How was civilian protection practiced and experienced during the international intervention and war in Afghanistan? And what are the legacies for international law today? In this episode, Katharine and Florian speak with Shaharzad Akbar, former Chairperson of the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission, and Thomas Gregory, author of Weaponizing Civilian Protection: Counterinsurgency and Collateral Damage in Afghanistan. Together, they explore how Afghans experienced harm amid two decades of conflict, how the coalition’s approach to civilian protection evolved, and what this reveals about international law.

Cited Documents:

Akbar, Shaharzad, The Battle Against Gender Apartheid: Hope through Accountability, Verfassungsblog, 2025. 

Akbar, Shaharzad, A Crisis of Justice for Afghan Victims of War, Just Security, 2022.

Gregory, Thomas, Weaponizing Civilian Protection: Counterinsurgency and Collateral Damage in Afghanistan (Oxford University Press, 2025).

Edkins, Jenny, Zehfuss, Maja, and Gregory, Thomas, Global Politics: A New Introduction (Routledge, 2025). 

Guest Bios:

Shaharzad Akbar is the Executive Director of Rawadari, an organisation that monitors and reports on the human rights situation in Afghanistan. She previously served as Chair of the Afghanistan Independent Human Rights Commission. Akbar is currently an Honorary Fellow at Wolfson College, University of Oxford. She holds an MPhil from the University of Oxford. Shaharzad's writing has appeared in Just Security, Washington Post, Foreign Affairs, Justice Info and other international outlets. 

Thomas Gregory is Senior Lecturer in Politics and International Relations at the University of Auckland, New Zealand. His research focuses on civilian casualties in contemporary conflict, with a particular emphasis on how civilian harm is legitimised. His most recent books are Weaponizing Civilian Protection: Counterinsurgency and Collateral Damage in Afghanistan (Oxford University Press, 2025) and Global Politics: A New Introduction (Routledge, 2025), which is co-edited with Jenny Edkins and Maja Zehfuss. 

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

How are civilians in Ukraine exercising agency in the digital realm? And what are the consequences of their digital engagement, both politically and under international law? In this episode, Katharine and Florian bring together Oona Hathaway and Taras Fedirko (experts from law and political and economic anthropology) to shed light on this new dimension of agency during armed conflict.

Cited Documents:

Hathaway, Oona A. and Vera, Catherine and Pe'er, Inbar, Crowdsourced War (March 21, 2025). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5188908 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5188908

Hathaway, Oona A. and Donilon, Sarah and Squires, Carter, War Hazards Compensation for Civilians (March 28, 2025). Available at SSRN: https://ssrn.com/abstract=5197392 or http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.5197392

Candea, Matei, Heywood, Paolo and Fedirko, Taras. Modalities of Free Speech, Annual Review of Anthropology, 2025. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-anthro-071423-115444 

Candea, Matei, Fedirko, Taras, Heywood, Paolo and Wright, Fiona. Freedoms of Speech: Anthropological Perspectives on Language, Ethics, and Power, Toronto: University of Toronto Press, 2024. https://doi.org/10.3138/9781487552978

Guest Bios:

Oona A. Hathaway is the Gerard C. and Bernice Latrobe Smith Professor of International Law at Yale Law School, Professor of Political Science at the Yale University Department of Political Science, Faculty at the Jackson School of Global Affairs, and Director of the Yale Law School Center for Global Legal Challenges. She is president-elect of the American Society of International Law and a non-resident scholar at the Carnegie Endowment for International Peace. She has been a member of the Advisory Committee on International Law for the Legal Adviser at the US Department of State since 2005 and in 2014-2015 she served as Special Counsel to the General Counsel at the U.S. Department of Defense.

Taras Fedirko is a lecturer (assistant professor) at the School of Social and Political Sciences, University of Glasgow, and Senior Research Fellow at the Institute for Human Sciences in Vienna. He is a political and economic anthropologist studying how social movements organise to transform war economies; states; and capitalist labour and value regimes. He is currently leading a collective research project exploring crowdsourcing in Ukraine’s war economy.

