pain and Red Flags). Available at https://gpnotebook.com/simplepage.cfm?ID=x20201229132328621058
  5. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Back Pain - Low (Without Radiculopathy). Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/back-pain-low-without-radiculopathy/diagnosis/assessment/

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Learn Heart Murmurs in 10 Minutes (With Heart Murmur Sounds)01 Dec 202300:11:16

A systematic approach to describing heart murmurs, as well as summaries on the main valve disorders causing murmurs with corresponding audio.

Heart sounds by:
Professional Skill Builder, Copyright 2005-2015 by The Regents of the University of Michigan (https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/psb_open/html/repo/primer_heartsound/primer_heartsound.html)
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

Easy Auscultation: https://www.easyauscultation.com/heart-sounds
License: https://drive.google.com/file/d/1alTtvcl4sXTwPLhTYIxRps-deCVbGQRz/view?usp=drive_link

Volumes altered - no other changes made. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1

Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
Buy Us A Coffee!: https://www.buymeacoffee.com/rhesusmedicine

Timestamps:
0:00 What is a heart murmur? 
1:30 Aortic Stenosis
2:42 Aortic Stenosis Murmur Audio
4:33 Aortic Regurgitation
5:02 Aortic Regurgitation Murmur Audio
6:03 Mitral Stenosis
6:34 Mitral Stenosis Murmur Audio
7:03 Mitral Regurgitation
7:26 Mitral Regurgitation Murmur Audio
7:50 Pulmonary Stenosis
8:16 Pulmonary Stenosis Murmur Audio 
8:44 Pulmonary Regurgitation 
9:22 Pulmonary Regurgitation Murmur Audio 
9:28 Tricuspid Stenosis 
9:54 Tricuspid Stenosis Murmur Audio
10:10 Tricuspid Regurgitation 
10:23 Tricuspid Regurgitation Murmur Audio 

References:

  1. Amboss (2023) Cardiovascular Examination. Available at https://www.amboss.com/us/knowledge/cardiovascular-examination/
  2. Zhang, G & Cadogan, M - Life in the Fast Lane (2020) Aortic Regurgitation Eponymythology. Available at ****https://litfl.com/aortic-regurgitation-eponymythology/
  3. Lome, S - Healio S2 Heart Sound Topic Review. Available at https://www.healio.com/cardiology/learn-the-heart/cardiology-review/topic-reviews/s2-heart-sound
  4. MSD Manuals Pro (2023) Available at Search results for: murmur - MSD Manual Professional Edition (msdmanuals.com)
  5. Yartsev, A - Deranged Physiology (2018) Haemodynamic Changes During a Mechanical Breath. Available at https://derangedphysiology.com/main/cicm-primary-exam/required-reading/respiratory-system/Chapter 524/haemodynamic-changes-during-mechanical-breath#:~:text=During early expiration,preload increases%2C and afterload decreases
  6. Geeky Medics Heart Murmurs. Available at https://geekymedics.com/heart-murmurs/
  7. Ibrahim O, Sibbald M, Szczeklik W, Leśniak W. Heart Auscultation. McMaster Textbook of Internal Medicine. Kraków: Medycyna Praktyczna. Available at https://empendium.com/mcmtextbook/chapter/B31.I.1.107



Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Urinary Tract Infections01 Dec 202300:08:43

Understanding Urinary Tract Infections (UTI), including complicated vs uncomplicated UTI, symptoms, diagnosis and UTI treatment. Also covers Urinary Tract Infection pathophysiology. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCRks8wB6vgz0E7buP0L_5RQ?sub_confirmation=1

Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is a UTI?
1:00 Urinary Tract Infection Pathophysiology
2:57 UTI Causes & Risk Factors
5:07 UTI Symptoms
6:19 UTI Diagnosis
7:11 UTI Treatment

References:

