Podcasting has definitely been a journey for both of us. When we started BJ wasn't even a developer and Will was working for himself. Now 8 years later BJ is leading a team of developers and Will is back working for himself. It has been an amazing journey with you all this past years. We have both learned a lot about ourselves, programming, leadership, and audio engineering (well Beej learned about audio).

However, like all things, it can't last forever. Sometimes you just hit a point where you realize that you can go on, but your heart really isn't in it any more. That's kind of where we both are. We've enjoyed our time podcasting and it's been a very memorable eight years. The podcast has changed us both a lot, and that's the real reason we are stepping away from it. We've both gained many new skills, and more comfort with more difficult tasks. And now we both have goals of our own that don't really mesh well with the podcast.

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Simple systems fail simply. Complex systems also fail simply, but their interconnectedness with other systems makes mitigating failures much more complex. Past a certain level of complexity, system failures are an emergent property of the system – that is, the set of system parts has a set of failure cases that the individual parts do not have by themselves. This means that it is more difficult to predict what can go wrong with a system. At some level, prediction is nearly impossible. However, you can predict many of the things that are likely to cause problems, simply by engaging in a few fairly simple thought exercises, you can greatly reduce the number of unexpected problems that your system encounters.

While it can be tempting to wait until a problem occurs to try to mitigate it, this is unwise in a production system that other people are dependent on. A system failure usually costs money at a minimum, and the problems can be far more severe than that. As a result, it's common for software services to include a Service Level Agreement or SLA, that dictates expectations about the frequency of system outages, response times, and time expected to complete work. Even if your system is engineered so that it doesn't completely fall over when a problem occurs, it can still violate an SLA and cost money. The consumers of your application probably have their own clients who have their own expectations. SLAs tend to bleed inward from clients to the services that they use and then to the services that those services use.

In contrast to SLAs, systemic problems, including both errors and latency tend to bleed outward from one service to its clients and then to the clients of that service. As a result, when you are thinking about how to find potential systemic problems, it's often best to think of these problems from two different angles. That is, you need to consider how errors and latency will bleed out as a result of a problem, while also considering how SLAs bleed in to put more stringent expectations on your system than you might expect. In effect, you are dealing with a balance between tolerance for errors and difficulty in error mitigation. Depending on how critical your system is to your clients, these expectations will vary.

You can't prevent every problem in a system, but you can usually prevent a large percentage of them by planning ahead. However, until you've encountered enough unexpected problems, it can be difficult to envision how something can go wrong, or even have a realistic thought process for thinking about what can go wrong. However, if you go through the thought exercises we've outlined here, then you have a good chance of preventing most of the problems that will plague a complicated application. While this doesn't fix everything, it can give you enough breathing room to fix the truly unusual problems that you'll occasionally encounter.

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File transfer protocols can begin to look like alphabet soup when you first start learning about them, or even after you've been a developer for a while.

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How to approach other developers when you have found something horribly wrong with their code in a way that doesn't create conflict in your team.

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Unexpected outages happen all the time. We've had them happen while recording the podcast several times. Having a plan of action when an unexpected power outage or internet outage occurs allows you to remain focused and productive.

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Great friends, exceptional leaders, and champions of those who can't fight for themselves, the Enneagram Type 8 or The Challenger stands alone. They want to be independent, not indebted to anyone and do not let the opinions of others sway them.

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While there is a lot of misplaced hype about tools that will replace programmers, there are a lot of tools that can handle a lot of the mundane, boring code that many developers have to write. Low code and no code tools can often make it easy to stand up small applications that meet a business need, but aren't worth the expense of hiring a professional developer.

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A fixed mind is rigid and inflexible, unable to accept change or anything that challenges currently held views. A growth mindset looks to learn and improve through challenges and even failures to better themselves.

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Relationships end, some break-ups are mutual with both people seeing the relationship as over. Other times one person is done and the other is not. This leads to grief over the loss of the relationship.