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

How do people protect themselves in violent environments outside of ‘traditional’ war zones? And to what extent does international humanitarian law (IHL), the law of armed conflict, apply in such contexts? In this episode, Katharine and Florian talk to Chiara Redaelli and Anjan Sundaram about Mexico. Together they dive into the activism and courage of indigenous frontline environmental defenders in Mexico and explore the  difficulties, risks and benefits of applying IHL in this context.

Cited documents:

Redaelli, Chiara & Arévalo, Targeting drug lords: Challenges to IHL between lege lata and lege ferenda, International Review of the Red Cross, 105 (923), 652-673

Ted Talk, Meet our Planet’s Hidden Defenders, Anjan Sundaram, April 2024

Anjan Sundaram is an author, journalist, academic and artivist currently working on Mexico. His books include Breakup: A Marriage in Wartime, Bad News: Last Journalists in a Dictatorship and Stringer: A Reporter’s Journey in the Congo. He has reported from Central Africa, Cambodia and Mexico for Granta, the New York Times, the New York Review of Books, the Guardian and the Associated Press, among others.

Chiara Redaelli is a Senior Legal Advisor at Diakonia IHL. She is also an adjunct professor at Catholic University of Lille Lille University and La Sabana University in Colombia.  She is co-editor in chief of the Journal on the Use of Force and International Law and member of the ILA Committee on the Use of Force. 

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

More than half the world’s population are living in settings where they are regularly exposed to violence, whether from armed actors, gangs, community defence forces or criminal groups. What do civilian communities do to protect themselves and others in these settings? And what can we learn from them about civilian protection? To look at these questions, Katharine and Florian are joined by Juan Masullo and Emily Paddon Rhoads, who are two of the editors of the new book ‘Civilian Protective Agency in Violent Settings: A Comparative Perspective’ (Oxford University Press). 

Shedding light on the dynamics in different countries, Emily and Juan also discuss the conceptual foundations of their work, reflect on the methodological and ethical challenges  of doing research in this field and share some of their novel theoretical insights.

Cited documents:

Krause, Jana, Masullo, Juan, Paddon Rhoads & Welsh, Jennifer, Civilian Protective Agency in Violent Settings: A Comparative Perspective, Oxford University Press, 2023

Guest Bios:

Emily Paddon Rhoads is Associate Professor of Political Science at Swathmore College. She is the author of Taking Sides in Peacekeeping: Impartiality and the Future of the United Nations (Oxford University Press, 2016) as well as several articles on civilian protection, peacekeeping and the United Nations. 

Juan Masullo is Assistant Professor at the Institute of Political Science, Leiden University. He is also co-editor of Qualitative and Multi-Method Research, the biannual publication of APSA’s Qualitative and Mult-Method Research Section and member of the Editorial Board of the International Studies Review. 

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

In this episode of ‘Beyond Compliance: In Conversation’, Katharine and Florian talk to two experts from the International Committee of the Red Cross about armed groups, civilian agency and international law.

Almost 200 million people live in areas controlled or influenced by armed groups, finds the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC). How do armed groups govern these areas? What does the relationship between civilians and armed groups look like? And what are the obligations of armed groups under international law? To tackle such questions, Katharine and Florian are joined by two experts from the ICRC in this  episode of ‘Beyond Compliance: In Conversation’. Matthew Bamber-Zryd is the advisor for armed groups located in the operations divisions at the HQ of the ICRC in Geneva. Tilman Rodenhäuser is a legal expert in the ICRC’s Legal Division, focusing on armed groups.

Cited documents:

ICRC engagement with armed groups in 2023, Humanitarian Law & Policy, ICRC, 10 October 2023, Matthew Zryd-Bamber

https://blogs.icrc.org/law-and-policy/2023/10/10/icrc-engagement-with-armed-groups-in-2023/

Speaker information

Dr Tilman Rodenhäuser is a thematic legal adviser at the International Committee of the Red Cross’ headquarters in Geneva, Switzerland. Prior to joining the ICRC in 2016, Tilman has worked with the German Red Cross, DCAF, the NGO Geneva Call, and the United Nations, with missions in Africa and the Middle East.

