Artificial Intelligence is on every business leader’s agenda. How do we make sense of the fast-moving new developments in AI over the past year? Azeem Azhar returns to bring clarity to leaders who face a complicated information landscape.

This week, Azeem speaks with Richard Socher, CEO and founder of You.com, an AI chatbot search engine at the forefront of truthful and verifiable AI. They explore approaches to building AI systems that are both truthful and verifiable. The conversation sheds light on the critical breakthroughs in AI, the technical challenges of ensuring AI’s reliability, and Socher’s vision for the future of search.

They also discuss:

• How AI’s future is tied to advancements in natural language processing.
• The role of scientific rigor in large language models’ current and future developments.
• The founding of You.com and its mission to revolutionize search.
• Predictions for the next big breakthroughs in AI.

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Further resources:

• Why AI is humanity’s mirror — and what we can learn from it (Richard Socher, TED, 2023)
• The Promise of AI with Fei-Fei Li (Azeem Azhar, Exponential View, 2020)
• AI is the real web3 (Azeem Azhar, Exponential View, 2023)

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As 2024 begins, leaders are facing increasing uncertainty and a host of difficult decisions. Azeem Azhar returns to bring clarity amid a complicated information landscape, with his analysis of 12 core themes that will shape the year ahead, including AI adoption, geopolitics, decentralization, the energy transition, and more.

The discussion specifically touches on:

• What will drive widespread corporate adoption of AI.
• How to think about the emergence of new business models around AI.
• What you need to know about the new wave of decentralization technologies.
• How leaders should think about an electrified world of stable and declining power prices.

@azeem

Further resources:

• The Horizon for 2024: The Biggest Questions on the Horizon (Azeem Azhar, 2024)
• Notes from a Ski Resort, 2024 Edition (Azeem Azhar, 2024)

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is on every business leader’s agenda. How do you ensure the AI systems you deploy are harmless and trustworthy? This month, Azeem picks some of his favorite conversations with leading AI safety experts to help you break through the noise.

Today’s pick is Azeem’s conversation with Joanna Bryson, a leading expert on the questions of AI governance and the impact of technology on human cooperation.

They discuss:

• The concept of intelligence and AI as a “cognitive prosthetic.”
• The scale of development and the benefits of developing AI.
• The problem of explainability in AI systems.

Further resources:

• A Very Short Primer on AI & IP, including Copyright (Joanna Bryson Blog, 2023)
• Inside the Loop: AI May Launch a Race No-one Can Afford to Lose (Azeem Azhar, 2023)

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Operating a company with no managers, where everyone chooses their work, salary, and holiday entitlement may sound like chaos. But Daniel Hulme, CEO of Satalia, and his team of 250 people are making it productive. Daniel joins Azeem Azhar to discuss what a company that runs as a decentralize swarm looks like in practice.

They discuss:

• The role of artificial intelligence and open innovation in a swarm organization.
• How a decentralized business creates accountability to ensure strong output.
• The potential for the model to scale to larger organizations, and even countries.

Further reading:

• “Swarm Intelligence: How Can We Harness Collective Human Intelligence?” (Exponential View, 2019)
• “Making the Decision to Decentralize” (Harvard Business School, 2004)
• “Idea: Decentralisation” (The Economist, 2019)

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Companies increasingly use digital systems to hire, fire, and monitor their employees. But who is keeping employers in check? Former director at the service workers union, UNI Global, and one of the most influential thinkers in the ethics of AI, Dr. Christina Colclough joins Azeem Azhar to explore how to ensure that the increasingly digital workplace of the near future protects workers.

They also discuss:

• How Covid-19 has affected the most vulnerable members of the global workforce.
• How management by algorithm erodes trust in the workplace.
• Why trade unions should employ data analysts and digital experts.

Further reading:

• “When algorithms hire and fire” (Equal Times, 2018)
• “Welcome Back to the Office. Your Every Move Will Be Watched.” (Wall Street Journal, 2020)
• “Time to Deliver Justice to Delivery Workers” (New York Review of Books, 2020)
• Related EV discussions mentioned in this episode: Laetitia Vitaud, Mariana Mazzucato, Meredith Whittaker, Binyamin Applebaum.

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Cities drive prosperity. But during the Covid-19 pandemic, they also have become crucibles of disease. Sameh Wahba, the World Bank’s Global Director of Urban, Disaster Risk Management, Resilience, and Land, joins Azeem Azhar to discuss how the World Bank partners with technologists to help cities on the frontline of the pandemic, and how the dynamism of urban density can be harnessed to build livable and inclusive cities of the future.

