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What Is the Real Business Model Behind AI? Ft. Vivek Raghan, Co-Founder Sarvam AI
Tuesday, September 29, 2026 โข Duration 27:27
AI is getting better. AI models are getting more capable. And yet, in many cases, the cost of using AI keeps falling.
Soโฆ who is actually paying for all of this?
In this conversation, Roshan Cariappa sits down with Vivek Raghavan, Co-founder of Sarvam AI, to unpack one of the biggest questions around the AI boom: what is the real business model behind AI?
We talk about why companies can spend billions building AI and still offer powerful models to users at little or no upfront cost. What exactly are we giving up when we use โfreeโ AI? And if India is among the world's biggest users of AI, are we simply exporting our data and importing intelligence?
The conversation then goes much deeper.
Vivek explains how large language models actually work, why training frontier AI is so expensive, and why rapidly improving GPUs and smaller, specialised models could make advanced AI dramatically cheaper to build.
We also discuss India's AI strategy, sovereign AI, Chinaโs approach to technology, the growing geopolitical importance of AI, and whether India can build foundational AI capabilities of its own.
And perhaps most importantly: has India actually missed the AI busโor is the economics of AI changing fast enough for India to catch up?
โฑ๏ธ CHAPTERS
(00:00) โ The AI question nobody is asking
(00:19) โ Who actually controls the AI world?
(00:58) โ Meet Vivek Raghavan & Sarvam AI
(01:28) โ How does an AI model actually work?
(03:32) โ What are the โparametersโ inside an AI model?
(04:58) โ How AI actually generates an answer
(05:44) โ Does AI really โlearnโ when we use it?
(07:19) โ Why should India build its own AI?
(08:37) โ Where should Indian data actually live?
(09:26) โ If AI is free, what are we really paying for?
(10:34) โ India: exporting data, importing intelligence
(11:52) โ What did China do differently?
(14:34) โ Should India create space for Indian AI companies?
(15:10) โ AI has become a geopolitical game
(15:45) โ Will AI create a new global power hierarchy?
(16:36) โ How do you actually build sovereign AI?
(18:00) โ Why building AI is getting cheaper
(19:30) โ Why India may NOT be too late to AI
(20:16) โ Do we really need the biggest AI models?
(21:48) โ Why sovereign AI matters in the long run
(23:13) โ Can smaller AI models beat frontier models?
(23:35) โ Indiaโs unique advantage in AI
(24:34) โ What exactly is Sarvam AI building?
(25:21) โ Why voice could be the future of Indian AI
(26:09) โ โWe are at the base of the mountainโ
(26:24) โ The road ahead for Indiaโs AI ambitions
๐๏ธ ABOUT VIVEK RAGHAVAN
Vivek Raghavan is the Co-founder of Sarvam AI, an Indian company building a full-stack sovereign AI platform focused on India's languages, context and everyday needs.
Before Sarvam, Vivek was involved in building India's digital public infrastructure, including work connected with Aadhaar and UIDAI. He brings that experience in building technology at population scale into the AI ecosystem.
Sarvam is now building foundational models, AI infrastructure and applications designed for India, with a particular focus on multilingual and voice-first AI.
๐ฎ๐ณ ABOUT BHARATVAARTA
Bharatvaarta is a long-form podcast focused on India's politics, policy, economy, technology and culture.
We bring together founders, policymakers, technologists, academics, writers and thinkers to have honest, in-depth conversations about what is happening around us โ and what it means for India's future.
Subscribe to Bharatvaarta for more conversations that go beyond the headlines.
๐ Website: https://www.bharatvaarta.in
๐ฆ X: https://x.com/bharatvaarta
๐ธ Instagram: ย ย /ย bharatvaartaย
If God is Formless, Why Do Hindus Worship So many Idols? Ft. Ami Ganatra
Friday, September 18, 2026 โข Duration 30:09
Who is a Hindu? And what does it really mean to be one?
Many of us grew up calling ourselves Hindu, but the deeper we look, the more questions emerge. Is Hinduism a religion or a way of life? How did the gods and deities we worship today evolve? And what ideas hold together such a diverse philosophical tradition?
In this conversation, Roshan Cariappa sits down with author Ami to explore the foundations of the Hindu worldview โ from karma, rebirth and moksha to dharma, the cosmic order, questioning, pluralism and the evolution of Hindu deities.
The conversation also looks at how Vedic gods evolved over time, why personal forms of the divine became important, and what makes the Hindu worldview inherently plural and comfortable with different schools of thought.
This is a shorter version of the full conversation, bringing together some of the key questions and ideas from the original episode.
๐ CHAPTERS
(00:00) โ Who Is a Hindu?
(02:25) โ What Does It Mean to Be a Hindu?
(04:45) โ Hindu vs Abrahamic Worldviews
(05:44) โ Karma, Rebirth & Moksha
(08:00) โ Why Sanatan Has Never Become Stagnant
(08:43) โ Is Hinduism a Religion or a Way of Life?