Matthew Bamber-Zryd is the ICRC’s Adviser on Armed Groups, based in the Geneva headquarters. Prior to joining the ICRC, Matthew conducted research on armed groups in the Middle East and North Africa for a variety of governments and international organizations including the UK Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office (FCDO), Swedish MFA, UN and International Alert.

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

How does a community’s relationship with the land they live on feed into their experiences of harm? What solutions do they find to protect themselves? Katharine and Florian speak to Dr Piergiuseppe (Pier) Parisi and Dr Marwan Darweish about their research on the different ways in which civilian communities resist against armed actors in Colombia and Palestine.

Cited Documents:

Centre for Trust, Peace and Social Relations, Coventry University (UK), On Our Land (video), 2021.

Darweish, Marwan, Popular Resistance in Palestine, in Decolonizing the Study of Palestine, Indigenous Perspectives and Settler Colonialism after Elia Zureik, I.B.Tauris, 2023.

Parisi, Piergiuseppe, Beyond Compliance Symposium: Security beyond the physical – Addressing the Nasa indigenous people’s spiritual harm in armed conflict, Armed Groups and International Law Blog, 2024.

Safety and dignity: Enhancing unarmed civilian protection amongst Palestinian communities in the South Hebron Hills (Masafer Yatta), Civil Protection to stay on our land, Palestine (video), 2024.

Guest Bios:

Dr. Marwan Darweish, is Associate Professor in Peace Studies at the Center for Peace and security at Coventry University, UK. His research is multidisciplinary and focuses on nonviolent resistance, cultural resistance, unarmed civil protection, conflict transformation cultural heritage and gun crime violence among the Palestinians in Israel. He is former Director of the MA in Peace and Conflict Studies at Coventry university.

Dr. Piergiuseppe Parisi Piergiuseppe (Pier) Parisi is a lecturer in international human rights law at the Centre for Applied Human Rights and the York Law School (University of York, UK). Currently, his research focuses on several articulations of the rights of Indigenous peoples, including the right to Indigenous education, Indigenous justice mechanisms and their intersection with international humanitarian and human rights law, as well as Indigenous conceptions of security and protection in armed conflict. Pier was the Principal Investigator of the

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

How is civil society in South Sudan engaging with armed actors to protect civilians? And what can humanitarian actors do? In this episode of Beyond Compliance: In Conversation, Katharine and Florian talk to Rev Peter Tibi, Gemma Davies and Leigh Mayhew about how different types of actors can strengthen civilian protection.

Cited Documents:

Davies, Gemma, Gray, Felicity, Barbelet, Veronique, Keeping protection paramount amidst a ‘humanitarian reset’: the need for proactive protection action to reduce civilian harm, HPG policy brief, London: ODI Global, 2025.

Davies, Gemma, Mayhew, Leigh, with The Bridge Network, Community engagement with armed actors in South Sudan: reducing violence and protection risks, HPG case study. London: ODI, 2024.

Davies, Gemma, Barbelet, Veronique and Mayhew, Leigh, Reducing violence and strengthening protection of civilians: debuking assumptions, HPG policy brief, London: ODI Global, 2024.

Guest Bios:

Rev. Tibi has served as the Principal at Imatong Bible College in Juba, Sudan. He served as an administrator and Assistant Executive Secretary for Africa Inland Church-Sudan, and worked within AIC for 13 years. He moved on to the New Sudan Council of Churches, where he served as the Deputy Executive Secretary; then in the Sudan Council of Churches as Acting Executive Secretary and General Secretary.  Rev. Tibi has served as the Executive Director of RECONCILE, International, since November of  2009.

Gemma Davies is a Senior Research Fellow for the Humanitarian Policy Group at ODI. She has extensive experience working with a range of international humanitarian and human rights organisations, as well as the Department for International Development, in several conflict and fragile affected states, predominantly in Sub-Saharan (East, Horn and Western) Africa. Gemma specialises in a range of issues including protection of civilians, forced displacement and humanitarian negotiations. 

Leigh Mayhew is a Senior Research Officer within ODI’s Global Risks and Resilience programme, and a fellow at The Centre on Armed Groups. His research focuses on armed group dynamics, illicit economies and development, smuggling networks and the intersection with armed conflict, radicalisation, and the security dimensions of climate change. Currently, Leigh’s work is focused on how communities engage armed actors to advance community self-protection. 

