Dr. Rob Huebert joins today's Expert Series podcast to discuss the implications of Prime Minister Mark Carney’s announcement that Canada is exploring participation in the United States' “Golden Dome” defence initiative, unveiled by Donald Trump earlier this week. The Golden Dome, designed to intercept hypersonic, ballistic, and space-based threats, would mark a major expansion of American missile defence capabilities, echoing Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI).

Dr. Huebert explains the technical ambition and geopolitical motivation behind the Golden Dome, contrasting it with Israel’s Iron Dome, noting the far greater complexity required for continental-scale coverage. While Canada has historically abstained from joining U.S. missile defence programs, evolving threats posed by Russia and China mean that Canada's defence posture is under renewed scrutiny.

Huebert suggests that participation in the Golden Dome may now be strategically necessary, despite ongoing concerns about Trump’s remarks about Canadian sovereignty. Canada must exercise caution, but has to realize that it needs to protect itself from the other geopolitical threats, while managing its relationship with an increasingly unpredictable United States.

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What do recent changes in the United States’s strategic posture mean for the Five Eyes intelligence-sharing alliance? 

Over the past several months, allies within the Five Eyes have flagged an alarming level of polarization within the U.S. intelligence community. While the alliance has faced challenges before, new difficulties regarding intelligence-sharing dynamics, as well as domestic politics, and bilateral relationships between individual partners have raised concerns.  

Today, we meet with Vincent Rigby, former national security advisor to the Prime Minister; Dan Stanton, former CSIS intelligence officer and current Director of the National Security Program at the University of Ottawa; and Artur Wilczynski, Senior Strategy Advisor at Samuel Associates, to discuss the challenges Canada faces amidst these shifts. Although the Five Eyes will likely remain the cornerstone of Canada’s contribution to global security through intelligence, Canada benefits from considering opportunities to diversify relations with new regional alliances and partnership blocs.  

With a new government in Ottawa, policymakers must increase the capabilities of the Privy Council Office and other relevant areas of the national security apparatus, as well as transparency surrounding it to Canadians. Canada must prioritize its own strategic autonomy and national interests in an increasingly tumultuous international system.

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In today’s Expert Series episode, Toms Rostoks, Director of the Centre for Security and Strategic Research at the National Defence Academy of Latvia, discusses Latvia’s evolving approach to national defence in the face of Russian aggression.

The 2014 Russian invasion of Crimea was a turning point for Latvia’s national defence strategy. With the understanding that Russian aggression towards Europe would only continue to intensify in the years to come, Latvia adopted a total defence strategy, integrating military and civilian preparedness with increasing defence spending for a whole-of-society approach. Rostoks explores how this model, developed on NATO’s most vulnerable front, is shaping the Baltic region’s deterrence posture—and why other NATO members, including Canada, must take note.

The episode also explores how Latvian and Baltic strategies intersect with NATO’s forward presence, the role of U.S. and European allies, and the challenges of sustaining public support in the face of prolonged tension. As Latvia seeks to deepen Baltic ties with other NATO allies, today’s conversation offers concrete insights into how Canada can assist and support their fight on NATO’s frontline.

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In this Expert Series episode, we unpack the Liberal Party’s April 14 defence pledge, announced by Mark Carney, which outlines significant reinvestment in Canada’s military and defence industry. Key proposals include a centralized procurement agency, a new research bureau focused on emerging technologies, and efforts to boost domestic defence production and international partnerships—particularly through the EU’s Rearm Europe initiative.

Panelists Dr. Justin Massie, Colonel (Ret’d) Charles Davies, and Gordon Venner reflect on the feasibility of these proposals, raising questions about the mandate, structure, funding, and integration of the new agencies with existing systems. They also explore opportunities for Canadian industry to expand in the EU, the feasibility of meeting NATO’s 2% target amidst a pivot from US suppliers, and compare the Liberal and Conservative defence plans—including the Conservative proposal for a permanent Arctic base.

With all parties having pledged to meet the NATO spending threshold, the panel notes that defence has become a rare point of focus in this election—marking a significant shift in Canada’s political landscape on national security.

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In today's Expert Series episode, we speak with Peter MacKay, former Minister of National Defence, to discuss the defence and security challenges Canada faces today. From Normandy to Afghanistan, the Armed Forces have long been a source of pride for Canadians. While recent challenges in domestic procurement and recruitment have limited the CAF, it’s still possible to get back to the impactful force we once had.

The recent tone from the United States has put pressure on our bilateral relationship, but none of it has been irreparable, says Mr. MacKay. From NORAD to intelligence sharing, the Canada-US defence partnership makes both of our countries stronger. However, changes in US foreign policy may ultimately push Canada toward its traditional allies like the UK and France, including on procurement projects and the integration of military exchanges. At the end of the day, Canada will need to come up with more modernized systems, working together with industry to produce technically advanced equipment.  