They also address:

• Why the inexorable trend towards urbanization will not be stopped by Covid-19.
• Why more densely populated cities are not necessarily the worst affected.
• How satellite imagery, 3D maps, and AI are helping cities manage transmission hotspots.

Further reading:

• “Now Is the Time to Embrace Density” (New York Times, 2020)
• “Cities are on the front lines of COVID-19” (World Bank Blog, 2020)
• “Competitive Cities for Jobs and Growth: What, Who and How” (Global Urban Lecture, 2017)

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Note: We updated one sentence in this interview for clarity.

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After ImageNet transformed AI vision, superstar Stanford computer science professor Fei-Fei Li has turned her attention to advancing healthcare. Fei-Fei Li, co-director of Stanford’s Human-Centered AI Institute, is leading the next generation of interdisciplinary technologists.

She joins Azeem Azhar to explore her journey from pioneering AI vision to her current focus on healthcare, and to discuss the need to craft AI systems that enhance human flourishing.

They also discuss:

• How AI technologies could support the isolated and elderly during the pandemic.
• Why machine values must mirror human values, and how to embed that connection.
• What allowed Li’s — and the industry’s — early naivete to the dangers of facial recognition.
• Why Li’s health technologists must work with doctors and patients, not just medical data.

Further reading:

• “Fei-Fei Li’s Quest to Make AI Better for Humanity” (Wired, 2018)
• “AI Pioneer Fei-Fei Li on Building Benevolent Machines” (Wall Street Journal, 2019)
• “AI, Accountability, and Power” (Exponential View podcast with Meredith Whitaker, 2019)

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Nasdaq has evolved from being the world’s first digital marketplace to a global technology company. CEO Adena Friedman joins Azeem Azhar to discuss how their digital operation has become the model for markets around the world, the surprising importance of regulation as a driver of innovation, and how Nasdaq prepared to keep functioning during the pandemic lockdown.

They also discuss:

• The infrastructure that allows Nasdaq to reliably maintain data rates thousands of times faster than the internet and traffic volumes many times higher than Google searches.
• How smart regulation played a vital role in the evolution of Nasdaq’s resilience.
• Why the Nordic states exemplify a healthy balance between government and business.

Further reading:

• “What’s the Future of Capitalism?” (TED Talk, 2019)
• “Interview with Adena Friedman on COVID-19” (The Economic Club of Washington DC, 2020)
• “Technology Companies and the New Recession” (Exponential View podcast, 2020)

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Global supply chains are efficient, but fragile. How can we make them more robust, flexible, and sustainable? Pamela Mar, EVP for Knowledge and Applications at the Fung Group, joins Azeem Azhar to explore the technological and economic changes needed to improve these vital networks of production and distribution.

They discuss:

• The lessons about mass production and specialization we’re learning with the Covid-19 crisis.
• How digitization can build trust along the supply chain.
• Why automation is an opportunity to move from mass production to mass customization.

Further reading:

• “Reinventing Fashion” (Chatham House Panel Discussion, 2018)
• “Meet the Eco-Business A-Listers: Pamela Mar” (Eco-Business, 2020)
• “The State of Fashion – Coronavirus Update” (McKinsey and Business of Fashion, 2020)

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For the first time in history, there are more people on the planet over 65 years old, than under five. How do we adapt to this demographic transformation? Camilla Cavendish, award-winning journalist and former Director of Public Policy for UK Prime Minister David Cameron, joins Azeem Azhar to explore the immense cost and new potential of this brave old world.

They discuss:

• The huge wealth gap opening up between older and younger people.
• What we can learn from the Okinawan concept of “ikigai” or “life purpose”.
• Why meaningful relationships are the single most important factor in long-term wellbeing.

Further reading:

• “The New Science of Aging” (Exponential View podcast, 2020)
• “Extra Time: 10 Lessons for An Ageing World Camilla Cavendish” (2019)
• “We are prioritising the old and will have to make it up to the young” (Financial Times, 2020)
• “The Three Cleavages” (Azeem Azhar, 2020)

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We have long assumed aging is inevitable, but is it? Professor David Sinclair, founder of the Sinclair Lab at Harvard’s Medical School and author of the bestselling “Lifespan: Why We Age — and Why We Don’t Have To,” joins Azeem Azhar to discuss emerging research that promises to radically slow down aging.

Their conversation covers:

• What the Information Theory of Aging is and how it shifts the paradigm on biomarkers of aging.
• Why periodically stressing your body can promote health and longevity.
• Which supplements might arrest the three biochemical pathways implicated in aging.