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

How are women in India’s violence-affected Manipur State shaping not only conflict dynamics, but also trade and mobility? And how do ideas around gender influence, produce and challenge understandings of the principle of distinction under IHL? In this episode of Beyond Compliance: In Conversation, Katharine and Florian talk to Shalaka Thakur and Helen Kinsella about the synergies between their research.

Cited Documents:

Kinsella, Helen, Settler Empire and the United States: Francis Lieber on the Laws of War, American Political Science Review, 2023.

Kinsella, Helen & Mantilla, Giovanni, Contestation before Compliance: History, Politics, and Power in International Humanitarian Law, International Studies Quarterly, 2020.

Thakur, Shalaka & Mampilly, Zachariah, Rebel Taxation as Extortion or a Technology of Governance? Telling the Difference in India's Northeast, Comparative Political Studies, 2024.

Guest Bios:

Helen Kinsella is a Professor of Political Science and Law at the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities. She holds affiliate faculty positions in the  Department of Gender, Women & Sexuality Studies, the Hubert H. Humphrey School of Public Affairs, the Human Rights Center at the Law School, and the Interdisciplinary Center for the Study of Global Change. As of June 2023, she is also a Visiting Scholar, at the Senator George J. Mitchell Institute for Global Peace, Security and Justice, Queens University, Belfast, Northern Ireland. She has a PhD in Political Science and an MA in Public Policy from the University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, and a BA in Political Science and Gender Studies from Bryn Mawr College.

Shalaka Thakur is a postdoctoral researcher at the Danish Institute for International Studies (DIIS) on the project 'Trade-based statecraft: the new spatial logic of the state' (TRADECRAFT), which explores the role of checkpoints and transit taxes in state-making. Her fieldwork focuses on the borderlands between India and Myanmar, analysing how checkpoints, civilians and authorities interact to shape order and the economy. She holds a PhD in International Relations / Political Science from the Graduate Institute, Geneva, and an MSc in Conflict Studies from the London School of Economics and Political Science.

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

What was the role of civil society in the Basque Country conflict transformation process? How did civil society succeed to even influence the process of ETA's disarmament? And could this happen elsewhere? Florian and Katharine talk to Dr. Véronique Dudouet and Urko Aiartza Azurtza to find out more about how the conflict moved towards peace, whether lessons could be replicated elsewhere and the role of international law in the process.

Cited Documents:
Dudouet, Véronique, From the Street to the Peace Table: Nonviolent Mobilization during Intrastate Peace Processes, United States Institute of Peace, 2021

Basque Permanent Social Forum, ETA's disarmament in the context of international DDR guidelines: Lessons learnt from an innovative Basque scenario, Berghof Foundation, Transition Series No. 12, 2017

Guest Bios:

Urko Aiartza Azurtza was deeply committed to promoting peace in the Basque Country through extensive involvement. Member of the Gipuzkoa Bar, he was involved in many human rights cases in Basque Country and he is currently CoPresident of the European Lawyers Association For Democracy and World Human Rights. He stood as Senator in Madrid from 2011 to 2015. In recent years, he has been actively providing advice on peace and mediation to public and private international institutions in Latin America, Africa, and Asia. He is senior advisor at EIP and a consultant at OCHA's Humanitarian Negotiation Unit as well as a fellow of the Centre on Armed Groups. Since 2019, he has taken on the role of director at the Olaso Dorrea Foundation and its “TM eLab”, a centre for generating innovative ideas in the Basque Country, his birthplace and current residence.

Dr. Véronique Dudouet is a Senior Advisor at the Berghof Foundation (Berlin, Germany), where she serves as focal point for inclusive peace processes, and conducts research, trainings and policy advice on conflict transformation, with a specific focus on non-state armed groups and social movements. In 2019, she was a Jennings Randolph Senior Fellow at USIP, Washington DC.  She is the (co-)author of four books, including Civil Resistance and Conflict Transformation: Transitions from Armed to Nonviolent Struggle (Routledge 2014). She has a PhD in conflict resolution from Bradford University, UK (2005).