(09:07) โ Dharma & The Cosmic Order
(12:10) โ Can Islam & Christianity Be Darshanas?
(14:48) โ Why Questioning Matters
(15:27) โ How Did Our Gods Evolve?
(16:52) โ Why Ancient Humans Created Gods
(19:01) โ From Vedic Gods to Personal Deities
(22:18) โ How Local Deities Became Part of a Larger Tradition
(23:05) โ Why Do We Worship Murtis?
(25:00) โ How Ganesha's Form Evolved
(26:47) โ What Makes the Hindu Worldview Different?
(28:33) โ Why Hinduism Is Inherently Plural
(29:12) โ Understanding a Nuanced Tradition
๐ If you found this conversation valuable, subscribe to Bharatvaarta.
We bring you serious, long-form discussions on civilisation, philosophy, and the ideas shaping Indiaโs future.
๐ง Listen & Subscribe
Spotify โ https://open.spotify.com/show/6tqY8tb...
Apple Podcasts โ https://podcasts.apple.com/in/podcast...
X โ https://x.com/bharatvaarta
Instagram โ / bharatvaarta
โธป
๐ค Guest โ Ami Ganatra
Author | Researcher | Indian Knowledge Systems
X โ https://x.com/6amiji
Instagram โ / amig_insta
Tags:
hinduism, what is hinduism, hindu religion, hinduism facts, hinduism history, origin of hinduism, hinduism explain, sanatan, Ami Ganatra, Spiritual, Ramayan, hindu mythology, history, podcast, yuga, shlokas, shri ram and sita, mahabharat title song, hai katha sangram ki, mahabharat full song, karna mahabharat, duryodhan, bheem, draupadi, arjun, is hinduism a religion, indian spirituality, veda philosophy, darshan meaning, podcast india spirituality, karma and rebirth, hindu dharma
Get her book- https://www.amazon.in/Why-Are-We-This...
โธป
๐ค Host โ Roshan Cariappa
X โ https://x.com/RoshanCariappa
Instagram โ / carygottheblues
In this clip, we explore questions around what it means to be Hindu and the diverse interpretations of this ancient tradition. Ami Ganatra explains that understanding hinduism goes beyond a singular definition, encompassing a broad cultural identity and the concept of dharma. This discussion provides insight into the essence of Hindu religion and sanatan dharma, highlighting its multifaceted nature.
How Much of "Made in India" Defence Is Actually Indian?
Saturday, September 12, 2026 โข Duration 27:24
India wants to become a defence superpower. But how can that happen when we still depend heavily on foreign technology, engines, sensors and weapons?
In this conversation, Roshan Cariappa sits down with Vivek Krishnan, CEO & Co-Founder of SSS Defence, and Dinesh Shivanna, Co-Founder & CTO of SSS Defence, to unpack one of India's biggest strategic challenges: building a genuinely self-reliant defence industry.
Why does India still import so much of its military equipment? Why have we struggled to build indigenous engines? Why isn't simply having more defence startups enough? And what has the Indian Navy done differently when it comes to building capability?
Vivek and Dinesh argue that becoming Atmanirbhar in defence requires much more than assembling imported components. India needs long-term investment in R&D, engineering talent, domestic supply chains, sensors, engines and manufacturing capability โ even if some of those bets fail.
This is a blunt conversation about what it will actually take to build India's military-industrial complex.
โฑ๏ธ CHAPTERS
(00:00) - Why Does India Import Most of Its Weapons?
(00:20) - The Cost of Buying Foreign Weapons vs Building at Home
(01:25) - Indiaโs Missing Engine Ecosystem
(02:14) - Why India Must Start Building Even Small Engines
(03:38) - Why Defence Startups Alone Cannot Solve the Problem
(04:20) - The Danger of Depending on Foreign Sensors & Components
(04:58) - What Happens When Foreign Supply Chains Are Cut?
(05:18) - Why Government + Industry Must Think Long-Term
(06:20) - Why India Must Be Ready for War
(07:15) - Defence R&D Requires Failure
(08:35) - Why the Indian Navy Has Done Better
(09:15) - The Talent India Needs to Bring Back
(10:06) - Where Indiaโs Defence Procurement Goes Wrong
(11:03) - When Indian Radar and Missiles Don't Even Talk to Each Other
(12:23) - The Mindset Problem: Why Foreign Weapons Were Trusted More
(13:27) - Why Defence Trials Take Years
(15:16) - How Procurement Can Become Faster
(16:00) - The Cost of Living With Foreign Weapons
(17:10) - Should Indian Defence Companies Get Priority?