Further reading:

• “Why We Age and Why We Don’t Have To” (Talks at Google, 2019)
• “This is why we need to start treating ageing as a disease” (Wired, 2018)
• “Has Harvard’s David Sinclair Found the Fountain of Youth?” (Boston Magazine, 2017)

@davidasinclair
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In Estonia, the only public service not available online is marriage. Dubbed the “digital republic”, Estonia has the most advanced e-government in the world and nurtures a vibrant start-up community. Kersti Kaljulaid, President of Estonia, joins Azeem Azhar to explore how legal and technological innovations have helped to build e-Estonia, and how this digital republic is navigating the Covid-19 pandemic.

They explore:

• How Covid-19 could accelerate technology development and implementation.
• How Estonia has achieved astonishing transparency and privacy in digital government.
• How Estonia combats constant cyber threats.

Further reading:

• “Estonia, the Digital Republic” (New Yorker, 2017)
• “Why Estonia Was Poised to Handle How a Pandemic Would Change Everything” (New Yorker, 2020)
• “Can AI Be a Fair Judge in Court? Estonia Thinks So” (Wired, 2019)
• The Official Website for E-Estonia

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Clean energy is now cheaper than coal, and its uptake is accelerating. But can we get to zero emissions in time? Investor and technologist Ramez Naam joins Azeem Azhar to discuss how technological innovation and economies of scale are accelerating us towards a zero-carbon future, as well as the major challenges that remain.

They also cover:

• The virtuous cycle that drove the falling price of clean energy.
• How the Covid-19 pandemic could be an opportunity for massive government investment in clean energy infrastructure.
• Three strategies to overcome the renewable energy storage problem.
• Why industrial production of steel, concrete, and plastics remains the biggest challenge.

Further reading:

• “The Third Phase of Clean Energy Will Be the Most Disruptive Yet” (Rameez Naam, 2019)
• “Solar Power Is Sustainable for the Economy, Too” (Wired, 2020)
• “How Germany helped make renewable energy cheap for the rest of the world” (Vox, 2020)
• “How industry can move toward a low-carbon future” (McKinsey, 2018)

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is on every business leader’s agenda. How do you ensure the AI systems you deploy are harmless and trustworthy? This month, Azeem picks some of his favorite conversations with leading AI safety experts to help you break through the noise.

Today’s pick is Azeem’s conversation with Meredith Whittaker, president of the Signal Foundation. Meredith is a co-founder and chief advisor of the AI Now Institute, an independent research group looking at the social impact of artificial intelligence.

They discuss:

• How discriminatory culture influences the values embedded in AI.
• Whether ethics officers can actually influence firms and their products.
• Why responsible AI design must include recognition of the shadow workforce helping to create it.

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X, Alphabet Inc.’s “moonshot factory,” dares to solve big problems with breakthrough technologies. Most of their projects fail. But some — like self-driving cars and the AI that powers Google — are already changing the world. CEO Astro Teller joins Azeem Azhar to explain how he built a culture of radical creativity, where employees are encouraged to dream — and to fail — big.

In this episode they explore:

• Why allowing the right amount of chaos is vital for flourishing creativity.
• The five basic principles at the heart of X.
• Why innovation dies if only success is rewarded.
• What inspiration Astro takes from Willy Wonka.

Further reading:

• • “Inside X, Google’s top-secret moonshot factory” (Wired, 2020)
  • “Astro Teller on How to Handle Failure” (Wired, 2019)
  • “Astro Teller, ‘Captain of Moonshots’ at Alphabet’s X, Is on a Roll” (WSJ, 2018)

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@Theteamatx
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Biotech is gathering pace: AI systems are simulating novel materials, new genomic technologies are enabling precision bioengineering, and automation is executing production on a massive scale. Softbank Vision Fund Senior Managing Partner, Deep Nishar tells Azeem Azhar why biotech is the next trillion-dollar market, and what breakthroughs to expect.

In this episode they also discuss:

• Why emerging biotech and AI, together, would help control and stop coronavirus-like outbreaks in the future.
• What new materials and medicines are coming out of the “virtuous cycle” of research and funding that is now taking off.
• What the rest of the world should learn from China’s vigorous development of AI technologies.

Further reading:

• “As Zymergen Buys EnEvolv, Biological Manufacturing Is Ready To Transform How Industry Makes Everything From Airplanes To Air Jordans” (Forbes, 2020)
• “AI just found a new type of antibiotics” (Vox, 2020)

@deepnishar
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The world is facing an economic crisis never seen before, says equity analyst Pierre Ferragu. Consumer demand remains strong and supply infrastructure is still healthy, but both are in lockdown and unable to function. In this wide-ranging conversation with Azeem Azhar, Ferragu explains how the pandemic will affect the technology industry and its major players.