  1. MSD Manuals Pro (2023) Bacterial Urinary Tract Infections & Urinary Tract Infections Overview. Available at Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) - MSD Manual Professional Edition (msdmanuals.com)
  2. Czajkowski, K (2021) Urinary tract infection in women. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8077804/
  3. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) Urinary tract infection (lower) - women, Pyelonephritis - acute, Urinary tract infection (lower) - men. Available at Urinary tract infection (lower) - men | Health topics A to Z | CKS | NICE Pyelonephritis - acute | Health topics A to Z | CKS | NICE Urinary tract infection (lower) - women | Health topics A to Z | CKS | NICE
  4. British National Formulary (2023) Urinary Tract Infections. Available at https://bnf.nice.org.uk/treatment-summaries/urinary-tract-infections/



Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Understanding Sepsis 01 Dec 202300:09:18

Sepsis explained, including the most common causes as well as sepsis pathophysiology. Also includes the SIRS criteria and SOFA scores, and the sepsis treatment through sepsis 6. 

Consider subscribing to the YouTube Channel (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Sepsis? 
1:19 Sepsis Pathophysiology
3:55 Sepsis Causes & Sepsis Risk Factors
5:21 Sepsis Symptoms
5:55 Sepsis Diagnosis – SIRS Criteria
6:28 Sepsis Diagnosis – SOFA Score
7:56 Sepsis Treatment (Sepsis 6) 

References:

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2023) Sepsis In Adults. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/3000098
  2. Bullock, B (2023) Bacterial Sepsis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537054/
  3. Stearns-Kurosawa, D.J (2017) The Pathogenesis of Sepsis. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3684427/
  4. Greer, J.R (2015) Pathophysiology of cardiovascular dysfunction in sepsis. Available at https://academic.oup.com/bjaed/article/15/6/316/356327


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Methods of Contraception15 Jul 202400:11:36

A summary of the main contraceptive methods including the pill, mini pill, implant, injection and intrauterine devices. Also includes a classification to make them easier to remember. We also cover the main features of each and general contraindications. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 Combined Oral Contraceptive Pill (The Pill)
4:06 Progesterone Only Pill (POP / Mini Pill)
5:34 Intrauterine System (IUS / Hormonal Coil)
6:59 Progesterone Implant 
7:52 Progesterone Injection 
9:06 Barrier Methods 
9:55 Natural Family Planning
10:24 Copper Intrauterine Device (Cu-IUD)

References

  1. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Contraception - combined hormonal methods**”.** Available at ****https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/contraception-combined-hormonal-methods/
  2. TeachMeObGyn - Fitzgerald, G, Wes (2023 & 2022) - “Contraception”. Available at ****https://teachmeobgyn.com/sexual-health/contraception/
  3. Faculty of Sexual and Reproductive Health (2019) “UK Medical Eligibility Criteria for Contraceptive Use (UKMEC**)”**. Available at https://www.fsrh.org/Public/Public/Standards-and-Guidance/uk-medical-eligibility-criteria-for-contraceptive-use-ukmec.aspx?hkey=82727ce6-756b-4b88-a5ab-acaf27c48669
  4. Electronic Medicines Compendium (2024) - “Mirena 20 micrograms/24 hours intrauterine delivery system**”.** Available at https://www.medicines.org.uk/emc/product/1132/smpc
  5. Geeky Medics - Beattie, A (2023) “Methods of Contraception”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/methods-of-contraception/



Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Aortic Stenosis (With Heart Murmur Sound) 01 Jul 202400:09:59

Aortic Stenosis explained clearly, including  pathophysiology and causes. Also features the aortic stenosis murmur sound, and treatment including TAVI vs SAVR. 