(18:45) - What โAtmanirbhar Bharatโ Should Actually Mean
(20:13) - What India Can Learn From the Navy
(22:21) - What India Can Learn From Israel
(23:35) - Israelโs Defence-Tech Ecosystem
(24:53) - A Call to Indian Engineers
(25:34) - โYou Need to Be at War to Be at Peaceโ
๐๏ธ GUESTS
Vivek Krishnan โ CEO & Co-Founder, SSS Defence
Dinesh Shivanna โ Co-Founder & CTO, SSS Defence
SSS Defence is an Indian defence OEM established in 2017, focused on designing, developing and manufacturing small arms, precision weapon systems and other defence technologies in India.
๐๏ธ HOST
Roshan Cariappa โ Bharatvaarta
โถ๏ธ WATCH THE FULL CONVERSATION:
[ https://youtu.be/0IsnmQMnvrE ]
The full episode goes deeper into India's defence imports, military-industrial complex, defence startups, engines, sensors, drones, procurement, Israel, indigenous weapons and the path to genuine defence self-reliance.
#India #Defence #DefenceTechnology #IndianDefence #AtmanirbharBharat #MakeInIndia #Military #DefenceIndustry #Bharatvaarta #airforce #Indiannavy
Join this channel to get access to perks:
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The World Is Changing. How can India Become the Voice of the Global South?
Friday, September 4, 2026 โข Duration 27:58
The world is changing - and India is being forced to make choices.
China has transformed itself into an economic and strategic superpower. The United States is still the world's dominant power, but its relationship with China is changing. Russia remains a major geopolitical force. And the Global South is demanding a greater say in how the world is governed.
So where does India stand?
In the run-up to India's BRICS 2026 Summit, Bharatvaarta brings together perspectives from three of India's leading thinkers and practitioners to examine India's position in this emerging world order.
From India's economic race with China to the future of US-China relations, from BRICS and the Global South to strategic autonomy and India's ability to become a power that can choose its own path โ this is a conversation about the choices that will shape India's next chapter.
โฑ๏ธ TIMESTAMPS
(00:00) โ India, China & the changing world order
(00:36) โ Why did China pull so far ahead of India?
(02:43) โ The policy risks that powered China's rise
(03:41) โ Why India's size can become a weakness
(05:21) โ How can India become export competitive?
(06:23) โ What China did differently
(10:34) โ Can India reach 9โ10% growth?
(10:53) โ How should India deal with China?
(11:54) โ The future of US-China relations
(13:17) โ Why India cannot afford a confrontation with China
(16:09) โ China's rise and the challenge to American power
(16:38) โ Can the West accept a powerful India and China?
(18:07) โ India, Russia & China: a new geopolitical equation
(18:35) โ Who are the real hegemons?
(19:43) โ Is the West trying to keep India down?
(20:06) โ Was bringing China into the WTO America's biggest strategic mistake?
(21:41) โ The Thucydides Trap: Is US-China conflict inevitable?
(24:12) โ Is American power declining?
(24:26) โ India between the US and China
(24:40) โ Where does India go from here?
(25:00) โ The difficulty of strategic policy in a democracy
(26:35) โ India's battle-tested military advantage.
(27:06) โ What India needs to get right.
ABOUT THE GUESTS
๐ค MANISH SABHARWAL- Economist, entrepreneur and public-policy thinker. Co-founder of TeamLease Services, economist and public policy thinker. He has served on multiple government and policy bodies, including the RBI Board, and writes extensively on employment, education, economic growth and India's reform agenda.
Connect:
LinkedIn โ https://www.linkedin.com/in/manish-sabharwal-187827176
๐ค NEELKANTH MISHRA
Chief Economist, Axis Bank and Head of Global Research, Axis Capital. A prominent economist and policy thinker, Mishra has spent over two decades working across Indian and global markets, with a particular focus on India's growth, capital formation, productivity and economic policy.
Connect:
X โ https://x.com/neelkanthmishra
LinkedIn โ https://www.linkedin.com/in/neelkanth-mishra-46629b
๐ค AMBASSADOR DR. MOHAN KUMAR
A veteran Indian diplomat with 36 years in the Indian Foreign Service, Ambassador Dr. Mohan Kumar served as India's Ambassador to France and Bahrain. He was also India's lead negotiator at GATT and the WTO, dealing with issues including trade, intellectual property, services and dispute settlement. He brings the perspective of a practitioner who has spent decades negotiating India's interests in a changing international system, and examines the choices confronting India between the world's major powers.
Connect:
X โ https://x.com/AmbMoKumar
LinkedIn โ https://www.linkedin.com/in/dr-mohan-kumar-76027834
Website โ https://ambmokumar.com
๐ค VIKRAM SOOD
Former Secretary of India's Research and Analysis Wing (R&AW), where he served from 2000โ2003. He is currently an adviser at the Observer Research Foundation and the author of The Unending Game and The Ultimate Goal. His work focuses on intelligence, geopolitics, national security and strategic affairs.