Considering the upcoming election, Mr. MacKay hopes that defence can be “de-politicized” and key projects like modernizing our military equipment and boosting our domestic defence industries are taken up by the new government, regardless of party. The world needs Canada, and we should be ready to take on a greater role, both at home and internationally.

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In this Expert Series episode, we meet with Dr. Rob Huebert and Dr. Philippe Lagassé to discuss this year’s Strategic Outlook: a timely and essential survey of the emerging and existing security challenges facing Canada at this dangerous inflection point.

Building on his analysis for the CDA Institute’s 2025 Strategic Outlook publication, Dr. Huebert discusses several pressing challenges facing Canada, including threats posed by China and Russia in the Arctic, the need for Canada to become further engaged in the Indo-Pacific region, and continental defence. 

These challenges are heightened with changes brought on by the Trump administration, its use of tariffs, and President Trump’s rhetoric about making Canada the 51st state. Dr. Huebert reflects on how Canada can navigate the significant changes in the bilateral relationship and provides his interpretation of Trump’s intentions towards Canada, which could range from a negotiation strategy to literal annexation of Canada. 

Dr. Phillipe Lagassé discusses the efforts to recapitalize the CAF, the importance of reaching 2% and beyond, impediments to procurement reform, and whether or not Canada should consider cancelling the F-35 acquisition as well as the extent to which we can pivot to other defence suppliers.

Read the Strategic Outlook 2025: https://bit.ly/4jnRQh0 

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In this Expert Series episode, we meet with Major General (Ret’d) Colin Keiver, Lieutenant General (Ret’d) Andre Deschamps, and General (Ret’d) Tom Lawson to discuss the potential cancellation or readjustment of the F-35 procurement deal, its impact on the Canadian defence sector, and its broader implications for the bilateral relationship.

With defence and security issues making headlines ahead of the upcoming federal election, our panel emphasized the need for significant investment in Canada’s defence infrastructure and personnel. Our conversation touched on the strategic importance of the F-35 for Canada's defence capabilities, the implications of defence technologies interdependency with the U.S., and the need for a cohesive defence strategy to ensure Canada's security and relevance in North American defence.

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In today’s Expert Series episode, we meet Dr. Daniel Araya, Dr. Kurtis Simpson, Dan Ciuriak, Dr. Roberto Mazzolin, and Dr. Amos Fox to discuss how AI and robotics are redefining the future of national security.

At a time when Canada faces the daunting dual task of improving its defence capability while ensuring economic security, our panellists explore national security in the age of artificial intelligence and robotics. Looking at the evolving domains of machine learning, automation, and global security, our panelists explore how these technologies are redefining national security in ways that policymakers, military leaders, and technologists are still trying to understand.

AI is no longer simply a data processing tool – it's evolved into an autonomous system that's capable of real time decision making, shaping global militaries in fundamental ways by improving operational efficiency and fielding new capabilities. As these innovations change the face of war, interoperability must remain the focus.

Read the latest ON TRACK volume, National Security in the Age of AI and Robotics: https://bit.ly/4j5RqLY 

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In today’s Expert Series episode, we meet with Robert Baines, President and CEO of the NATO Association of Canada, to discuss the impact of the U.S.'s shifting stance towards NATO and how this affects US-Canada tensions and NATO dynamics with European allies. 

Our conversation covers the importance of Canada reaching the 2% GDP defence spending benchmark and the need for enhanced strategic focus and prioritized investments in the Arctic. In the face of changing geopolitical dynamics, Canada must firmly assert its sovereignty, strengthen its Arctic capabilities and its relationship with European allies, and prioritize strong leadership in maintaining international norms.

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In today’s Expert Series episode, we sit down with Xavier Delgado to examine the evolving Canada-US relationship amid rising tariffs, trade disputes, and shifting economic policies. Within the context of President Trump's priorities since inauguration and Canada's economic future under Prime Minister Mark Carney, we discuss the broader implications for bilateral dialogue and continental defence cooperation.

Together, we explore the roots of these economic shifts, the impact of tariffs and the ongoing trade war, and how both countries are responding to a rapidly changing global landscape. Today’s conversation also touches on the US’s shifting stance on NATO and what it means for North American security while emphasizing the need for continued bilateral dialogue to maintain Canada-US relations.

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In today’s Expert Series episode, we meet with Mrs. Laura Thornton, Senior Director of the McCain Institute; Dr. Balkan Devlen, Director of the Transatlantic Program at the Macdonald-Laurier Institute; and Dr. Leonard Schütte, Senior Researcher at the Munich Security Conference to discuss the future of NATO amidst recent shifts in the transatlantic democracy and security cooperation.

This panel explores international alliance dynamics post-2025's Munich Security Conference. Starting with Ukraine and other countries beyond NATO’s current Eastern flank, our guests look at the consequences of global democratic backsliding for European and Eurasian regional security. As the United States continues to adopt a more isolationist posture and withdraw from the world stage, our guests emphasize the need for Europe to drastically increase defence spending and support for Ukraine.

