Temperatures on the Svalbard archipelago, home to the world's northernmost population centers, are averaging five degrees higher in just 30 years. The “ice fjord” must now change its name, rain and rainbows are replacing snowfall, reindeer are not surviving, and the administrative capital Longyearbyen has become a study base for scientists from around the world.

Kim Holmen, director of the Norwegian Polar Institute, sums up, “If we even magically eliminated all carbon dioxide emissions today, it would take 20-30 for the situation to return to normal.” Nowhere in the world have temperatures, for decades now, risen as much as in the Arctic Circle.

Drugs have a bad reputation; yet, scientists have long been convinced that the use of psychedelic substances can be (sometimes) beneficial. In an age when the consumption of ecstasy, LSD and other hallucinogens is about to be approved for therapeutic purposes, should we perhaps change our relationship with certain narcotics?

Pansexual primates, hermaphroditic leopard slugs, clown fish that change sex: in the animal world, sexual behaviour is much more diverse than we might think. Contradicting the theory of Darwinian evolution, a panel of scientists offers a modern interpretation of the sexuality of the 11 million species in existence.

Civil aviation was born in 1919, but it was not until after the Second World War that air traffic really took off. Tickets were very expensive, however, and air travel in the 1950s was a luxury reserved for wealthy tourists and businessmen.

The legendary Pan American World Airways, better known as Pan Am, epitomised the elegance and glamour of the period. Concorde, the legendary supersonic aircraft inaugurated in 1969, marked the apogee of this golden age, which came to an end in the 1980s with the successive appearances of the Boeing 707 (around 150 seats) and, above all, the Boeing 747 (300 to 450 seats).

At a time when the climate crisis and the concept of flight shame are prompting more and more people to give up air travel, we take a look back at the decades when the skies belonged to an elite.

It's a well-known fact that human beings love the heat. Sunbathing under the scorching sun is popular, and sweating profusely in the sauna is considered to be good for the health. But that doesn't stop tens of thousands of Germans responding to the call of the cold: diving into lakes in November, splashing around in icy baths in the garden or hiking in their swimming costumes in the snow. They hope to de-stress, prevent infections or relieve rheumatic pain. But does it really work?

This episode explores the origin of life on Earth, from the earliest single-celled forms to current theories. Several hypotheses are presented, including the role of hydrothermal springs and the RNA world, highlighting the challenges in reconstructing these primordial events in the laboratory.

A comparison of the transport infrastructure between Europe and the United States, highlighting how the European rail network, including high-speed trains, is more extensive and integrated.

Despite a less extensive road network, Europe suffers less from congestion thanks to policies that incentivise public transport and discourage private car use. There is greater parking density in the US than in Europe a commitment by the European Union to improve urban planning and promote sustainable transport, culminating in the freedom of movement offered to its citizens.

The challenges and passions of oyster farming in the Bassin d'Arcachon. Different aspects of the trade are presented, from the cultivation and sale of oysters to growing problems such as the decline in the number of producers, the theft of oysters and the consequences of climate change and pollution. The documentary also highlights the initiatives and resilience of those trying to preserve this local tradition, between innovation and attachment to the territory.

Many authoritarian regimes in various nations, such as Russia, Iran and Uzbekistan, manipulate pop music for political and propaganda purposes. In Russia, a viral song is perceived as a tool of the Kremlin, while in Iran, critical musicians face severe punishments, including the death penalty. Uzbekistan exercises tight control over artists through licensing and content censorship. These examples illustrate how music is exploited or suppressed to influence public opinion and maintain power.

Starting from the new Netflix mini series "Adolescence", this episode critically explores the concept of masculinity, analysing how it has evolved historically and how it is perceived today.

The discussion touches on the alleged ‘crisis of masculinity’, social pressures on men, and the harmful consequences of gender stereotypes, including violence against women. This episode examines how patriarchy and traditional norms influence relationships and society as a whole, offering insights into newly emerging forms of masculinity.

Crete, considered to be one of the cradles of the Mediterranean diet, has been overtaken by unhealthy Western eating habits and now has alarmingly high obesity rates, particularly among children.

Yet it was on this island, and in the rest of the Mediterranean basin, that American doctor Ancel Keys discovered after the war the ideal diet to protect against the cardiovascular disease that was ravaging his country.

Fruit, vegetables, fish, wholegrain cereals, pulses, olive oil, little meat and zero sugar... an ancestral and frugal diet, based on local produce and motivated by the extreme poverty that prevailed in southern Europe at the time.