Connect:
X โ https://x.com/Vikram_Sood
LinkedIn โ https://www.linkedin.com/in/vikram-sood-1b009715
FULL EPISODE LINKS:
1. Manish Sabharwal: Deregulation, Civil Service Reform & India's Growth Story (https://youtu.be/f1hRTb6MIZ8)
2. Neelkanth Mishra: India vs China: What's Holding Us Back? (https://youtu.be/d4ouuGUv6mQ)
3. Ambassador Dr. Mohan Kumar: Former Ambassador Reveals What Happens Inside India's Toughest Global Negotiations (https://youtu.be/Ys99H7_WjcM)
4. VIKRAM SOOD: Understanding the Deep State | Former R&AW Chief Vikram Sood (https://youtu.be/TomnFVq3Bt4)
ABOUT BHARATVAARTA
Bharatvaarta is a long-form podcast focused on politics, policy and culture in India. We bring together policymakers, founders, officers, technologists, writers and thinkers for honest, in-depth conversations about what is happening around us โ and what it means for India's future.
If this conversation made you think, subscribe to Bharatvaarta.
Join this channel to get access to perks:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfBfBd-1kvCOPxVll8tBJ9Q/join
If RSS Is So Powerful, Why Doesn't It Take Power? The Reign Behind Indian Politics | Sachin Nandha
Tuesday, September 1, 2026 โข Duration 28:34
The RSS does not contest elections. So where does its influence over Indian politics and society actually come from?
In this focused Bharatvaarta conversation, Roshan Cariappa speaks with Sachin Nandha about the organisation, ideology and structure of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS) - and its relationship with the BJP, Narendra Modi and the larger Sangh Parivar.
What makes the RSS so influential despite not being a political party? Why does the organisation place such importance on the shakha? Is the BJP an instrument of the RSS, or does it operate independently? And how should we understand the relationship between the RSS, the BJP and the Indian state?
Sachin Nandha offers a different framework for looking at these questions - from the distinction between the Rashtra and the Rajya to the way the RSS's influence extends beyond electoral politics.
โฑ๏ธ TIMESTAMPS
(00:00) โ How Does the RSS Have So Much Power?
(03:36) โ What Is the RSS Really Designed to Do?
(06:00) โ Why the RSS Starts and Ends With the Shakha
(10:00) โ Rashtra vs Rajya: What Is the RSS Really Trying to Change?
(13:00) โ Why the RSS Doesn't Actually Care About the BJP
(15:00) โ Can the Rashtra Discipline the Rajya?
(18:00) โ How Does the RSS Influence the BJP?
(20:00) โ Is the BJP Really Independent of the RSS?
(21:00) โ The RSS as the BJP's โGreat Grandmotherโ
(22:00) โ What Is the Relationship Between Modi and the RSS?
(24:00) โ Who Has More Power: RSS or BJP?
(26:00) โ Is the RSSโBJP Conflict Real or a โCircus Actโ?
๐๏ธ About Sachin Nandha
Sachin Nandha is the author of Hedgewar: A Definitive Biography, a biography of K.B. Hedgewar, founder of the Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh (RSS). He is also associated with the International Centre for Sustainability and writes and speaks extensively on the RSS, civilisational movements, social capital and power structures. His book and public work focus heavily on understanding the origins and evolution of the RSS and its place in modern India.
๐ Connect with Sachin Nandha:
Instagram โ @thesachinnandha
X โ @sachinnandha
LinkedIn โ Sachin Nandha
Website โ sachinnandha.com
๐ His book
Hedgewar: A Definitive Biography: https://www.amazon.in/Hedgewar-Founder-Rashtriya-Swayamsevak-Sangh/dp/0143467662
(The book was published in 2025 and examines the life and ideas of K.B. Hedgewar and the origins of the RSS.)
The complete episode - https://youtu.be/IaSo8UQ-buw
ABOUT BHARATVAARTA
Bharatvaarta is a platform for long-form conversations on India's politics, policy, economy and culture โ the arguments that shape the country, heard in full and without the shouting.
Join this channel to get access to perks:
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"Who Is Funding This?" Mohandas Pai On NGOs, Foreign Money, Religious Conversions & Indian Politics
Friday, August 21, 2026 โข Duration 22:50
A closer look at one of the sharpest threads from our full conversation with Mohandas Pai.
The complete episode - covering the Gen Z protests, the NEET crisis and India's youth unemployment story, along with everything below - is live here: https://youtu.be/hG48jHX7xks
This cut focuses on the politics underneath it all: foreign funding, the Congress's search for direction, and what's actually broken in how India is governed.
Pai opens with a hard line on foreign money in Indian civil society: no foreign funds for advocacy, no foreign funds for politics, and no exceptions for NGOs who want to influence Indian public life without raising money from Indians first. He questions the funding and online amplification behind recent protest movements, and argues India's FCRA framework - tightened originally under Indira Gandhi - exists precisely to prevent outside actors from shaping domestic politics and religious life.