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

What role did civilians play during the conflict and peace process in Northern Ireland? How does agency relate to victimhood and transitional justice? And how can people contribute to ‘everyday’ peace? In this episode, Katharine and Florian talk to Kieran McEvoy from Queen’s University Belfast and to Roger Mac Ginty from Durham University about Northern Ireland and their research on civilians navigating armed conflicts across the world.

Cited documents:

Mac Ginty, Roger, Everyday Peace: How so-called ordinary people can disrupt violent conflict, Oxford University Press 2021

McEvoy, Kieran, Mallinder, Louise & Bryson, Anna, Lawyers in Conflict and Transition, Cambridge Studies in Law and Society, 2022

McEvory, Kieran, Beyond Legalism: Towards a Thicker Understanding of Transitional Justice, Routledge, 2014

Guest bios:
Kieran McEvoy is the Senator George J. Mitchell Chair of Peace, Security and Justice and Professor of Law and Transitional Justice at the Senator George J Mitchell Institute for Global Peace, Security and Justice, Queen’s University Belfast. He is also currently a Leverhulme Major Research Fellow working on how armed groups address past harms. He has conducted research in over a dozen conflicted or transitional countries contexts on topics including among others politically motivated prisoners, ex-combatants, victims and amnesties.

Roger Mac Ginty is Professor at the School of Government and International Affairs, and the Durham Global Security Institute, Durham University. His 2021 book, Everyday Peace: How so-called ordinary people can disrupt violent conflict (Oxford University Press), won the 2020-2022 Ernst-Otto Czempiel Award for best book on peace. He edits the journal Peacebuilding and is co-founder of the Everyday Peace Indicators.

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

In this episode, Katharine and Florian speak to Sophie Haspeslagh from Kings College London and Gloria Gaggioli from the University of Geneva about their research on counter-terrorism law, its mechanisms, effects and how it links to civilian agency and international humanitarian law. During the conversation, Sophie and Gloria provide insights on how ‘listing' affects armed groups, civilians, everyday life and peace processes. 

Cited documents:

Haspeslagh, Sophie, Proscribing Peace, Manchester University Press 2021

Haspeslagh, Sophie, The ‘linguistic ceasefire’: Negotiating in an age of proscription, Security Dialogue 2021, Vol. 52(4):361-379

Gaggioli, Gloria & Sobol, Ilya, Proscription and group membership in counter-terrorism and armed conflict: areas of tensions betwen criminal law and international humantarian law in Fortin K & Heffes, Armed Groups and International Law: In the Shadowland of Legality and Illegality, Edward Elgar 2023

Guest bios:

Sophie Haspeslagh is a lecturer in International Relations in the Department of War Studies at King’s College London. Her research focuses on the impact of counterterrorism on conflict resolution, the transition of armed actors away from violence and the international relations of non-state armed groups. She holds a PhD in international relations from the London School of Economics and Political Science and a Master's in international relations from SAIS Johns Hopkins University. 

Gloria Gaggioli was the Director of the Geneva Academy from 2020-2024 and is an Associate Professor and Vice-Dean of the Law Faculty of the University of Geneva. She is also member of the board of Geneva Call since August 2019. Her work focuses notably on issues related to the interplay between international humanitarian law and international human rights law, the right to life and the use of force, including the conduct of hostilities, law enforcement and self-defence.

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

What influences civilians' decision to stay or leave in times of armed conflict?  In this episode, Katharine and Florian talk to Mara Revkin and Justin Schon about their research on civilian decision-making, access to information and flight in Syria and Iraq. They discuss the concept of civilian agency and talk about the challenges of conducting research straddling multiple disciplines.

Cited documents:

Revkin, M. Competitive Governance and Displacement Decisions Under Rebel Rule: Evidence from the Islamic State in Iraq, 65 The Journal of Conflict Resolution 46-80 (2021).

Revkin, M. When Terrorists Govern: Protecting Civilians in Conflicts with State-Building Armed Groups, 9 Harvard National Security Journal 100–144 (2018).

Schon, J. 2020. Surviving the War in Syria: Survival Strategies in a Time of Conflict. Cambridge University Press.