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In today’s Expert Series episode, we meet with Col (Ret’d) Terry Chester, LGen (Ret’d) Andre Deschamps, MGen (Ret’d) Colin Keiver, and Richard Shimooka to discuss the pressing recruitment and retention challenges facing the Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF).

Highlighting a personnel shortfall unable to meet modern demands, the panel emphasizes the need for agile recruitment strategies, improved equipment acquisition, better infrastructure, and notes the current state of the military amidst these challenges. The panel also discusses the impact of geopolitical instability on defence procurement and the importance of maintaining readiness amidst budget constraints and election cycles.

Special thanks is given to the Royal Canadian Air Force Association, a CDA Member Association, for their role in fostering public awareness of Canada's aerospace industries and their dedication to an equipped and operationally ready Air Force for Canada. https://www.rcafassociation.ca/ 

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How did the 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine reawaken strategic thinking in the West? 

Russia’s 2022 full-scale invasion of Ukraine poses challenges for the future of international security. Joining us today is Sir Lawrence Freedman, Emeritus Professor of War Studies at King’s College London, to discuss the ways in which the global system is increasingly being shaped by hard-power confrontation.  

Beginning with a discussion in the strategic shifts that have emerged across the NATO alliance due to the war, Freedman highlights the positive increases in European defence capacity-building that have emerged as a result. Continuing on, he assesses consistency and changes in Russian military doctrine since the Soviet period. He also highlights how historical memory of past conflicts with Russia have impacted the strategic evolution of Western and Eastern European NATO allies, as well as if prior 21st century small-scale conflicts with Russia should have been more alarming to NATO.  

Proceeding to discuss the state of peace talks and a potential settlement between Ukraine and Russia, Freedman forecasts the potential implications for Russia’s strategy in the post-war world order. As this may cause ambiguity for small states to grow, Canada and other small-state NATO allies would do well to take heed in advance of future conflicts, and confront the challenges Russia’s evolutions in warfare may cause head-on. 

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In today’s Expert Series episode, Dr. James Fergusson discusses the continued importance of U.S.-Canada defence cooperation in Arctic, despite political and foreign policy shifts in the U.S.

He highlights how Canada's defence strategy remains closely tied to U.S. priorities—especially with NORAD and aerospace defence—and also discusses the complex and long-term challenges of expanding Canadian defence infrastructure in the Arctic, particularly in relation to F-35 integration and the costs associated with such projects. Fergusson is cautious about the potential for major geopolitical conflict in the Arctic, asserting that some of the threats might be overstated. The key issue identified for Canada is following through on defence commitments and maintaining strong diplomatic and military ties with the U.S.

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In today’s Expert Series episode, we meet with Dr. Aaron Ettinger, Dan Ciuriak, Douglas Porter, and Dr. Erick Duchesne to discuss U.S. tariffs on Canadian exports, including the potential for broader tariffs on non-energy goods, as well as the ongoing negotiations between Canadian officials and U.S. policymakers. 

The panel explores the economic nationalism driving U.S. tariff strategies and Canada’s responses, which include efforts to diversify trade relationships, retaliatory tariffs, and strengthening its economic resilience. Together, our guests examine the potential impact on key sectors in Canada and consider the broader global implications of these tariffs, including how they may contribute to a shift toward protectionism and alter global trade dynamics. As a whole, this discussion highlights the challenges Canada faces in reducing its reliance on the U.S. market while navigating an increasingly fragmented global economy. 

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In this Expert Series episode, we meet with Vice-Admiral (Ret'd) Robert (Bob) Davidson to discuss the growing importance of defence investments in the Arctic in light of Opposition leader Pierre Poilievre’s recent defence spending announcement. Davidson highlights the need for increased military capabilities, including submarine deployment, enhanced icebreakers with combat capabilities, and expanding the Canadian Rangers for local expertise and surveillance. 

Davidson also examines the necessity of bolstering infrastructure to sustain long-term operations, advocating for extended air operations and better communications. He notes the importance of addressing climate change and resource extraction in an environmentally responsible way, while also stressing that Canada’s defence priorities should focus on meeting specific military capabilities rather than just aiming to hit NATO’s 2% spending target. He also addresses the need for greater collaboration with Arctic allies—particularly in response to the growing threats posed by Russia and China—and suggests that the Arctic Council could play a more active role in defence and security matters.

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In this Expert Series episode, we meet with Wesley Wark and Richard Fadden to discuss the findings of Justice Marie-Josée Hogue's report on foreign interference in Canadian elections, which found no evidence of traitors in Parliament but highlighted the threat of disinformation.