From there, the conversation turns to the Congress party's decline, with Pai arguing the party has failed to offer a real alternative to the government's delivery on basic needs - water, power, bank accounts, gas connections - and that without a clear agenda beyond cash guarantees, its Karnataka government under Siddaramaiah has little to show after three years. He makes the case for job creation over subsidies, using Karnataka's own numbers on jobs needed versus jobs delivered, and points to Bengaluru's recent civic turnaround as proof that leadership and accountability - not bigger budgets - are what change outcomes on the ground.
The conversation closes on India's justice system: why the country has a fraction of the judges per capita that other democracies do, why delays in prosecuting corruption cases erode public trust, and what accountability would actually require.
If you want the full context - including the NEET and jobs conversation that precedes this - the complete episode is linked above.
โฑ๏ธ TIMESTAMPS
(00:00) - Foreign money in Indian advocacy and politics
(01:46) - The case for India's FCRA law
(04:37) - Foreign funding, NGOs & accountability
(06:43) - Religious conversion, foreign money & the churches
(09:04) - Tech platforms, bots & the funding behind recent protests
(10:27) - "What is the alternative Congress is giving?"
(11:14) - Modi's core achievement: ending deprivation, not poverty
(12:51) - Why cash guarantees aren't a governing agenda
(13:42) - Subsidies vs jobs: the real Karnataka numbers
(16:30) - A jobs idea for a million people: private security
(18:08) - Delimitation, representation & political incentives
(18:35) - Bengaluru's turnaround: what changed under new leadership
(19:10) - The colonial mindset still inside our institutions
(20:15) - "Rulers, not the ruled": what Pai wants from politicians
(21:15) - Why India doesn't have enough judges
(22:01) - Justice delayed: corruption cases and accountability
๐๏ธ ABOUT THE GUEST
T.V. Mohandas Pai is Chairman of Aarin Capital and 3one4 Capital, and Chairman of Manipal Global Education. He was CFO and a board member at Infosys, where he helped take the company to NASDAQ and instituted India's first broad-based employee stock option plan. He has served on the boards of SEBI and the NSE, co-founded the Akshaya Patra Foundation, and was awarded the Padma Shri in 2015. He remains one of India's most outspoken voices on education, employment and public policy.
๐ CONNECT WITH MOHANDAS PAI
X: https://x.com/TVMohandasPai
LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/in/mohandaspai
ABOUT BHARATVAARTA
Bharatvaarta is a platform for long-form conversations on India's politics, policy, economy and culture โ the arguments that shape the country, heard in full and without the shouting.
New episodes every week. Subscribe and hit ๐ so you don't miss one.
๐ฌ Where do you land on reservation reform? Tell us in the comments.
Join this channel to get access to perks:
https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCfBfBd-1kvCOPxVll8tBJ9Q/join
Mohandas Pai on NEET Protests, Education Reforms, Reservations and India's Future | Bharatvaarta
Saturday, August 15, 2026 โข Duration 01:09:21
22 lakh students wrote NEET this year. There were about 1.35 lakh seats.
That gap is where the protests came from โ but Mohandas Pai's argument is that NEET was only the trigger. The real story is a generation that did everything it was told to do, and found nothing waiting on the other side.
In this conversation, the former Infosys CFO lays out why the anger erupted in the Hindi belt and not the South, why a student clearing 80% watches a 45% score take the seat, what medical education actually costs once you strip out the policy distortions, and why he believes reservation must continue โ but cannot keep serving the same families for three generations.
Then he turns to the fix. A jobs incentive across the 400 poorest districts. Five thousand census towns built out so industry has somewhere to go. Why he thinks "India lives in her villages" is one of the most expensive ideas in Indian politics. Why AI will create more jobs here than anywhere else on earth. And a blunt account of what he thinks the political class, the bureaucracy and the courts are getting wrong.
Sharp, specific, and backed by numbers throughout. Watch to the end.