They also discuss:

• How “partial insuring” and “China + n” strategies could make for more resilient supply chains.
• How the crisis is accelerating the next generation of technologies.
• The winners and the losers of the pandemic.

Further reading:

• “Tesla has yet another biggest bull on Wall Street. Here’s why he thinks the stock could surge 57%. (TSLA)” (Markets Insider, 2020)
• “Tech Sectors and Stocks to Avoid in a Recession” (The Street, 2020)

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The exponential growth of COVID-19 is threatening to bring down the world economy. To understand the pandemic, Azeem Azhar chats with professor Yaneer Bar-Yam, President of the New England Complex Systems Institute, who worked on the response to Ebola with pioneering complex-systems mathematics.

In this conversation, they discuss:

• Why we need to crush, rather than flatten, the curve.
• What lessons the Ebola outbreak offers us for dealing with COVID-19.
• What complexity mathematics offers beyond traditional epidemiological modelling.

Further reading:

• “A Better Way: Building Capacity, Adaptation and Resilience” (Exponential View, 2020)
• End Coronavirus: Map, Guidelines, Community (2020)
• “Coronavirus: The Hammer and the Dance” (Tomas Pueyo, 2020)
• “Transition to Extinction: Pandemics in a Connected World” (Yaneer Bar-Yam, 2016)

@yaneerbaryam
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Note: a previous version of this episode included an excerpted conversation with Dr. Adam Kucharski, author of “The Rules of Contagion: How Things Spread – and Why They Stop.” That excerpt has now been removed, and the full conversation with Dr. Kucharski can be found here: https://www.exponentialview.co/p/-modeling-the-pandemic.

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Data monopolies and abuses of privacy are only some of the flaws of Web 2.0. Muneeb Ali, co-founder and CEO of Blockstack, tells Azeem Azhar how the emerging Web 3.0 solves these challenges and gives users more control over their digital existence.

In this conversation, they discuss:

• Why property rights and privacy are intimately linked.
• The emergence of a novel app ecosystem on the new internet.
• The role of the new crypto economy in the transformation of the internet.

Further reading:

• “Tech Thinks It Has a Fix for the Problem it Created: Blockchain” (The New York Times, 2018)
• “The Emergence of Web 3.0” (Hackernoon, 2019)
• “Can’t Be Evil vs. Don’t Be Evil” (Exponential View newsletter, 2020)
• “Beyond Digital Gold” (Exponential View newsletter, 2020)

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Existing social institutions are not adequate to meet the challenges of the exponential age. Social entrepreneur and author, Hilary Cottam, proposes a radical overhaul of the welfare system. In discussion with Azeem Azhar, she also argues that we must reject the old economic model for humanity, Homo econonomicus (guided by ration to maximize economic gains), and embrace Sapiens integra, a new theoretical human with stronger connections to nature and other humans.

In this conversation, they discuss:

• The New Industrialists and their role in the social revolution.
• How a switch from the mindset of efficiency to the mindset of care can transform our institutions.
• The role of new technologies in this transformation.

Further reading:

• “Radical Help” (Hilary Cottam, 2019)
• “Revolution 5.0: A Social Manifesto” (Hilary Cottam, 2019)
• “The Future of Public Service and Governance” (Exponential View podcast, 2018)

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“People judge humans by their intentions, and machines by the outcome,” says physicist and author Cesar Hidalgo. He is one of the creators of the field of Complexity Economics. Hidalgo joins Azeem Azhar to explain how he applies this complexity approach to understanding how we judge decision-making in machines.

They also discuss:

• What the Shenzhen electronics market reveals about the economics of megacities.
• How we unconsciously ascribe morality to machines, and what this implies for innovation.
• Algorithmic aversion and how it will influence the implementation of AI.

Further reading:

• “A Bold Idea to Replace Politicians” (TED, 2018)
• “The Autonomous Economy” (Exponential View podcast, 2019)

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Airtable, valued at $1.1 billion, is carving out a new product category that could compete with cloud computing in value. The founder of Airtable, Howie Liu, joins Azeem Azhar to discuss what creating a new market category looks like in practice.

They also discuss:

• How Airtable is democratizing software development.
• Why investors were initially skeptical, and how Howie got them on board.
• How Airtable treats its competition, including the tech giants.