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In the early days of development configuring an application for deployment was a huge amount of work and was often encapsulated in installation programs that were complicated, error-prone, and could often destabilize other applications on the machine. In more modern software development, we've started to use container technology to fix these old problems, as well as to deal with some new ones.

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Excited, energetic, and extroverted, the Enthusiast or Enneagram Type Seven is the life of the party or is the party of life. They are constantly looking for their next adventure, however if not careful they can become overwhelmed leading them to be disorganized and scattered.

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Like logging and many other things that you have to do in most applications, email is something that seems simple but has a lot of hidden complexity, especially as your application scales. While simple approaches may be good enough early on, the way your application handles email will necessarily get more complex over time.

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Fraud, imposter, no talent hack. Imposter Syndrome makes even the most talented developer feel unworthy to even look at code. It affects all of us in different ways through out our careers.

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You've probably heard of DDOS (or Distributed Denial of Service attacks). They are a common scourge of the modern web and are something you will occasionally see if you work on a popular product.

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There's a lot of debate around what makes someone a senior developer. We talk about how long they've been slinging code, what types of projects they've worked on, and the like. However, one thing drives a senior developer's work and that is the developer's mindset when solving certain problems.

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Pre-Traumatic Stress Syndrome defines the Enneagram Type Six as worry is their constant state of being. Motivated by a need to be supported and secure the Loyalist will build and maintain communities around themselves.

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If your application uses a relational database, odds are good that updating the application will require changing the database structure. While tools are available for migrating databases in most frameworks, there is no silver bullet.

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The Raspberry Pi came out in 2012 and revolutionized the IT industry. The small, yet powerful, boards allow for building inexpensive IoT solutions, emulators, and even cluster computers. The latter allows the use of several Raspberry Pi nodes to work together to quickly solve problems that would take a single Raspberry Pi a long time.

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We've had several episodes on dates and times, oriented around how to think about the data types being used and all the fun wrinkles there. However, it doesn't end there - the intent of the user when entering a date or time matters a lot and can change the way you design your system.

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Interested in constant learning and relentlessly pursuing knowledge, the Enneagram Type 5 or the Investigator seeks to understand. They want to understand life and every part of it. Always searching and asking questions, the five loves deep dives and feels a strong need to test the truth themselves.

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It's not glamorous, but most modern apps are going to require some form of an audit trail if dealing with things like finances, health information, private documents, or online sales. While practically everyone has to deal with audit trails, many organizations handle them poorly.

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It seems to be ingrained in us from an early age that saying no to someone is rude and that you shouldn't do it. However, saying yes to every request leads to an unfulfilled life.

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Pair programming is extremely effective in certain circumstances, both for improving code quality and for cross-training developers. However, it can be hard to sell the idea to management and to other developers. It can also be hard to get right, especially if you haven't done it often.

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After a few years in software development, the joy of learning new things can wear off as you learn yet another framework for doing the same thing you did last year. The constant learning required for software development can tempt many people to leave the industry. If you want to continue to be happy in your career, you're going to have to get used to learning quickly.

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Git is a version control system that allows developers to collaborate on projects, keep track of changes, and easily revert to previous versions if necessary. It's an essential tool for any software developer, but if you're new to Git, it can seem overwhelming.

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Artistic and dramatic, the Enneagram Type 4 or The Individualist is unique and proud of it. The Romantic expertly expresses emotion through words, music, and art though their pervasive melancholy may lead to melodrama and self-loathing.

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Most software developers put at least some error handling code in their applications. However, system complexity can mean that error handling isn't enough and that the system can still fall over. Instead, you need to step back and think about error handling at a larger scale to help keep the system stable.

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The unoffendable person values relationships more than feelings of insult or even being correct. They may find what the offender has done to be hurtful or offensive yet they value the relationship more than their own feelings. They are able to set their feelings aside to address the actual issue at hand and not be driven by fear and shame.

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Programmers rarely use state machines, but they are useful in certain circumstances. In the places they work well, they can make code cleaner, far easier to debug, and much easier to reason about and maintain.