โฑ๏ธ CHAPTERS
(00:00) 22 lakh applicants, 1.35 lakh seats
(00:52) Welcome to Bharatvaarta
(01:05) Why the scale of the protests caught India off guard
(01:40) The youth bulge: 2.5 crore entering the job market each year
(02:20) Why the anger is loudest in the Hindi belt, not the South
(03:20) Parents selling land to pay coaching centres
(04:00) The cutoff gap driving the reservation anger
(05:20) Why Karnataka and Tamil Nadu stayed quiet
(07:50) What medical education actually costs โ and why
(10:50) One medical college per district: the faculty problem
(12:00) The brownfield fix nobody attempted
(13:10) A scholarship proposal for the non-reserved category
(14:20) 1.5 crore jobs a year, and why 80% don't pay enough
(16:00) 17,000 IIT graduates, 7,000 without offers
(17:00) Reservation must stay โ but become more inclusive
(19:30) The privileged class inside the reserved category
(22:00) Reservation as an exception to Article 14
(24:00) Why the IITs must expand to one lakh seats
(25:20) Jobs plan 1: the 400 poorest districts
(26:30) Jobs plan 2: developing 5,000 census towns
(28:00) Why "India lives in her villages" is a costly myth
(29:40) Dignity of labour, and what a housemaid earns
(33:00) Why industry must train: the L&T story
(35:40) The internship programme India actually needs
(37:20) What four years of college is really for
(40:20) Why 10 lakh students leave India every year
(44:40) How Karnataka won Toyota
(46:40) Why AI will create more jobs in India than it takes
(49:00) Foreign funding of NGOs and the new law
(55:30) Bots, platforms and manufactured outrage
(57:50) Deprivation vs poverty: what has actually changed
(59:00) Freebies vs permanent jobs
(01:03:00) A jobs idea hiding in plain sight
(01:06:30) "Politicians are our representatives, not our masters"
(01:08:00) India needs 50 judges per million
๐๏ธ ABOUT THE GUEST
T.V. Mohandas Pai is Chairman of Aarin Capital and 3one4 Capital, and Chairman of Manipal Global Education. He was CFO and a board member at Infosys, where he helped take the company to NASDAQ and instituted India's first broad-based employee stock option plan. He has served on the boards of SEBI and the NSE, co-founded the Akshaya Patra Foundation, and was awarded the Padma Shri in 2015. He remains one of India's most outspoken voices on education, employment and public policy.
๐ CONNECT WITH MOHANDAS PAI
X: https://x.com/TVMohandasPai
LinkedIn: https://in.linkedin.com/in/mohandaspai
๐ฎ๐ณ ABOUT BHARATVAARTA
Bharatvaarta is a platform for long-form conversations on India's politics, policy, economy and culture โ the arguments that shape the country, heard in full and without the shouting.
New episodes every week. Subscribe and hit ๐ so you don't miss one.
๐ฌ Where do you land on reservation reform? Tell us in the comments.
#MohandasPai #NEET #NEETProtest #GenZ #EducationReform #Reservation #IndianEconomy #JobCreation #IndianPolitics #Bharatvaarta #IITAdmissions #HigherEducation #YouthUnemployment #PublicPolicy #India
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How India Is Ending Naxal Terror | The Untold Strategy Behind the Final Crackdown FT. Tuhin Sinha
Friday, July 31, 2026 โข Duration 26:57
Every nation has a story, but some chapters are written in blood. For decades, India fought an enemy that didn't wear a uniform - an ideology that spread through forests, cities and silence, in one of the longest internal-security battles in the country's history. Roshan Cariappa sits down with Tuhin A. Sinha - BJP National Spokesperson, author of 14 books, and now the writer of a comprehensive new book "Naxal Terror Vanquished: The Long War against Maoism, and the Doctrine That Ended It." This book discusses how India confronted and pushed back Naxal terror.
We've had Tuhin on the show before - last time, to talk delimitation, the women's reservation bill and the coalition arithmetic of the Monsoon Session. This time the conversation turns to something bigger and bloodier. His starting point is a memory gap: Gen Z and Gen Alpha never saw this threat at its peak, and the country readjusted so fast that few remember how bad it got. In 2010 alone, over a thousand people were killed in Naxal violence - 74 CRPF jawans ambushed at Dantewada, and the Gyaneshwari Express sabotaged in West Bengal, killing 150. This, he argues, was never a "socio-economic problem" - it was an out-and-out terror movement.
From there the conversation traces the full arc: the origins in Naxalbari in 1967, the role of "urban Naxals" in supplying funds and arms, the Salwa Judum movement and the price its leaders paid, and the turnaround that followed - the convergence of security agencies across a seven-state Red Corridor, the surrender-and-rehabilitation policy, Operation Kagar's final push, and the development story behind it. Tuhin's central claim is a bold one: that Naxalism has been pushed to the brink of extinction.
โฑ๏ธ TIMESTAMPS
00:00 - The enemy that didn't wear a uniform
01:20 - Welcome back to Bharatvaarta
02:08 - How serious a threat was Naxalism, really?
03:06 - Dantewada & the Gyaneshwari Express: how deadly it got
04:36 - When a leader calls a Naxal his role model
05:10 - Where it began: Naxalbari, 1967
06:30 - How it evolved - students, Bihar & caste
08:05 - The UPA years: scrapping POTA & the NAC
08:36 - Salwa Judum, and the myth about tribal support
11:37 - Struck down: the fresh wave of violence & the leaders killed
12:54 - Why "socio-economic problem" was a fatal misreading
13:47 - Urban Naxals: the supply of funds and arms
17:52 - What this government did differently
20:26 - The surrender & rehabilitation policy
21:16 - Operation Kagar: the final phase
22:45 - Bastar Olympics & bringing fighters into the mainstream
24:46 - Development as the closing chapter: Modi for tribals
26:02 - Will Naxalism ever return?