Its benefits for the heart have been proven since the 2000s, thanks to the vast Spanish Predimed study. Other researchers have demonstrated its protective effect against cancer. It could also reduce the risk of dementia.

We've always been looking for the perfect code to make our personal information 100% secure. But there's a catch: even the most secure key only remains secure until it is decrypted. The quantum computer is a major source of concern in this respect. It could soon decode current encryption systems, making all our digital data public.

Would humans be able to breathe, construct buildings or obtain food on the moon? In short: could humanity ever actually inhabit our satellite?

A study of the ‘super-old’, individuals in their eighties or older with exceptionally high cognitive abilities comparable to those of much younger people. Through interviews and medical assessments, the active lives and physical and mental characteristics of some of these remarkable individuals in Germany are explored. The researchers seek to understand the secrets of their successful ageing, examining factors such as continuous physical and mental activity, social interactions and even brain structure. The aim is to identify elements that could benefit the elderly population in general, contributing to a healthier old age with less cognitive decline. The life stories of these inspiring people offer insights into strategies to maintain mental and physical vitality in advanced years.

Located very close to the Arctic Circle, Iceland is known for its harsh climate. And yet it's a vegetable paradise. The reason for this success? The volcanic underground heat that Iceland uses to heat its greenhouses. Some vegetable lovers go even further and forgo geothermal energy to grow vegetables outdoors.

The tumultuous history of the Paris museum and its fabulous collections, reflecting the destiny of France and Europe, through close-ups of iconic works.

How did the Louvre become the world's largest and most visited universal museum? Frédéric Wilner (Léonard de Vinci - Le chef-d'oeuvre redécouvert), with the help of specialists - historians, curators, and also Jean-Luc Martinez, Laurence des Cars' predecessor at the head of the institution - reviews the successive stages in the constitution of its dazzling collections, looking at the fascinating trajectory of mythical, founding works that tell the story of France and Europe.

For thirty years, it soared over the Atlantic at the speed of a speeding bullet. The only supersonic civil transport success story in history, Concorde was a true technical miracle. This is the fascinating story of the elegant supersonic airliner's tragic fate.

Landing in New York earlier than they had left London or Paris (due to the time difference), Concorde passengers had the illusion of flying back in time. Only a select few could afford the trip: businessmen and celebrities willing to pay $10,000 for a ticket.

When one of the aircraft crashed in Gonesse on July 25, 2000, a minute and a half after takeoff, another Concorde had already taken off from Paris earlier in the day. On board, a passenger who had swapped places with one of the unfortunate victims of the crash, shot an amateur video.

Accusations rain down on the fashion world: ecocide, overproduction, waste, racism... How can we reinvent a particularly amoral system?

From one generation to the next, our relationship with work has changed profoundly in Europe. Although we are working longer throughout our lives, the length of the working week has fallen considerably. Several countries, such as Germany, are experimenting with a 4-day week. But what impact does this have on productivity? And what are the differences between European countries?

Climate disasters, global inequalities, the threat of a third world war... Wouldn't it be reassuring if a central international government were to tackle all these problems? That was the idea behind the creation of the United Nations.

In its current form, however, the UN is incapable of responding effectively to the major challenges of the 21st century. Is humanity ready for world government? If so, what form could such a body take, tasked with ensuring peace, reducing inequalities and remedying global warming?

A huge planetary upheaval is taking place before our very eyes: the continents are continually moving, albeit very slowly, a sign that the Earth is constantly evolving over the long term. Over the last few decades, scientists have gained a better understanding of what is at stake in this incessant tectonic cycle, which should lead to the current continents forming a supercontinent, Amasia. A rather chilling prospect.

And yet the forces at work in this great upheaval could well explain the very existence of life on Earth. And they are only just beginning to be deciphered.

A major centre of Zen and meditation, Japan is also the cradle of an art of gardening that is respected the world over. We will discuss about Zen garden master Shunmyo Masuno, who set up his landscape architecture company in an annex of the Buddhist temple where he is a monk, in Yokohama. He designs spaces that express the idea of perfection, reflecting his spiritual quest.

Michael Bommer is a 61-year-old businessman suffering from terminal cancer. Wanting to allow his family to interact with him after his death, he trains an artificial intelligence to immortalise his personality. But can a virtual avatar really preserve the memory of a departed loved one?