The report recommended 51 measures to enhance government response, including improving intelligence handling and protecting diaspora communities. Richard Fadden and Wesley Wark emphasize the need for robust mechanisms to detect and counter foreign interference, noting Canada's slow response and the evolving nature of threats. They also stress the importance of parliamentary involvement and the need for legislative changes, particularly to the Canada Elections Act, to better address foreign interference.

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In this Expert Series episode, Vincent Rigby and Eugene Lang assess Canada's defence and foreign policy under Trudeau's leadership over the past decade, noting that the government has struggled to keep up with significant global changes. Together, we discuss how geopolitical tensions, particularly with China, Russia, and the United States, have evolved rapidly—and Canada's response has been slow. 

While there have been some efforts to adjust, these have often been reactive, fragmented, and lacking a cohesive long-term strategy. Rigby and Lang suggest that Canada's defence posture has weakened compared to a decade ago, and the country’s influence on the global stage has diminished. In their view, the government has not effectively addressed the growing international challenges.

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In this Expert Series episode, Xavier Delgado joins us to discuss evolving US-Canada relations following Donald Trump's inauguration. 

Delgado highlights the Trump administration's rapid pivot from Biden's policies, potential tariffs on Canada, Mexico, and China, and Trump's emphasis on American exceptionalism and reduced reliance on allies in trade and defence. Together, we also discuss the effects of globalization on North American workers and the need for Canada to further develop its AI and tech sectors.

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In this Expert Series episode, Gordon Venner, Kerry Buck, Xavier Delgado, and Dr. Kim Richard Nossal discuss Canada's shifting defence and foreign policy priorities under Prime Minister Trudeau’s leadership. 

Despite having a defence policy review and update, Canada has yet to undergo a comprehensive foreign policy review, resulting in a more transactional approach to global relations over the past decade. This panel discusses the need for a strategic foreign policy, including increased defence spending, more engagement with allies, and a broader security review that connects global trends to Canadian interests. The panel also touches on the need for Canada to be more agile in responding to international challenges, especially with the unpredictable nature of U.S. policies under a second Trump presidency.

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In this Expert Series episode, Dr. Andrea Charron discusses Canada's Arctic threats and vulnerabilities, focusing on the recently released Arctic Foreign Policy, state-based threats from Russia and China, and the erosion of the international order. 

Charron highlights that the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF) readiness to address these issues is compromised due to a lack of sustained attention, funding, and coordination from successive governments. Charron offers specific recommendations such as designating an Arctic champion and developing a concrete Arctic strategy in addition to stressing the importance of delivering on NORAD modernization projects, better resourcing the Joint Task Force North (JTFN), and improving international coordination with allies on Arctic issues.

This Expert Series episode accompanies the latest CDA Institute Threat Assessment publication authored by Lindsay Speirs, Sasha Tiaglei and Andrea Charron. Read the full publication for free on our website: https://bit.ly/3ZU03Sb 

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In this Expert Series episode, Xavier Delgado discusses the evolving dynamics of Canada-US relations in the context of a potential second Trump presidency, focusing on key areas such as trade, defence, and border security. 

This episode examines the implications of Peter Hoekstra’s appointment as U.S. Ambassador to Canada, highlighting its impact on bilateral ties. Delgado addresses the pressures Canada may face in increasing defence spending, its role within NATO, and the potential for deeper cooperation through initiatives like the trilateral icebreaker pact.

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Dr. Stéfanie von Hlatky convenes with Ambassador Jacqueline O'Neill, Canada's Ambassador for Women, Peace and Security, to reflect on the upcoming 25th anniversary of UN Security Council Resolution 1325. 

They explore the challenges and achievements of the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) agenda, including addressing anti-feminist disinformation campaigns, engaging men as advocates, and improving accountability through qualitative data. O'Neill emphasizes the need for education, media literacy, and parliamentary engagement to advance gender equality in peacebuilding and security efforts.

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How should Canada increase its engagement in the Indo-Pacific region? 

The South China Sea has become a global flashpoint for economic and military tensions. Despite Canada itself being a Pacific nation, our regional engagement and relations with regional partners remain limited. Jonathan Berkshire Miller and Stephen Nagy joined the Expert Series to discuss the challenging context Canada now faces in developing its Indo-Pacific posture. 

Of the challenges presented, Berkshire Miller focuses on the current geopolitical dynamics of the South China Sea. He outlines ways in which Canada has so far worked to uphold the rule of law within it through support for smaller regional powers. Nagy focuses on the implications of changing Canada-U.S. and U.S.-China relations for regional events, and the need for Canada to divest economically from the U.S. to preserve autonomy in its own engagement within the region. 

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In this Expert Series episode, Vincent Rigby discusses the deteriorating state of Canada-India relations following allegations of Indian agents' involvement in the murder of Hardeep Singh Nijjar. He stresses the urgency for Canada to address national security concerns, emphasizing the need for a comprehensive strategy that includes defence prioritization and clearer articulation of the threat environment. 