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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Aortic Stenosis? 
0:51 Aortic Stenosis Pathophysiology
2:16 Aortic Stenosis Causes
3:39 Aortic Stenosis Symptoms
5:04 Aortic Stenosis Murmur 
6:46 Aortic Stenosis Diagnosis
7:10 Aortic Stenosis Treatment - TAVI 
08:06 Aortic Stenosis Treatment - SAVR

Heart sounds by:
Professional Skill Builder, Copyright 2005-2015 by The Regents of the University of Michigan (https://www.med.umich.edu/lrc/psb_open/html/repo/primer_heartsound/primer_heartsound.html)
License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/

References

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Aortic Stenosis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/325
  2. Guy P. Armstrong*, MD -* MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Aortic Stenosis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/cardiovascular-disorders/valvular-disorders/aortic-stenosis
  3. Guillaume Marquis-Gravel, MD, Msc - AHA Journals (2016) - “Medical Management of Aortic Stenosis”. Available at https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.116.023997



Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Acute Sore Throat (Differentials and Management) 24 Jun 202400:10:44

Acute Sore Throat explained, including different causes including strep throat and peritonsillar abscess, with treatment of each. Also includes common associated symptoms as well as more worrying symptoms and a viral vs bacterial scoring system for acute sore throat. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Patreon: https://www.patreon.com/rhesusmedicine
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is a sore throat?
0:30 Sore Throat Symptoms
1:50 Tonsillopharyngitis / Acute Pharyngitis / Strep Throat
4:34 Infectious Mononucleosis 
5:37 Peritonsillar Abscess (Quinsy) 
7:04 Parapharyngeal Abscess & Retropharyngeal Abscess
8:42 Epiglottitis

References:

1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) “Acute Pharyngitis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/5/

2. Cheng, A.G - MSD Manual Pro (2024) “Tonsillopharyngitis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/oral-and-pharyngeal-disorders/tonsillopharyngitis#Symptoms-and-Signs_v946859

3. Laura Sauve, A - Canadian Paediatric Society (2021) “Group A streptococcal (GAS) pharyngitis: A practical guide to diagnosis and treatment”. Available at https://cps.ca/en/documents/position/group-a-streptococcal

4. Efi Mantzourani (2022) - “Characteristics of the sore throat test and treat service in community pharmacies (STREP) in Wales: cross-sectional analysis of 11 304 consultations using anonymized electronic pharmacy records”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9780525/#:~:text=Acute%20sore%20throat%20is%20a%20common%20presentation%20in,GABHS%20and%20viral%20infections%20is%20less%20accurate.%2011 

5. ENTSHO (2022) - “Acute Sore Throat”. Available at https://entsho.com/triage-acute-sore-throat

6. Watkins, R - Geeky Medics (2024) - “Rheumatic Fever”. Available at  https://geekymedics.com/rheumatic-fever/

7. Kenneth, M.K - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “Infectious Mononucleosis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/infectious-diseases/herpesviruses/infectious-mononucleosis

8. Cheng, A.G - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Epiglottitis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear,-nose,-and-throat-disorders/oral-and-pharyngeal-disorders/epiglottitis


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

How to Take a Good Medical History 10 Jun 202400:10:32

Systematic approach to taking a good medical history, including example structure. Also includes key questions and information to ask, as well as generating a differential and management plan. 

Free Practice Material:
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/G5TCwMXZ8xZEXipwAtoG/sepsis-flashcards-multiple-choice-questions-quiz?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

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Timestamps:
0:25 Before Beginning
1:16 History of Presenting Complaint
4:55 Review of Systems
6:28 Past Medical History
6:59 Drug History
7:46 Social History
8:08 Family History 
8:27 Integrating Examination & Investigations
9:05 Diagnosis and Management 

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

References

  1. OSCE Stop - “The Medical History”. Available at https://oscestop.education/history-taking/the-medical-history/
  2. University College London (2015-2016) - "Guide to History Taking and Examination”. Available at https://www.ucl.ac.uk/epidemiology-health-care/sites/epidemiology-health-care/files/history-exam.pdf
  3. Geeky Medics (2023) - “Presenting A History - OSCE Guide”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/presenting-a-history-osce-guide/
  4. Oxford Medical Education (2016) - “History Taking - Overview”. Available at https://oxfordmedicaleducation.com/history/medical-general/
  5. StatPearls - Jonathan R. Nichol; Joshua Henrina Sundjaja; Grant Nelson (2024) “Medical History”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK534249/
Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD)28 May 202400:09:19

Autism (Autism Spectrum Disorder / ASD) explained, including common symptoms, risk factors and DSM 5 diagnostic criteria, as well as treatment options. 