Further reading:

• “Move Slow and Make Things: Airtable’s Howie Liu Built A $1B Software Giant Emphasizing Substance Over Speed” (Forbes, 2018)
• “No-one understood our idea, but now it’s worth over $1bn“ ” (BBC, Nov. 4, 2019)
• “100 People Transforming Business“ ” (Business Insider, 2019)

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Some would argue that the world is more volatile today than it was during the Cold War, and technology is catalyzing a number of fundamental changes to the world order. Geopolitical expert Ian Bremmer joins Azeem Azhar to dissect the top risks for the decade ahead.

They also discuss:

• How technology is influencing global decoupling.
• How the China-U.S. relationship will shape the world in the next decade.
• How we should think about global challenges in a multipolar world.

Further reading:

• “Top Risks for 2020” (Eurasia Group, Jan. 6, 2020)
• “Preparing for 2030” (Exponential View, Jan. 5, 2020)
• “Predictions for 2030” (Talking Politics, January 2020)

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Crisis management is not only about cleaning up after a disaster, but also about establishing a healthy company culture. Judy Smith, renowned crisis management expert, joins Azeem Azhar to explore why large tech companies seem to stumble into crises as they mature, and what every founder can do to avoid catastrophic reputation damage.

They also discuss:

• Why corporate culture is the most important element of good reputation management.
• How to navigate a crisis while focusing on growth.
• How to communicate controversial issues to different stakeholders.

Further reading:

• “Managing High-Stakes Situations: 5 Lessons from the Pentagon” (HBR, July, 2019)
• “‘Scandal’ Finale: Judy Smith, the Inspiration for Olivia Pope” (NPR, April, 2018)

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Artificial Intelligence (AI) is on every business leader’s agenda. How do you ensure the AI systems you deploy are harmless and trustworthy? This month, Azeem picks some of his favorite conversations with leading AI safety experts to help you break through the noise.

Today’s pick is Azeem’s conversation with Dr. Rumman Chowdhury, a pioneer in the field of applied algorithmic ethics. She runs Parity Consulting, the Parity Responsible Innovation Fund, and she’s a Responsible AI Fellow at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society at Harvard University.

They discuss:

• How you can assess and diagnose bias in unexplainable “black box” algorithms.
• Why responsible AI demands top-down organizational change, implementing new metrics, and systems of redress.
• More details on the emerging field of “Responsible Machine Learning Operations”.

Further resources:

• TIME100AI: Rumman Chowdhury
• Building an AI We Can Trust with Anthropic’s Dario Amodei (Exponential View, 2023)
• “‘I do not think ethical surveillance can exist’: Rumman Chowdhury on accountability in AI” (The Guardian, May 2023)

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Microsoft’s president, Brad Smith, argues for multilateral cooperation across borders and sectors in order to advance the regulatory framework for technology companies. In this conversation, he joins Azeem Azhar to discuss:

• Why regulation is necessary to advance innovation.
• How to maintain greater purpose at a company’s core while scaling.
• Why employees organizing is a positive force in every company.
• The case against the facial recognition ban.

Further reading:

• “Tools and Weapons: The Promise and Peril of the Digital Age” (Brad Smith, 2019)
• “The Real Reason Tech Companies Want Regulation” (Exponential View newsletter, Jan. 26, 2020)
• “Thinking About Innovation” (Exponential View newsletter, Dec. 28, 2019)
• “Tech Firms Need More Regulation” (The Atlantic, Sept. 9, 2019)

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Artificial decision-making machines have been with us for hundreds of years. We call them corporations and states, and they have hugely accelerated the development of our societies. That’s the argument David Runciman makes in conversation with Azeem Azhar in this week’s episode. Runciman is professor of politics at Cambridge University and host of the “Talking Politics” podcast. He and Azeem discuss what this reframing of artificial intelligence can teach us about navigating the hurdles it presents.

In this podcast, they also discuss:

• How the current dynamics between private enterprises and states will shape the future of technology.
• Why the creators of artificial intelligence should account for politics when creating and implementing their technology.
• How generational politics will shape the 2020 U.S. elections.

Further reading:

• “Preparing for 2030” (Exponential View, Jan. 5, 2020)
• “How Democracy Ends review — is people politics doomed?” (The Guardian, May 20, 2018)
• “Tony Blair: Governing in the Age of AI” (Exponential View podcast, Oct. 2, 2019)

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Seedcamp has backed close to 400 European startups at the seed stage. The fund’s co-founder and managing partner Reshma Sohoni joins Azeem Azhar to discuss what it takes to build a thriving startup ecosystem outside Silicon Valley, and how some of Europe’s most successful startups were created.

In this episode, they also discuss:

• The “next big thing” from an investor’s perspective.
• How regulators use “sandboxes” to help entrepreneurs innovate.
• How the cultural diversity of Europe benefits both investors and founders.