Rigby also addresses the ad hoc nature of Canada's current security measures, calling for a more strategic, coordinated approach. He touches on the impact of these tensions on Canada's Indo-Pacific strategy, the potential influence of a second Trump administration, and the broader implications for Canada's sovereignty and defence posture. 

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In today’s episode of the Expert Series, Yulia Kovaliv (Ukrainian Ambassador to Canada) discusses the 1000th day of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, highlighting Ukraine's resilience and strategic wins and emphasizing the importance of Ukraine's victory for global security, including NATO membership and justice for Russia's war crimes. 

Kovaliv notes the significant impact of Canada's support, including military training and aid, and stresses the need for sustained Western support amidst changing U.S. policies. She also warns of regional security risks, particularly from North Korean troops in Russia, and calls for increased defence spending and long-term support for Ukraine's rebuilding.

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In this episode of the Expert Series, Dan Doran discusses retention challenges in the Canadian Armed Forces (CAF), emphasizing the need for leadership to prioritize retention and address the CAF's risk-averse culture. 

He highlights that slow recruitment processes and a focus on procedure over results are key obstacles to retaining top talent, and calls for a shift towards a more dynamic, risk-tolerant culture, citing historical and global examples like WWII promotions and Australia's flexible service model. He also stresses the importance of offering diverse incentives and speeding up recruitment to stay competitive.

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In this episode of the Expert Series, panelists Dr. Adam Lajeunesse, Colonel (Ret'd) Pierre LeBlanc, and Dr. Rebecca Pincus discuss the ICE Pact, a collaboration between Canada, Finland, and the U.S. aimed at strengthening Arctic security and shipbuilding capabilities. 

The panel examines the severe shortage of icebreakers, ongoing shipbuilding delays in Canada and the U.S., and how Finland’s advanced technology can expedite the process. Key topics include the operational challenges of building and deploying icebreakers, their essential role in Arctic resupply and security, workforce development, and information sharing. The discussion also touches on the broader implications of pooling resources to address global maritime competition and defence challenges in the context of rising tensions with China and Russia.

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In the third instalment of our series on Canada’s Victoria-Class replacement, Bob Davidson, Mark Norman, and Luc Cassivi discuss the challenges of the current procurement process and the need for acceleration to replace our aging submarine fleet, the merits of conventional versus nuclear submarines, with conventional options seen as more suitable for Canada's operational needs, the potential benefits of joining the AUKUS pact, alongside the importance of industry partnerships and leveraging emerging technologies, such as unmanned underwater vehicles (UUVs), to enhance future submarine capabilities.

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In today’s episode of the Expert Series, we are joined by Nina Jankowicz, a Disinformation Fellow at the Wilson Center and co-founder and CEO of the American Sunlight Project, to discuss gendered disinformation.

While discussing how gender is being weaponized against women in politics and public life, Ms. Jankowicz explains how gendered disinformation has become a tool to discourage women from active participation in politics and to deter them from seeking public offices. She examines numerous instances of gendered disinformation, both in the recent U.S. elections and abroad, while also exploring the dynamics prevalent within digital communities that fuel the development of harmful gendered narratives. The episode concludes by exploring various strategies to combat gender disinformation.

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In this episode of the Expert Series, we are joined by Dr. Jessica Trisko Darden (Assistant Professor of Political Science at Virginia Commonwealth University and Director of the Security and Foreign Policy Initiative at William & Mary’s Global Research Institute) and Dr. Kateryna Busol (Ukrainian lawyer and Associate Professor at the Department of International and European Law) to discuss conflict-related sexual violence (CRSV) and its implications in Ukraine. 

Dr. Jessica Trisko Darden highlights evolving international legal frameworks and explains current challenges in prosecuting CRSV under international humanitarian law. Dr. Kateryna Busol details how CRSV has been weaponized by Russian soldiers and been exacerbated by a culture of impunity and dehumanizing rhetoric. Today’s episode emphasizes the need for sustained capacity-building and technical support to Ukraine's investigators, prosecutors, and civil society in combatting CRSV.

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In this Expert Series episode, we meet with Heather Exner-Pirot, Suzanne Lalonde, and Elana Wilson Rowe to discuss critical mineral development and Arctic geopolitics. 

Exner-Pirot highlights Canada’s push for critical minerals vital for the energy transition but notes challenges in Arctic extraction due to infrastructure and environmental concerns. Lalonde focuses on Arctic seabed disputes, stressing the need for scientific and legal frameworks to resolve overlapping claims between Canada, Denmark, and Russia. Wilson Rowe addresses the geopolitical tensions in the Arctic, especially following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine, and emphasizes the importance of international cooperation and responsible governance. As a whole, the panel calls for balanced development that considers Indigenous rights, environmental sustainability, and global security.