๐ ABOUT THE GUEST
Tuhin A. Sinha is a National Spokesperson of the Bharatiya Janata Party and one of India's most prolific authors, with 14 books spanning political thrillers, romance, non-fiction and historical narrative.
Born in Jamshedpur and educated at Hindu College, Delhi University, he was a novelist and screenwriter before joining the BJP in 2014, becoming Mumbai unit spokesperson in 2016 and later National Spokesperson. His work includes a trilogy on India's unsung subaltern freedom fighters - The Legend of Birsa Munda, The Great Tribal Warriors of Bharat and Sido Kanhu - plus Modi's Northeast Story and Climate Action India. Earlier books include Of Love and Politics, The Edge of Desire, The Captain and Daddy. He co-authored India Aspires with Union Minister Nitin Gadkari and Mission Shenzhen with Clark Prasad, and writes columns for The Times of India and DNA. His latest book, examines the rise and fall of Naxal terror in India.
๐ Browse and buy all of Tuhin A. Sinha's books (authored & co-authored) on his official Amazon Author Page:
๐ https://www.amazon.in/stores/Tuhin-A.-Sinha/author/B008HTR2DY
๐๏ธ ABOUT BHARATVAARTA
Bharatvaarta is a podcast on politics, policy and culture, focused on India. Hosted by Roshan Cariappa, it brings together academics, authors, entrepreneurs, technologists, policymakers and politicians for long-form conversations that don't fit into a nine-minute news segment. New episodes every week.
๐ SUBSCRIBE: [Hit the bell icon]
๐ Website: https://www.bharatvaarta.in
๐ฆ Twitter/X: @bharatvaarta
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Who's Actually Blocking Young Indians From Politics? | BJP National Spokesperson | Bharatvaarta
Friday, July 24, 2026 โข Duration 42:21
1985: Rajiv Gandhi says 15 paise of every rupee actually reaches the poor.
2009: Rahul Gandhi puts the number at 5%.
Twenty-four years apart, same party, and by their own accounting the leak had got worse.
That pair of numbers is where this conversation lands in its final minutes, and Tuhin A. Sinha uses it to make a much larger argument: that the question of who is anti-youth in Indian politics has a fairly specific answer, and it isn't the one the Opposition has been giving.
Roshan Cariappa sits down with Tuhin - BJP National Spokesperson and author of 14 books - days before a Monsoon Session that Tuhin calls the most consequential in a very long time. Two bills are on the table: delimitation and women's reservation.
His case for why delimitation is the youth story nobody is telling: the last exercise was in 1975. India now has roughly 97 crore voters and 543 Lok Sabha seats, which means each MP represents about 17 lakh people - the highest ratio anywhere in the world. Raise the seat count by 50% and that falls to around 11 lakh. But the number Tuhin cares about is the other one: hundreds of new constituencies means hundreds of openings for people who do not come from political families. Which is precisely, he argues, why the dynastic parties are petrified of it.
Roshan also asks the question currently nation wants to know - the mistrust around engineered defections, the ED and CBI asymmetry, the "washing machine" charge, whether the BJP can still call itself a party with a difference while absorbing MPs it once called corrupt, and whether all of this is legal in letter but hollow in spirit. Tuhin's answers are direct, and on the corruption question notably unsqueamish: sometimes to achieve a good objective, you take a path that isn't impeccable.
Also in here: why the two bills are deliberately being moved together, how 74 women MPs could become 273 seats, why the April bill fell 54 votes short, Amit Shah's one-hour challenge across the floor of the House, the North-South penalty argument, Vajpayee's 1996 resignation speech, and what 2029 actually gets fought on.
Whether you find him persuasive or want to argue with every second answer, it's a sharper 41 minutes than a TV panel gives you in a month.
โฑ๏ธ TIMESTAMPS
(00:00) - Reconnecting
(00:35) - Why this Monsoon Session is the most consequential in years
(01:08) - Delimitation explained: 1975, 97 crore voters, 17 lakh per MP
(02:27) - "A once-in-a-lifetime opening for youth who aren't from political families"
(03:13) - Why delimitation and women's reservation are being moved together
(04:45) - Falling 54 votes short in April, and what has changed since
(06:24) - Amit Shah's one-hour challenge across the floor
(07:11) - Why dynastic parties fear a bigger, younger Lok Sabha
(08:54) - The North-South question: are southern states being penalised?
(10:33) - Women's representation: from 74 MPs to 273 seats
(13:55) - Roshan steelmans the Opposition: the defections problem
(17:54) - The "washing machine" charge, and Tuhin's reversal of it
(18:38) - "Is the BJP still a party with a difference?"
(22:44) - The anti-defection law: conscience vs. the whip
(26:28) - Congress Mukt Bharat, or Opposition Mukt Bharat?