Free Practice Material: 
https://app.wisdolia.com/deck/ioRaCFhMl7O3KeStjXPn/autism-spectrum-diso-flashcards-multiple-choice-questions-quiz?r=DnwHGyl95QQgP3ecVSPDHrFGE0E0qB&ref=rhesusmedicine

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Autism Spectrum Disorder? 
0:56 Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms (Autism Symptoms) 
4:04 Autism Spectrum Disorder Causes
5:16 Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis (Autism Diagnostic Criteria) 
7:18 Autism Spectrum Disorder Management (Autism Treatment) 

References

  1. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Autism spectrum disorder**”.** Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/379/
  2. Sulkes, S, B MD - MSD Manual Pro (2024) “Autism Spectrum Disorder**”.** Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/pediatrics/learning-and-developmental-disorders/autism-spectrum-disorder#Diagnosis_v1104819

Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 

Osteoarthritis 14 Oct 202400:07:39

Understanding Osteoarthritis, including pathophysiology, most common symptoms of Osteoarthritis, diagnosis with a mnemonic on X Ray findings as well as Osteoarthritis treatment options.

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Osteoarthritis?
0:17 Osteoarthritis Pathophysiology
1:54 Osteoarthritis Symptoms
3:38 Osteoarthritis Causes and Risk Factors
4:48 Osteoarthritis Diagnosis
5:45 Osteoarthritis Treatment

References

  1. Yaseen, K - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Osteoarthritis”. Available at: https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/musculoskeletal-and-connective-tissue-disorders/joint-disorders/osteoarthritis-oa
  2. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Osteoarthritis”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/192?q=Osteoarthritis
  3. Watson, A - Geeky Medics (20233) - “Hip Anatomy”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/hip-joint
  4. Dahbi, R - Radiopaedia (2020) - “Osteoarthritis (Mnemonic)”. Available at https://radiopaedia.org/articles/osteoarthritis-mnemonic


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

Guillain Barre Syndrome 30 Sep 202400:09:44

Guillain Barre Syndrome (GBS) explained, including GBS pathophysiology and causes, symptoms and how they vary between the GBS subtypes (e.g Miller Fisher, AMAN). Also includes diagnosis and GBS treatment. 

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Guillain Barre Syndrome? 
0:36 Guillain Barre Syndrome Pathophysiology
2:29 Guillain Barre Syndrome Symptoms
4:40 Guillain Barre Syndrome Subtypes
5:38 Guillain Barre Syndrome Causes
6:21 Guillain Barre Syndrome Diagnosis
7:50 Guillain Barre Syndrome Treatment

References

  1. Rubin, M - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Guillain-Barré Syndrome (GBS)”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/en-gb/professional/neurologic-disorders/peripheral-nervous-system-and-motor-unit-disorders/guillain-barré-syndrome-gbs
  2. BMJ Best Practice (2022) - “Guillain-Barre Syndrome”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/176
  3. StatPearls -Thy P. Nguyen; Roger S. Taylor (2023) “Guillain-Barre Syndrome”. Available at https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK532254


Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


Bronchiolitis vs Viral Induced Wheeze 25 Oct 202400:07:34

Summaries of both Bronchiolitis and Viral Induced Wheeze featuring the key points, as well as the main differences between them. Includes pathophysiology, symptoms and treatment for each. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 Bronchiolitis Pathophysiology and Causes
1:10 Bronchiolitis Symptoms
2:25 Bronchiolitis Treatment
03:13 Viral Induced Wheeze Pathophysiology and Causes
4:02 Viral Induced Wheeze Symptoms
5:07 Viral Induced Wheeze Treatment
5:44 Important Differentials 