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In this episode of the Expert Series, we meet with Ambassador Bob Rae, the President of the United Nations’ Economic and Social Council and the Canadian Ambassador to the United Nations. Ambassador Rae is also the former Special Envoy of Canada to Myanmar.

This episode touches on topics ranging from Canada’s response to the coup in Myanmar, the effectiveness of Canadian sanctions, Canada’s cooperation with ASEAN, the Canadian Indo-Pacific Strategy, and the Women, Peace, and Security (WPS) Agenda, all in the context of war and political violence in Myanmar. 

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In today’s episode of the Expert Series, we convene three of Canada’s foremost experts on Russian disinformation. We are joined by Dr. Paul Goode, McMillian Chair of Russian Studies and Associate Professor at Carleton University’s Institute of European, Russian, and Eurasian Studies; Dr. Maria Popova, Professor of Political Science at McGill University; and Marcus Kolga, Director and Founder of DisinfoWatch and Fellow at the CDA Institute for our conversation on this topical and timely issue. 

Discussing how recent developments in the Ukraine War have shifted narratives surrounding the conflict, we consider the implications of the Ukrainian Army’s incursion into Kursk in particular. It has had wide-reaching implications for this issue within Russia, in Europe, and further afield. What this means for the Putin regime’s power projection in the region in the coming months is increasingly uncertain. 

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Faced with heated threats in the Arctic and American uncertainty in bilateral cooperation, Arctic sovereignty and security has emerged at the forefront of security concerns in the recent Canadian federal election.

We met with Dr. Andrea Charron and Dr. Whitney Lackenbauer to discuss Canada’s answer to the Arctic question. With the 51st narrative still looming high on Canada’s mind, NORAD cooperation— tasked with protecting the Canadian-American Arctic air space—now faces new threats and stipulations that require the collaboration of Arctic Council allies and definitive Arctic infrastructure development.

Investment in the Arctic’s infrastructure promises to benefit local communities and advance military development, but Lackenbauer and Charron emphasize that development must involve Indigenous communities in order to respect centuries of Arctic safety. As climate change exposes new pathways for adversaries to send surveillance technologies into newly passable terrain, Canada must look towards its Nordic allies to grow its potential for Arctic Security and diversity Canadian security.

Canada is facing a pressing security issue independently with the unique opportunity to prioritize security issues without the influence of American guarantees; how Canada chooses to move forward will govern its approach to security issues in the future.

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In today’s episode of the Expert Series, we return with three experts for the second part of a two-part series on Canada’s submarine fleet replacement of the Victoria-class submarines. Part One covered the geopolitical context of the submarine fleet replacement and outlined the technological and capability requirements needed to meet Canada’s defence needs. This part focuses on the challenges in the procurement of technologically adequate submarines, along with recruitment and retention issues in the Navy.

VAdm (Ret’d) Mark Norman, former Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, VAdm (Ret’d) Bob Davidson, a member of the CDAI Board, and RAdm (Ret’d) Luc Cassivi, former Commander of Military Personnel Generation and the Canadian Defence Academy, join us to discuss the necessary technical capabilities of submarines, difficulties with their procurement, and challenges with recruiting the necessary personnel to man the submarines.

In particular, guests highlight Canada’s inability to produce and repair many ships domestically, noting that Canada has lost much of this technology to time. They note that since submarines require high levels of technological capability that Canada does not have, Canada must turn to allies to acquire our submarine capability. However, in doing so, Canada must ensure that it is able to acquire spare parts needed for maintenance, instead of having to rebuild the technology from scratch. Guests note that Canada’s challenges do not end with obtaining submarines: it must ensure that it has the necessary staff to operate them. Unfortunately, Canada’s lack of submarines has made it difficult to train personnel, creating a self-fulfilling prophecy.

The CDA Institute is a non-partisan think tank that conducts research and education programming on defence and security.

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In today’s episode of the Expert Series, we convene three experts for the first part of a two-part series on Canada’s submarine fleet replacement of the Victoria-class submarines. Part One focuses on the geopolitical context of the submarine fleet replacement, naval strategy, and outlining the technological and capability requirements needed to meet Canada’s defence needs. Part Two will focus on the procurement of these new submarines, the impact of the changing nature of undersea warfare on design consideration, and recruitment and retention issues in the Navy.
 
VAdm (Ret’d) Mark Norman, former Vice Chief of the Defence Staff, VAdm (Ret’d) Bob Davidson, a member of the CDAI Board, and RAdm (Ret’d) Luc Cassivi, former Commander of Military Personnel Generation and the Canadian Defence Academy, join us to discuss the importance of submarines to Canada’s security and defence environment.
 
With increasing global activity in the Arctic and threats from nations like Russia and China, guests highlighted the need for a modernized submarine fleet to ensure effective underwater surveillance and deterrence, especially given Canada’s extensive coastline.

The CDA Institute is a non-partisan think tank that conducts research and education programming on defence and security.