The sources explore the human desire to abandon conventional society for a life perceived as more free and self-determined, illustrating both the romantic attraction of isolation in nature and the practical and psychological difficulties of such a choice. Through the experiences of individuals who have attempted this transition, a reflection emerges on the deep motivations that drive people to escape and on the unexpected consequences, highlighting how pre-existing problems often do not disappear. The media representation of these alternative lifestyles and the contrast with the reality of those who live them is also examined, finally touching on the theme of involuntary marginalisation and the fundamental need for social connection.

Our genes determine many of our characteristics: our build, our height, the colour of our eyes or our predisposition to music. Could it be possible to control the mechanisms that activate and inhibit our genes, as epigenetics seeks to do? Could this science soon free us from our determinisms and make us more intelligent or more musically gifted?

In February 1945, Stalin, Roosevelt and Churchill met in the Crimean seaside resort of Yalta. A few months before the capitulation of Nazi Germany, the three great Allied leaders negotiated the fate of Europe, imposing their conditions as best they could. This conference, which lasted just a few days, was the fruit of long years of tumultuous diplomatic and personal relations between the three men.

The most famous conference of the Second World War was held in Yalta in February 1945. The aim was to decide how to organise the post-war world, the one in which we still live today. But what really happened at that time was the result of a long personal relationship between three leaders, forced by the hazards of war into a chaotic and unnatural alliance. Against all odds, Roosevelt, Churchill and Stalin tirelessly pursued two objectives: firstly, to win the war together and secondly, to impose their - different, even antagonistic - views on the world to be rebuilt.

Wars, pandemics, economic crises... so many times we look in the rear-view mirror and wonder if history is repeating itself. But what is really going on?

In fact, certain geographical or psychological patterns favour the occurrence of similar events. But the stories we tell ourselves are no strangers to similar events either. Not to mention the tendency we sometimes have to believe that history repeats itself when the differences outweigh the similarities. But can we learn anything from history?

In the age of rockets in space, what about the ground beneath our feet? The deeper we go into the bowels of the Earth, the less scientists know about what's there. How deep can we dig? And what do the depths hide?

This episode plunges deep into the mysteries of science to find out almost everything.

Every year, thousands of animal species disappear. A mass extinction due to the destruction of their habitat or their extermination. What can science do about this dramatic phenomenon?

Even if we protected certain animals more, we could not save all the threatened species. Not to mention those that have already disappeared!

What if it were possible to resurrect the passenger pigeon, the dodo or the woolly mammoth?

Faced with more frequent and violent natural disasters caused by climate change, flora and fauna are trying to adapt. Some species, such as sharks, which can sense the change in atmospheric pressure heralding the arrival of a hurricane, are moving away from the danger.

Others learn to live with it, like curlews, which use the hot ash from erupting volcanoes in Papua New Guinea to incubate their eggs. Some plants even take advantage of these extreme climatic phenomena to reproduce.

On Kangaroo Island in southern Australia, for example, the giant fires of 2019 and 2020 helped to disperse the seeds of certain plants by bursting the pods that contained them.

A surprising and inspiring episodeabout the resilience of nature.

A ton of your devices use Bluetooth to communicate wirelessly. But how does Bluetooth work?

Born in Corsica to a family of minor Italian nobility, he studied in France, where he became an officer in the artillery and then a general during the French Revolution.

Having gained prestige and esteem thanks to his victories during the first Italian campaign, after the coup d'état of 18 Brumaire (9 November 1799) he assumed power in France: He was First Consul from November of that year until 18 May 1804, and Emperor of the French, with the name of Napoleon I (Napoléon Ier) from 2 December 1804 to 14 April 1814 and again from 20 March to 22 June 1815.

He was also President of the Italian Republic from 1802 to 1805, King of Italy from 1805 to 1814, ‘mediator’ of the Swiss Confederation from 1803 to 1813 and ‘protector’ of the Confederation of the Rhine from 1806 to 1813.

From the first underground steam railways in London to modern electrical systems, this episode traces the technological progress and the challenges faced. It examines how cities such as New York, Paris and Tokyo have dealt with overcrowding and the need for innovations such as escalators and efficient maps.

Albert Einstein's perspectives on God, religion and the universe, tracing the evolution of his thought from early family influences to his conception of a ‘cosmic spirituality.’