Further reading:

• “2020 Vision: predictions from 28 big-hitters in Europe’s startup scene” (Sifted, Dec. 16, 2019)
• “Why Silicon Valley Investors Are Bonkers For European Startups” (Forbes, Dec. 2, 2019)

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Nanotechnology has long been hailed as a means of eradicating diseases and delivering other healthcare solutions. University of Oxford professor Sonia Contera, a nanotechnology pioneer, joins Azeem Azhar to discuss how scientific and technological developments in her field are bringing about another tech revolution that will change our lives.

In this podcast, they also discuss:

• Which nanotechnology applications are already available in healthcare and materials engineering.
• How machine learning and AI are crucial in the new era of nanotechnology.
• How advances in biological physics are reshaping our understanding of life.

Further reading:

• “Structurally designed DNA star creates ultra-sensitive test for dengue virus” (Phys.org, Nov. 25, 2019)
• “The ‘blob’: zoo showcases slime mold with 720 sexes that can heal itself in minutes” (The Guardian, Oct. 16, 2019)
• “Nano Comes to Life with Prof Sonia Contera” (Oxford Martin School, Dec. 4, 2019)

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AI is reshaping the landscape of cyber defense. As new security fissures open up, threat analysts deploy more powerful tools to prevent and respond to attacks. Nicole Eagan, CEO of Darktrace, joins Azeem Azhar to discuss the escalating arms race in this new cybersecurity landscape.

In this podcast, they also discuss:

• What security experts can learn from the human immune system response.
• Why trust in automated decision-making technology is a crucial step in implementing AI-first security systems.
• How a parked Tesla in your company parking lot can be a security flaw for the entire organization.

Further reading:

• “Louisiana Was Hit by Ryuk, Triggering Another Cyber Emergency” (ArsTechnica, Nov. 21, 2019)
• “AI is the Latest Weapon Cybercriminals are Exploiting” (World Economic Forum, Sept. 25, 2019)
• “Advancing AI in Health Care: It’s All About Trust” (STAT, Oct. 23, 2019)

@darktrace
@azeem
@exponentialview

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For the first time in history, we have to tackle a truly global problem: climate breakdown. Energy transition away from fossil fuels is imperative, but there is no consensus on how to achieve this. The preeminent expert on energy history and development, Vaclav Smil, joins Azeem Azhar to explore the limits of renewables, the consequences of megacities, and why waste reduction is a game-changer.

In this podcast, they also discuss:

• Whether the massive amounts of information we gather today has purpose.
• What possibilities Moore’s Law predicts for biology and chemistry.
• The limits of nuclear power.

Further reading:

• “What I See When I See a Wind Turbine” (IEEE Spectrum, Vaclav Smil, March 2, 2016)
• “Thank Maxwell for Cellphones” (IEEE Spectrum, Vaclav Smil, Feb. 28, 2017)
• Inside Bill’s Brain (Netflix, 2019)

@azeem
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In November 2018 mass protests by Google workers drew attention to deep problems with bias and discrimination at some of the largest Silicon Valley companies. Meredith Whittaker, co-director of the AI Now Institute and one of the organizers of the Google Walkout, joins Azeem Azhar to discuss how technology workers can influence progress in culture and technology.

In this podcast, they also discuss:

• How discriminatory culture influences the values embedded in AI.
• Whether ethics officers can actually influence firms and their products.
• Why responsible AI design must include recognition of the shadow workforce helping to create it.

Further reading:

• “Discriminating Systems: Gender, Race, and Power in AI” (AI Now Institute, April 2019)
• “Exposing the Bias Embedded in Tech” (The New York Times, June 17, 2019)
• “’People Fix Things, Tech Doesn’t Fix Things’” (Tech Crunch, October 21, 2019)

@mer__edith
@azeem
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The nature of work is undergoing tremendous changes, influenced by aging populations, the digital revolution, and a paradigm shift away from Fordism. Laetitia Vitaud, author of “Du Labeur à l’ouvrage (From Labour to Work),” and Azeem Azhar discuss how the reinvention of craftsmanship is creating a new deal to ensure more equitable, sustainable, and fulfilling jobs.

In this podcast, they also discuss:

• How Silicon Valley is bringing back the values of craftsmanship.
• What the single most important skill in the new world of work is.
• Why the jobs of tomorrow will largely be in proximity services.