Guest bios:

Dr. Mara Revkin is an Associate Professor of Law and Political Science at Duke University, where her research focuses on armed conflict, peacebuilding, transitional justice, migration, and security sector reform with a regional focus on the Middle East and Africa. Dr. Revkin holds a JD from Yale Law School and a PhD in political science from Yale University, where her dissertation examined the Islamic State’s governance of civilians in Iraq and Syria. 

Dr. Justin Schon is a Statistician in the Migration Analysis Center within the Office of Homeland Security Statistics at the Department of Homeland Security, where his work focuses on modelling unauthorized migration into the United States. He holds a PhD in Political Science from Indiana University, where his dissertation examined civilian survival strategies with a focus on Syria and Somalia. He has field research experience in Turkey, Jordan, Kenya, and Malawi. 

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

How do civilian communities negotiate with armed groups? What do people try to achieve in these negotiations? And what enables them to negotiate with an armed actor? In this episode, Katharine and Florian talk to Riyad Anwar, Ashley Jackson and Abellia Anggi Wardani about their novel research on civilian agency during the armed conflicts in Afghanistan and Myanmar.

Cited documents:

Weigand, F., Anwar, R., Neil, T. and Wardani, A.A. (2025) Agency during Armed Conflict: Everyday Life under Competing Authorities in Myanmar’s Rakhine State. Journal of Global Security Studies, 10(3), https://doi.org/10.1093/jogss/ogaf009.

Jackson, Ashley (2021) Negotiating Survival: Civilian-Insurgent Relations in Afghanistan, Hurst/Oxford University Press, 2021.

Widiatmo, D. & Wardani, A.A. (2023). Chinese War in Southeast Asia's Frontier: Contesting Kokang's Chinese Identity on Myanmar-China Border Conflict. Small Wars and Insurgencies, 34 (7).

Guest bios:

Abellia Anggi Wardani is a lecturer in the Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Indonesia, Indonesia, previously Executive Director of Knowledge Hub Myanmar and principal investigator for Exploring Community Perceptions and Coping Strategies on Violence in Rakhine State - Myanmar, funded by Creating Safer Space project - University of Aberystwyth. She received her PhD in Culture Studies from Tilburg University, the Netherlands. She was a fellow at the University of Sydney Southeast Asia Center, Center for Comparative Studies of Civil Wars at the University of Sheffield, and part of the Myanmar expert working group Folke Bernadotte Academy (FBA) Sweden. She became interested in peace and conflict issues when she joined the Geneva-based Centre for Humanitarian Dialogue from 2015 – 2021 working on conflict-affected areas in eastern Indonesia. 

Riyad Anwar is a Human Rights Impact Assessment Research Consultant at the Centre for Advocacy and Legal Consultation at the University of Hasanuddin. His research focuses on protection of displaced communities in Southeast Asia. In his previous position as Research Manager at the Knowledge-Hub Myanmar, his works prominently addressed the everyday violence and nonviolent protection of local ethnic communities in Rakhine State, Myanmar 

Ashley Jackson is a Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. She has written widely on negotiating with armed groups and advised various UN agencies, NGOs and governments on humanitarian access and conflict mediation. Her first book, Negotiating Survival: Civilian-Insurgent Relations in Afghanistan (Hurst/Oxford University Press, 2021), focuses on life under Taliban rule and the nature of civilian agency in wartime. Ashley holds a PhD from the War Studies Department at King’s College London, an MSc in Gender and Development from the London School of Economics.

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

What drives today’s famines? What role does armed conflict play? And to what extent does international law address these challenges? Engaging with such questions, in this episode of Beyond Compliance: In Conversation, Katharine and Florian speak with Alex de Waal, executive director of the World Peace Foundation and Professor at the Fletcher School at Tufts University, and Yousuf Syed Khan, Investigations Manager at Legal Action Worldwide.

Cited Documents:

de Waal, Alex, The Real Politics of the Horn of Africa: Money, War and the Business of Power, Wiley, 2015.

de Waal, Alex, Mass Starvation: The History and Future of Famine, Wiley, 2018.

de Waal, Alex, New Pandemics, Old Politics: Two Hundred Years of War on Disease and its Alternatives, Polity, 2021.