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If you have a day job, but dream of getting out on your own, it all starts with a side hustle. However, there are some common antipatterns in side projects that you should be aware of when you are coming up with ideas (or choosing between them). Side projects fail in predictable ways for reasons that are easy to see if you know what to look for.

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Attractive and charming, the Enneagram Type 3 or the Performer is here to show you how it's done and look good doing it. The Achiever personality type is self assured, ambitious, and energetic but can become workaholics and overly competitive.

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Coding can be complicated, analyzing code even more complicated. Coding a static code analysis dives into the realm of metacoding. Creating code to analyze code doubles or worse the complications.

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Well, it's far enough into the new year that you probably have an idea about your taxes. And it's probably a good time to start thinking about your longer term financial goals. Whether you are trying to get out of massive student loan debt, or you are considering buying a vacation home, you should probably be periodically looking at your finances and figuring out how to optimize them.

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While many software development teams have good workflows, sensible management, and good working relationships, that's not true of all teams. Some managers have a management "style" that results in them hovering over your shoulder and continually asking for updates, questioning your decisions, and generally making work more difficult than it has to be.

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Here to help, the Enneagram Type 2 or The Helper is the caring, interpersonal personality type. They are generous, warm, and empathetic but can become prideful, people pleasing, and possessive if not careful.

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While most developers generally have at least a rough idea of what agile means, or at least what it means to them, many non-technical people are a bit puzzled by the term. It's clear that it means a lot of different things to different people and it's really important to get the explanation right if you want to be successful using it in a business context.

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In backlog prioritization the priority of a task is subject to change as the project progresses. However the need for the task or feature is not likely to change as often. In agile, sprint planning can employ a variety of prioritization methods.

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Most of us understand object-oriented programming to some degree. We might even have a deep understanding of design patterns, refactoring, and testing. However, a lot of those understandings can fall abrupty to the wayside when you are writing code on a large team with dozens of people.

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If you are like most people, financial matters are not the most comfortable thing to be thinking about. Honestly, almost all of us could do a lot better than we do. However, your financial health is intimately tied to your personal health, quality of life, and potentially the quality of life for future generations.

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Some personalities can be overwhelming, especially if you don't understand them and what motivates the people with them. Understanding personality has been an area of study since before recorded history. The Enneagram is one personality test that has been around for a long time.

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The current lack of personal creative outlets may lead to depression, so recovering motivation can be important to maintaining productivity.

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Paradigms are ways of looking at the world around us. Programming paradigms are ways in which we look at programming styles, languages, and frameworks to classify and understand the world in which we code.

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Since New Years Eve is a Thursday this year, and we're happy to see 2020 gone, we've decided to make our typical first episode of the year our last one this year.

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In a year full of closures, cancellations, and disappointments we've continued to publish episodes every week. Now that we've made it to the end of the year it's time to go back and review our goals and set new ones for 2021.

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Team lead positions are often highly coveted by developers. However, a lot of developers get into these positions only to find that they include shocking changes to their jobs, for which they haven't prepared.

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Teachability is the ability to be taught or being able and willing to learn something new. It is humbly accepting you don't know everything while actively working to change that fact.

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It can be easy to say some people, especially developers, don't have personalities. This is far from the truth, even the most robotic of people have some form of personality though it may be difficult to understand.

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If you've ever seriously tried to do test-driven development, it probably wasn't very long before you ran into something where testing became difficult due to an underlying dependency. Whether it's a database connection, accessing the file system, or dealing with the network, eventually your tests are going to have to deal with dependencies.

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Stress comes from lots of places. It can be sudden problems that arise on an important day that then tend to compound or it can be insidious, slowly growing without us knowing about it. It's inevitable, you will experience stress. How you handle it is what counts.

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Domain-Driven Design (or DDD) makes application code a lot cleaner. However, like any other software development approach, there are loads of anti-patterns to avoid and best practices that may not be readily apparent when you start developing applications in this manner.

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