Further reading:

• “The future of work is in proximity services… But first we need to speak about work and gender” (Medium, Laetitia Vitaud, Oct. 24, 2019)
• “The Future of Work and Democracy in the Information Age” (Exponential View episode featuring Matthew Taylor, Nov. 7, 2018)
• “Bubbles, Golden Ages, and Tech Revolutions” (Exponential View episode featuring Carlota Perez, Oct. 16, 2019)

@vitolae
@azeem
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The late 1960s saw a revolution in public policy, as economists began to play an important role in shaping politics. On the wings of ideas popularized by Milton Friedman and other economists, the world was forever changed by free markets, dominant corporations, and stakeholder capitalism. Azeem Azhar discusses this with New York Times editorial writer and author Binyamin Appelbaum, whose recent book, “The Economists’ Hour,” is a deep dive into the history of ideas that formed capitalism, as we know it.

In this podcast, they also discuss:

• Why supply-side economists were able to drive home their ideologies with such success.
• Why the theories that formed the foundation of free-market economic policies have failed in practice.
• What kinds of solutions economists can offer during this period of explosive technological change.

Further reading:

• “Blame Economists for the Mess We’re In” (The New York Times, Binyamin Appelbaum, Aug. 24, 2019)
• “Milton Friedman Was Wrong” (The Atlantic, Eric Posner, Aug. 22, 2019)
• “The Economists’ Hour: False Prophets, Free Markets, and the Fracture of Society, Review” (Binyamin Appelbaum)

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@azeem
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Gary Marcus is well known as a deep learning critic. A neuroscientist, entrepreneur, and the author of “Rebooting AI: Building Artificial Intelligence We Can Trust,” Marcus believes that researchers need to move past deep learning in order to make true advances in machine intelligence. Marcus and Azeem Azhar discuss why, how, and when we can expect progress.

In this podcast, they also discuss:

• What newborn ibexes can teach us about intelligence and learning.
• How deep learning widens the gap between big companies and startups.
• What we need for a breakthrough in AI.

Further reading:

• “How to Build Artificial Intelligence We Can Trust” (The New York Times, Gary Marcus and Ernest Davis, Sep. 6, 2019)
• “Deep Learning: A Critical Appraisal” (Cornell University, Gary Marcus, Jan. 2, 2018)

@garymarcus
@azeem
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Never before has it been harder for leaders to make sense of what’s going on in the world. As exponential technologies like artificial intelligence (AI) march on, the ability to make future-proof decisions is all the more important for leaders.

Azeem Azhar’s new TV show and podcast, Exponentially with Azeem Azhar (created in partnership with Bloomberg Originals), goes beyond mainstream conversations about technology to explore new ways of thinking about our collective future.

In eight episodes, released weekly starting September 6, Azeem speaks with OpenAI CEO Sam Altman, co-founder and CEO of Anthropic Dario Amodei, and legendary Silicon Valley investor Vinod Khosla, among others.

They discuss questions such as:

• What does it mean to legally own your thoughts, and why may we want that to happen soon?
• Could AI reduce global inequality by boosting productivity in the Global South?
• What assumptions do we need to change about conflict to avoid a second Cold War?

@azeem
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In our rapidly changing world, peace is increasingly fragile. The only way to ensure we keep it and foster it around the world is to educate citizens to become its resilient stewards. General Sir Richard Barrons is the former Commander of the UK’s Joint Forces Command, and he joins Azeem Azhar to discuss why the definition of warfare is changing with the development of technology and why our society’s resilience in the face of threats to peace must be founded on education.

In this episode, they also discuss:

• What societal resilience is, and how it can ensure our survival.
• What better leadership looks like in the exponential age.
• The common denominator between conflict and quinoa.

Further reading:

• “How to Stay Informed on the Future of War” (Quartz, Tim Fernholz)
• “The Future of War is Already Here” (New York Times, P. W. Singer, Sep. 18, 2019)

@azeem
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How do we exploit the technological revolution for green growth and global development? Celebrated economist, author, and scholar, Carlota Perez joins Azeem Azhar to discuss the nature of techno-economic paradigm shifts and current progress in the cycle of technological revolution. Perez is the author of one of the most influential books on the subject, “Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital.”

In this podcast, Carlota and Azeem also discuss:

• The new welfare state.
• How universal basic income could increase innovation.
• If we’re on the verge of a new Golden Age.