Khan, Syed Yousuf, Reframing Medical Deprivation Within the Starvation War Crime Paradigm, Tufts University, Fletcher School of Global Affairs, World Peace Foundation, forthcoming January 2026.

Khan, Syed Yousuf, Gaza Arrest Warrants: Assessing Starvation as a Method of Warfare and Associated Starvation Crimes, Just Security, 2024.

Kather, Alexandra Lily and Khan, Syed Yousuf, The Nexus Between Starvation Crimes and Sexual Violence: Indicia of On-going Extermination in Tigray, Ethiopia, Opinio Juris, 2023. 

Guest Bios:

Alex de Waal is executive director of the World Peace Foundation and Research Professor at the Fletcher School, Tufts University. He has worked on famine, conflict, and related issues since the 1980s as a researcher and practitioner. He served as a senior advisor to the African Union on Sudan and South Sudan in various capacities. He is the recipient of the Huxley Award of the Royal Anthropological Institute for 2024.

Yousuf Syed Khan is the Investigations Manager at Legal Action Worldwide (LAW) in Geneva, overseeing international criminal investigations across multiple conflict-affected regions in support of strategic litigation. He is also a nonresident senior fellow with the Atlantic Council’s Strategic Litigation Project, and an associate fellow at the International Centre for Counter-Terrorism – The Hague. Khan has over fifteen years of legal experience in complex conflict situations, with expertise on UN atrocity inquiries. Khan spent several years working in active conflict zones across Asia, Africa, and Europe.

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

What does the loss of home during conflict mean for those affected? And how well does international law capture and address this experience? In this episode, Katharine and Florian talk to Luke Moffett, Chair of the Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law at Queen's University Belfast, and Ammar Azzouz, Research Fellow at the School of Geography and the Environment at the University of Oxford, about the weaponisation of architecture during armed conflict, and how the emotional and social meaning of home challenges existing legal approaches.

Cited Documents:

Moffett, Luke, Justice for Victims before the International Criminal Court, Routledge, 2014. 

Moffett, Luke, Reparations and War, OUP, 2023.

Moffett, Luke, Algorithms of War: The Human Cost of AI in Conflict, Bristol University Press, 2026.

Azzouz, Ammar, Domicide: Architecture, War and the Destruction of Home in Syria, Bloomsbury, 2023.

Azzouz, Ammar, Re-imagining Syria: Destructive reconstruction and the exclusive rebuilding of cities, 2020, City, 24(5–6), 721–740.

Azzouz, Ammar, Return to Syria: what i found amid the ruins of Homs, Financial Times, 2025.

Guest Bios:

Professor Dr Luke Moffett is chair of Human Rights and International Humanitarian Law at Queen's University Belfast. His research focuses on victims' rights, reparations, civilian harm, and the increasing algorithmic turn in armed conflict. He has conducted fieldwork in over a dozen conflict/post-conflict societies and worked with different victim groups in advocating and litigating for redress. He is author of Justice for Victims before the International Criminal Court (Routledge 2014), Reparations and War (OUP 2023), and Algorithms of War (BUP 2026).

Ammar Azzouz is a British Academy Research Fellow at University of Oxford. His research focuses on destruction and reconstruction of cities, cultural heritage and art in exile. He is the author of Domicide: Architecture, War and the Destruction of Home in Syria, published by Bloomsbury in 2023.  He has written for a wide range of platforms including the New York Times, Financial Times and the Guardian.

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

How do sanctions affect the dynamics of armed conflict? How do sanctions work? And do they succeed in addressing harm and need? Exploring such questions, Katharine and Florian speak with Delaney Simon from the International Crisis Group and Mohammad Kanfash from Utrecht University. 

Cited Documents:

Kanfash, Mohammad, Sanctions as Barriers to the Work of Humanitarian Organizations in Syria in “Economic Sanctions from Havana to Baghdad: Legitimacy, Accountability, and Humanitarian Consequences,” edited by Joy Gordon. 2025

Kanfash, Mohammad, Interplay between sanctions, donor conditionality, and food insecurity in complex emergencies: the case of Syria. Disasters, 49. 2024

Kanfash, Mohammad, Starve or Surrender: Sanctions as a Siege Warfare Strategy in the Syrian Conflict. Syria Studies Journal, (15) 01. 2023

Simon, Delaney, It’s Not That Easy to Lift Sanctions on Syria, Foreign Policy, 2025.