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In this episode, Daniel Araya explores the Canadian Armed Forces' integration of artificial intelligence, highlighting its role in enhancing military capabilities through drones, robotics, and cyber operations. He addresses both the advantages and challenges of AI, including ethical considerations and the need for interoperability with allies. 

Araya also emphasizes the critical need for a robust tech sector and startup ecosystem in Canada. This discussion provides valuable insights into how AI is reshaping the future of military strategy and national defence. 

The CDA Institute is a non-partisan think tank that conducts research and education programming on defence and security.

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In today’s episode of the Expert Series, we convene three experts to discuss the escalation of tensions in the Middle East.   

Behnam Ben Taleblu, Senior Fellow at the Foundation for the Defence of Democracies, Dr. Thomas Juneau, Assistant Professor at the University of Ottawa’s Graduate School of Public and International Affairs, and Peter Jones, Executive Director of the Ottawa Dialogue at the University of Ottawa, join us to discuss the implications of internal developments in Iran and Israel for the wider regional crisis. 

With the potential of a full-scale regional war looming, discussion warned of the range of actors and conditions that could be the catalyst for its emergence as well as the possibility of an Iranian retaliation and its potential to escalate tensions.

The CDA Institute is a non-partisan think tank that conducts research and education programming on defence and security.

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In today’s episode of the Expert Series, Xavier Delgado, Research Director of the Washington Forum on the Canadian Economy at the Wilson Center’s Canada Institute, discusses the linkages between the Canadian-American defence and trade relationships.  

Looking at the aftermath of Canada’s announcement of its intent to meet the 2% NATO defence spending benchmark at the 2024 Washington NATO Summit, Mr. Delgado discusses both the feasibility of this and the impacts failing short may have on trade and economic relations in the near-future. With the Canada-United States-Mexico Agreement (CUSMA) up for review in 2026, it is vital Canada take steps to repair its defence capacity to avoid any possible impact on the renegotiation. 

 As a young leader in the Canada-US policy sphere, Mr. Delgado provides a crucial perspective on the path North American trade may take in the coming months. 

The CDA Institute is a non-partisan think tank that conducts research and education programming on defence and security.

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In today’s episode of the Expert Series, Dr. P. Whitney Lackenbauer discusses several key aspects of Arctic security. The discussion highlights the challenges posed by China's growing presence in the Arctic, especially in light of a recent encounter between a Canadian warship and a Chinese research vessel in the Bering Strait. Dr. Lackenbauer also examines NORAD’s role in monitoring foreign activities to ensure Arctic sovereignty and the need for Canada and the U.S. to synchronize efforts to attain speed of relevance. 

The conversation touches on the necessity for burden-sharing between Canada and the U.S., the potential benefits of joint exercises in enhancing Canada’s capabilities, and Canada’s new icebreaker pact with Finland and the U.S. Additionally, the impact of climate change on Arctic accessibility is addressed, along with the importance of engaging with Indigenous communities to incorporate their expertise into defence strategies and improve policy-making.

The CDA Institute is a non-partisan think tank that conducts research and education programming on defence and security.

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In this Expert Series episode, we meet with Dr. Oriana Mastro to discuss Chinese military modernization and what it means for Chinese hegemony in Asia and the Great Power competition with the United States.

Dr. Mastro discusses the strategic importance of Taiwan to China, the likelihood of a Chinese invasion of Taiwan, and the technological advancements rapidly closing the gap between China and the United States.

📚 Check out Upstart: How China Became a Great Power to learn more about Chinese military modernization and its challenge to the United States: https://www.orianaskylarmastro.com/ 

The CDA Institute is a non-partisan think tank that conducts research and education programming on defence and security.

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In this episode of the Expert Series podcast, we meet with Tim Addison, Norman Jolin, and Adam Lajeunesse to discuss the current state of Canada's security challenges and our Navy’s capacity. 

Addison highlights the particular security challenges Canada faces in the 21st century, and notes the importance of an immediate response given the delays in ship procurement while Jolin analyzes the importance of Canada’s military towards our economic relations, and argues that Canada could face economic consequences if Canada does not take these threats seriously. Lajeunesse discusses whether Canada’s Navy is prepared to tackle this new era of security, and how we may better prepare ourselves. He also touches on concerns with military procurement and the lack of adequately trained forces to man Canada's ships and submarines.

The CDA Institute is a non-partisan think tank that conducts research and education programming on defence and security.

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In this Expert Series episode, we meet with Chief Caroline Xavier of the Communications Security Establishment Canada (CSE) to discuss emerging cyber and foreign interference threats Canada faces, CSE’s ability to counter these threats through active and defensive cyber operations and cooperation with allies, and ways Canadians can protect themselves from increasingly aggressive foreign threat actors.   