The texts provide a detailed account of the life and work of Jean-François Champollion, focusing on his journey to decipher Egyptian hieroglyphics. They highlight the crucial support of his older brother, Jacques-Joseph, in his learning and research. The sources describe the discovery of the Rosetta Stone and the competition with other scholars, culminating in Champollion's epoch-making success in 1822. His subsequent expedition to Egypt, the founding of Egyptology as a discipline and the last years of his life are also illustrated. In summary, they offer an in-depth look at Champollion and the birth of our understanding of ancient Egyptian civilisation.

In physics, string theory is a theoretical framework in which the point-like particles of particle physics are replaced by one-dimensional objects called strings. String theory describes how these strings propagate through space and interact with each other. On distance scales larger than the string scale, a string acts like a particle, with its mass, charge, and other properties determined by the vibrational state of the string. In string theory, one of the many vibrational states of the string corresponds to the graviton, a quantum mechanical particle that carries the gravitational force. Thus, string theory is a theory of quantum gravity.

The Space Shuttle is a retired, partially reusable low Earth orbital spacecraft system operated from 1981 to 2011 by the U.S. National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) as part of the Space Shuttle program.

Its official program name was Space Transportation System (STS), taken from the 1969 plan led by U.S. Vice President Spiro Agnew for a system of reusable spacecraft where it was the only item funded for development.

One of the possible ends of the universe is the ‘Big freeze’, namely a continuous expansion coupled with a slow cooling during which all matter would end up disintegrating. But other scenarios are also conceivable, such as that of a great collapse, the ‘Big crunch’. Or that of a universe expanding so rapidly that it ends up tearing itself apart under the effect of increasingly violent forces: the ‘Big Rip’.

For the past thirty years or so, the brain has been all the rage. We could explain everything by brain mechanisms. Not only how we see and how we speak, but also how we think and how we make mistakes, and even why people eat fat, are lazy, fail at school or vote left. Knowledge of the brain could lead to progress not only in medicine, but also in education, public policy, management and self-improvement.

I sometimes wonder what I would do if I were an income-only earner. If I had money coming in every month, no matter what. Would I still work, if only for the need for social recognition? Or would I take the opportunity to do something completely different? Travelling, reading, drinking coffee on a terrace. It's hard to know... It's quite dizzying to imagine a world where we would be free from the fear of unemployment.

What did man's ancestors eat? How did they prepare their food? How did their food contribute to their evolution and their anatomical and cognitive development?

Our universe is made up of two worlds: the one we can see, and the microscopic world of quanta made up of the very smallest particles. In this world, particles can be in two places at once and teleportation is possible.

Friendships are unique. Some begin in childhood and last for many years. What influence do these relationships have on the mental health of young people? How have they changed with the advent of social networks?

You may be like many others, feeling guilty about buying trainers made in China, bananas from Costa Rica or a smartphone assembled in the worst possible conditions, but without really knowing how to do things differently. Whether it's what we eat, where we live, or where the clothes we wear come from, we realise that the most basic things in our lives are beyond our control.

By discovering the work of Geneviève Pruvost, we can finally grasp the origins of this powerlessness. This sociologist and research director at EHESS also has a degree in permaculture. In her book Quotidien Politique, she has brought together little-known thoughts to understand how our daily life has escaped us. And through this perspective, she also explores how we could regain power over our living conditions.

So what really makes up everyday life? Why do we lose sight of the material basis of our existence? How can we regain power over our daily lives?

Between stress and people, it's anything but true love. According to the WHO, 85% of us would prefer to be free of this ‘disease of the 21st century’.

However, research tells us that it is not stress that makes us ill, but the way we manage it. We might even need more of it, as long as it's good stress! That would then awaken our superpowers...

This episode is about the controversial construction of the Lyon-Turin high-speed rail line (LGV), highlighting the protests and concerns of local residents in France and Italy regarding the environmental, social and economic impact of the project.

For some, children are frail creatures incapable of understanding the world. For others, they are our superiors, because they have mastered things that adults have long forgotten.

Regardless of how you look at it, the differences are real. So what is the truth of the matter? Are children beings apart? And how can we understand them better?

Why do so many world maps place Europe at the centre? Why not Australia? And why is the north always at the top?

Maps may not be as neutral as you might think.

Pain has a bad reputation, and we go to great lengths to avoid it: from painkillers to general self-care. It has even been said that our society rejects not only physical pain, but social pain as well.

Religious faith is in decline in Europe, and yet 70% of human beings in the world believe in the existence of one or many deities. Do human beings need God? Are we homo religious rather than homo sapiens?