Simon, Delaney, Rethinking UN Sanctions on Syria’s Interim Leaders, International Crisis Group, 2025.

Simon, Delaney, U.S. Sanctions Relief for Syria Is an Important Start, but Not Enough, Lawfare, 2025.

Guest Bios:

Mohammad Kanfash is a doctoral researcher at the Centre for Conflict Studies, Utrecht University, and a humanitarian practitioner with 17 years of experience in the Middle East and Europe. His work bridges academic inquiry and field practice, focusing on sanctions and their consequences for conflict-affected societies.

Delaney Simon is a senior analyst at the International Crisis Group, where she researches conflict prevention and economic statecraft. She is the author of the organization’s flagship report on the impact of economic sanctions on conflict dynamics. She has worked there since 2021. From 2015 to 2021, Delaney served the United Nations in Afghanistan, Lebanon and Yemen. In those countries, she advised senior United Nations officials on political stability, conflict mitigation and humanitarian planning. Earlier in her career, she was the special assistant to Afghanistan’s Ambassador to the United Nations in New York and a researcher on conflict policy in Colombia, the Democratic Republic of Congo and other countries.

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups. 

What is ‘civilian harm’, and how should it be understood in contemporary warfare? Why do definitions matter, and who gets to shape them? In this episode, Katharine and Florian speak with Lauren Gould from Utrecht University and Janina Dill from the University of Oxford about evolving approaches to defining and addressing harm to civilians.

Cited Documents:

Gould, L., Demmers, J., Bijl, E., & Azeem , S. Investigating Remote Warfare as the Radical Undoing of Life: The compounding civilian harm effects of US-led coalition bombings in Iraq. Antipode. 2025.

Gould, L., & Stel, N. (2021). Strategic ignorance and the legitimation of remote warfare: The Hawija bombardments. Security Dialogue ,53(1), 57 74.

Dill, J., Myers, E., Schubiger L., A Matter of Principle: How Local Consent Affects U.S. Support for Military Interventions. International Security 2026; 50 (3): 55–85.

Dill, J., Sagan, S., Creeds and Contestation: How US Nuclear and Legal Doctrine Influence Each Other, Security Studies, 34(5), 833–867.

Guest Bios:

Lauren Gould is Associate Professor in Conflict Studies and the principle investigator and project leader of the Realities of Algorithmic Warfare programme and Intimacies of Remote Warfare programme at Utrecht University. She also leads the project ‘Assembling the Western Way of War in Afghanistan and Beyond’ at the NIOD Institute for War, Holocaust and Genocide Studies. From a critical conflict and war studies perspective her trans- and interdisciplinary research programmes trace and conceptualize the changing character of the Western way of war and its impact on civilian harm and democratic accountability. 

Janina Dill is the Dame Louise Richardson Chair in Global Security at the Blavatnik School of Government at the University of Oxford, a Professorial Fellow of Trinity College Oxford, and Co-Director of the Oxford Institute for Ethics, Law, and Armed Conflict (ELAC). Her research on law in war has been published in major journals of both International Law and Political Science. In 2021, she won a Philip Leverhulme Prize. She currently co-convenes studies on cumulative civilian harm in war, funded by the UKRI and the National Science Foundation, and on the concept of military objectives in IHL, in collaboration with the ICRC. She is a frequent public commentator on laws and ethics of war. 

The Beyond Compliance Consortium is a co-productive, socio-legal research partnership that traverses the fields of international law, conflict studies, humanitarian protection work and human rights policy, and brings together these communities of scholarship and practice with people with lived experience of conflict. It is funded by UK International Development. The second season is funded by UK International Development, while the first season was funded by the Dutch Research Council (NWO).

Katharine Fortin is an Associate Professor in human rights law and international humanitarian law at the Netherlands Institute of Human Rights, Utrecht University.

Florian Weigand is the Co-Director of the Centre on Armed Groups.