References

  1. Bhatia, R - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Bronchiolitis”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-disorders-in-young-children/bronchiolitis
  2. NICE Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2024) - “Cough - acute with chest signs in children”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/cough-acute-with-chest-signs-in-children/diagnosis/diagnosis-of-cause/
  3. Zaininger, P - Geeky Medics (2024) - “Viral Induced Wheeze and Asthma”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/viral-induced-wheeze-and-asthma/
  4. Snelson, E - RCEM Learning (2024) - “Coughing, Wheezy and Stridulous Children”. Available at https://www.rcemlearning.co.uk/foamed/coughing-wheezy-and-stridulous-children/
  5. Children’s Hospital of Philadelphia - “Heart Failure in Children”. Available at https://www.chop.edu/conditions-diseases/heart-failure-children



Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


Croup20 Nov 202400:03:45

Understanding Croup, also known as laryngotracheobronchitis, including cases, pathophysiology, main symptoms as well as diagnosis and treatment. 

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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Croup? 
0:32 Croup Pathophysiology
1:08 Croup Symptoms
1:56 Croup Diagnosis
2:34 Croup Treatment

References:

  1. Bhatia, R - MSD Manual Pro (2024) - “Croup”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/pediatrics/respiratory-disorders-in-young-children/croup
  2. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2022) - “Croup”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/croup/
  3. BMJ Best Practice (2024) - “Croup”. Available at https://bestpractice.bmj.com/topics/en-gb/681




Please remember this video and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


#medicalmnemonic #medicalmnemonics #rhesusmedicine #studymedicine #studygram #medstudent #medicalschool

An Approach to Vertigo 11 Nov 202400:11:17

Vertigo explained, including a way to easily remember the causes of Vertigo, as well as the different symptoms associated and the HINTS exam. Also covers vertigo pathophysiology, as well as the different treatment options for vertigo.

Consider subscribing on YouTube (if you found any of the info useful!): 
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Timestamps:
0:00 What is Vertigo? 
1:11 Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo
2:52 Vestibular Migraine
3:52 Meniere’s Disease
5:15 Persistent Postural Perceptual Dizziness
6:59 Vestibular Neuritis
8:17 Posterior Circulation Stroke
9:24 HINTS Examination Central vs Peripheral Vertigo

References:

  1. Kaylie D, M - MSD Manual Pro (2022) - “Dizziness and Vertigo”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/approach-to-the-patient-with-ear-problems/dizziness-and-vertigo
  2. Hamiter, M - MSD Manual Pro (2023) - “ Benign Paroxysmal Positional Vertigo”. Available at https://www.msdmanuals.com/professional/ear-nose-and-throat-disorders/inner-ear-disorders/benign-paroxysmal-positional-vertigo
  3. Lilien, V - The British Medical Journal (2019) - “Vestibular migraine”. Available at https://www.bmj.com/content/366/bmj.l4213.full
  4. Meniere’s UK - “Migraine Associated Vertigo”. Available at https://www.menieres.org.uk/information-and-support/symptoms-and-conditions/migraine-associated-vertigo
  5. Hohnen, H - Geeky Medics (2020) - “The Head Impulse, Nystagmus, Test of Skew (HINTS) Examination”. Available at https://geekymedics.com/the-head-impulse-nystagmus-test-of-skew-hints-examination/
  6. Practical Neurology (2016) - “Persistent postural-perceptual dizziness (PPPD): a common, characteristic and treatable cause of chronic dizziness”. Available at https://pn.bmj.com/content/18/1/5
  7. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Ménière's disease”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/menieres-disease/
  8. Clinical Knowledge Summaries (2023) - “Vestibular neuronitis”. Available at https://cks.nice.org.uk/topics/vestibular-neuronitis/



Please remember this podcast and all content from Rhesus Medicine is meant for educational purposes only and should not be used as a guide to diagnose or to treat. Please consult a healthcare professional for medical advice. 


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