(27:37) - Why the INDIA bloc's 2024 momentum evaporated
(30:15) - Rahul Gandhi, Putin, Macron and the Rafale claim
(35:26) - What 2029 gets fought on
(39:38) - The number this episode ends on: 15% in 1985, 5% in 2009
๐ ABOUT THE GUEST
Tuhin A. Sinha is a National Spokesperson of the Bharatiya Janata Party and one of India's most prolific authors, with 14 books spanning political thrillers, romance, non-fiction and historical narrative.
Born in Jamshedpur and educated at Hindu College, Delhi University, he was a novelist and screenwriter before joining the BJP in 2014, becoming Mumbai unit spokesperson in 2016 and later National Spokesperson. His work includes a trilogy on India's unsung subaltern freedom fighters - The Legend of Birsa Munda, The Great Tribal Warriors of Bharat and Sido Kanhu - plus Modi's Northeast Story and Climate Action India. Earlier books include Of Love and Politics, The Edge of Desire, The Captain and Daddy. He co-authored India Aspires with Union Minister Nitin Gadkari, and writes columns for The Times of India and DNA.
๐ His books: https://rupapublications.co.in/author-detail/tuhin-a-sinha
๐๏ธ ABOUT BHARATVAARTA
Bharatvaarta is a podcast on politics, policy and culture, focused on India. Hosted by Roshan Cariappa, it brings together academics, authors, entrepreneurs, technologists, policymakers and politicians for long-form conversations that don't fit into a nine-minute news segment. New episodes every week.
๐ SUBSCRIBE: [Hit the bell icon]
๐ Website: https://www.bharatvaarta.in
๐ฆ Twitter/X: @bharatvaarta
๐ธ Instagram: @bharatvaarta
#TuhinSinha #BJP #Delimitation #WomensReservationBill #MonsoonSession #IndianPolitics #Bharatvaarta #RahulGandhi #NarendraModi #Congress #DynastyPolitics #IndianYouth #Opposition #PoliticalPodcast #2029Elections
Professional Politicians Are The Most Dangerous People | Bhaskar Rao - On Bengaluru collapse
Friday, July 17, 2026 โข Duration 53:15
Why did Bengaluru - a city that could have been India's New York, Chicago or Tokyo - collapse into traffic, flooding, garbage, water shortage and "work in progress" chaos? Former Bengaluru Police Commissioner Bhaskar Rao (IPS) sits down with Bharatvaarta for an unflinching conversation on urban governance, the broken BBMP-mayor system, police reforms, corruption, and the political rot he calls the single most dangerous force in the country.
From the Bengaluru of the 1970s to today's civic breakdown, Bhaskar Rao explains WHO actually runs Bengaluru (and why nobody is accountable), why the mayor is treated "like a beggar," how weak Chief Ministers and professional politicians hollowed out the city, why India's laws punish a pickpocket harder than a killer on the road, and what real police reform in India would look like. He also shares extraordinary stories from the COVID frontline, the CAA protests, and a policing career that ran from Kosovo to Karnataka.
This is essential viewing for anyone who cares about Bengaluru, urban India, governance, and the future of policing.
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โฑ๏ธ TIMESTAMPS / CHAPTERS
โโโโโโโโโโโโโโ
00:00 - Cold open
01:40 - Bhaskar Rao on Bharatvaarta: the introduction
02:21 - Why policing in India is harder than ever
03:54 - Cybercrime: the frontline police aren't trained for
06:24 - The Bengaluru that was & how migration changed it
09:09 - "Bengaluru could be New York": what governance destroyed
11:20 - The mayor as a beggar: who actually runs Bengaluru?
16:11 - "The answer is punishment": weak laws & weak CMs
17:09 - Roads, safety & the โน5,000 price of a human life
23:30 - The British hangover: how bad governance corrupts police
25:53 - Courage & COVID: how Bengaluru police fed a whole city
34:08 - "Keep your hands clean": the Virat Kohli test
39:09 - Police corruption vs political corruption
43:22 - The reforms India's police actually need
44:53 - Staying calm in the CAA protests & how officers get used
50:57 - Gen Z, term limits & why professional politicians are the most dangerous
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๐ค ABOUT THE GUEST - BHASKAR RAO, IPS
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Bhaskar Rao is a 1990-batch IPS officer (Karnataka cadre) and former Commissioner of Police, Bengaluru City, who led the force through the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Over a three-decade career he served as ADGP (Railways), headed the Internal Security Division, and served as Commissioner of Transport and Bengaluru Rural SP, earning the Police Medal for Meritorious Service (2008), the President's Medal for Distinguished Service (2015), and a UN Medal for service in the Kosovo peacekeeping mission. Often called the "People's Commissioner," he took voluntary retirement in 2021 and has since entered public life and civic advocacy focused on Bengaluru.
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๐๏ธ ABOUT BHARATVAARTA
โโโโโโโโโโโโโ
Bharatvaarta is a long-form podcast on politics, policy and culture focused on India. We bring together policymakers, founders, officers, technologists, writers and thinkers for honest, in-depth conversations about what's really happening around us - and what it means for the country's future.
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