Encompassed within CSE’s mandate are vast capabilities designed to protect Canadian democratic processes and defence and security interests from foreign interference – capabilities now more critical than ever before in the context of current geopolitical tensions.

The CDA Institute is a non-partisan think tank that conducts research and education programming on defence and security.

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In this week's episode of the "Geopolitical Update" podcast, Joe Varner, Deputy Director of the Conference of Defence Associations, discusses new intelligence on an alleged Iranian assassination attempt on former President Donald Trump, presumably in retaliation for the killing of Qasem Soleimani; China-Russia joint naval activity in the South China Sea and its implications for the already-tense regional security environment; and Vladimir Putin’s increased personal security measures, including the deployment of a Pantsir-S1 air defence system two miles from his home in Valdai. Varner also discusses news that President Xi Jinping suffered a stroke during the CCP's Third Plenary Session, ongoing tension between Iran and Israel, and rumours that a North Korean official was drowned in Moscow. Tune in to the "Geopolitical Update" every Friday for expert commentary on the latest global affairs.

The CDA Institute is a non-partisan think tank that conducts research and education programming on defence and security.

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What is driving Canada's ongoing military recruitment and retention crisis, and how can the CAF address the challenges that are preventing it from meeting its personnel needs in an increasingly unstable global security environment?

In this Expert Series episode, Charlotte Duval-Lantoine outlines the underlying causes of the CAF’s personnel crisis: outdated recruitment processes and delayed security clearances for permanent residents, to poor housing, healthcare access, and dissatisfaction with career management are keeping personnel processing numbers low despite an uptick in public interest. Charlotte emphasizes that fixing the problem isn’t just about funding—it requires political will, cultural change, and personnel policies that reflect modern realities. 

“Every time we have this conversation [on eligibility criteria], we tend to cling to an older idea of the military and say we're lowering standards. [In WWII,] the physical test was, can you run properly, do you have healthy teeth? Standards were very different. We need to ask ourselves: are we expecting a military strength that is like what we see in Hollywood movies?”

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In this episode of the Expert Series podcast, we meet with Alexander Moens and Ryan Dean to reflect on last week’s NATO Summit in Washington D.C. and what it means for Canada’s credibility in the Alliance moving forward. During the Summit, Canada’s announcement it would be working to meet the 2% defence spending threshold was met with skepticism by allies. In today's discussion, Moens and Dean suggest Canada focus its defence contributions more strategically on areas it can be most effective in, like the Arctic. We also discuss Canada and NATO’s role in a future confrontation with China, the path towards membership for Ukraine, and the impact a second Trump presidency may have on the Alliance.

The NATO Field School and Simulation Program is open to students from all NATO nations. The program gives students the to opportunity to observe professionals and experts in their working environment and be immersed in the decisions that political, diplomatic, and military personnel face. This includes visits across Europe, including NATO HQ, SHAPE, the European External Action Services, the NATO Strategic Communications Centre of Excellence, and many more. Students will also develop and test their skills through negotiation and decision-making simulations with mentorship from senior officials and diplomats. Like a dynamic practicum or apprenticeship, the NATO Field School prepares you for entry-level employment in foreign affairs, defence policy and various national and international security sectors, as well as international NGO sectors.

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The CDA Institute is a non-partisan think tank that conducts research and education programming on defence and security.

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What implications does Canada's defence spending deficit have for its relationship with NATO?

In this episode of the Expert Series podcast, we meet with Yves Giroux, Justin Massie, David Bercuson, and Christopher Sands to discuss Canada’s defence spending, its failure to meet the 2% GDP spending commitment and implications for the alliance, the historical role of Canada within the NATO alliance, and the future of Canada-US relations and NATO. 

The CDA Institute is a non-partisan think tank that conducts research and education programming on defence and security.

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Has Canada lost the respect of the NATO Alliance and its members? 

In this Expert Series episode, we meet with Hon. Peter MacKay, former Minister of National Defence, to discuss the ongoing NATO Summit in Washington D.C., Canada’s ongoing failure to meet the 2% defence spending target set by NATO, and the consequences this bodes for Canada behind closed doors at the Summit. This episode also highlights the need for Canada to prioritize fixing the substantial challenges our military faces, including military culture and respect for our forces.

The CDA Institute is a non-partisan think tank that conducts research and education programming on defence and security.

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Are the NATO Alliance and its European allies prepared for the possibility of a second Trump presidency? 

In this Expert Series episode, we meet with Jamie Shea, Steven Pifer, Julian Lindley-French and Leonard Schütte to discuss the implications of a second Trump term, the impact of European elections for NATO cohesion, and what continually shifting U.S. foreign policy means for the NATO alliance and the security of Europe. This episode also offers reflection on the health and purpose of the NATO alliance as it reaches its 75th anniversary amidst a changing global security landscape.

The CDA Institute is a non-partisan think tank that conducts research and education programming on defence and security.

Learn more: CDA Institute