Further reading:

• “Technological Revolutions and Financial Capital: The Dynamics of Bubbles and Golden Ages” (Carlota Perez, 2002)
• “A Smart Green ‘European Way of Life’: the Path for Growth, Jobs and Wellbeing” (Beyond The Technological Revolution, Carlota Perez and Tamsin Murray-Leach, March, 2018)
• “The Two Innovation Economies: Follower and Frontier” (Bill Janeway, Sept. 9, 2013)

@carlotaprzperez
@azeem
@exponentialview
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Artificial General Intelligence won’t be with us for at least another 100 years, but former Baidu chief scientist and Google Brain cofounder Andrew Ng argues that AI will radically alter most industries within the coming decades. Ng joins Azeem Azhar to discuss the progress of AI and how it’s altering businesses and the future of work.

They also discuss:

• How billionaires decide to invest in overly ambitious and unrealistic ideas.
• What makes a company an AI-first business.
• Why you shouldn’t start with strategy first when implementing AI into your business.

Further reading:

• “How to Choose Your First AI Project” (HBR, February 2019)
• “AI Guru Andrew Ng on the Job Market of Tomorrow” (Wall Street Journal, October 2018)

@andrewyng
@azeem
@exponentialview
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If the UK’s former Prime Minister, Tony Blair, was in the government today, he says that he would mobilize his whole office around the technology revolution. Tony Blair and Azeem Azhar discuss why the tech leaders must collaborate with policy makers — whether they want to or not — and why regulating big technology is only a small part of the solution.

In this podcast, Tony and Azeem also discuss:

• Why Silicon Valley needs to share societal responsibility with the public sector
• How the government needs to change to be at the forefront of the technology revolution
• How the power of the technology industry has become its greatest liability

Further reading:

• “Tony Blair Foreword: Technology for the Many” (Institute for Global Change, November 2017)
• “Regulating Big Tech” (Exponential View, September 2019)
• “Majority Worldwide Say Their Society is Broken — An Increasing Feeling Among Britons” (IPSOS, September 2019)

@InstituteGC
@azeem
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In the new season of the Exponential View podcast, Azeem Azhar speaks to an eclectic group of leaders in technology, business, politics, economics, and science to help us break through the complexity of our world and understand how it’s changing. The world’s top AI researchers discuss what the technology is really capable of, a 4-star general shares his concerns about the future of war in the AI age, and a leading economist untangles what economics has got wrong about the tech revolution. Azeem digs into nano-tech, the future of work, and the nature of complexity.

Coming on October 2, 2019!

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Engineering biology holds the key to improving the lives of people across the world. It promises solutions to disease, food production, and pollution amongst other deep-seated problems. But this engineering is immensely difficult. CEO of LabGenius James Field, partner at NFX Gigi Levy-Weiss, partner at the investment firm Episode 1 Carina Namih, and science writer Oliver Morton come together to discuss the merging field of bioengineering.

Carina, James, Gigi, and Oliver also discuss:

• How machine learning is improving life sciences and healthcare.
• Experiences of fundraising and hiring for biology companies in the UK and the U.S.
• The role of bio-engineering in solving major global problems, including pollution.

Further reading:

• “35+ Companies Using Synthetic Biology To Rethink Everything From Plastics To Fabrics To Fertilizers” (CB Insights, Nov. 8, 2018)
• “Where Are All the Biotech Startups Raising?” (Tech Crunch, 2019)
• “The New Era of Life” (CognitionX, June 24, 2019)

Carina Namih @CarinaNamih
Oliver Morton @Eaterofsun
James Field @jejfield
Gigi Levy-Weiss @GigiLevy
www.exponentialview.co

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Artificial intelligence is a powerful technology with capabilities that are open to use by state and non-state actors. In this conversation Azeem Azhar, De Kai, and Joanna Bryson discuss how governance should adapt as our institutions are challenged by unintended consequences of the technology and its creators.

Joanna, De Kai, and Azeem also discuss:

• Why rule-based systems fall short of protecting us against the unintended consequences of technology.
• The value of cross-cultural dialogue in establishing common values to guide the governance of AI globally.
• The role of the leading technology companies in regulating the industry.

Further reading:

• “Designing Responsible AI” (The Exponential View podcast, April 10, 2019)
• “Google Needs to be Treated Like A World Power” (Business Insider, June 12, 2019)
• “Translation: Chinese Expert Group Offers ‘Governance Principles’ for ‘Responsible AI’” (New America, June 2019)
• “Governance and Accountability in an AI World” (CognitionX, June 12, 2019)

Joanna Bryson @j2bryson
De Kai
Azeem Azhar @azeem
www.exponentialview.co

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“At a fundamental level, insurance is a social good. It’s about a community of people pooling their resources to help the weakest members in their hour of need. That should be the most loved industry, but it’s 180 degrees away from that,” says Daniel Schreiber, the cofounder and CEO of the InsureTech startup Lemonade, in conversation with Azeem Azhar.

Daniel and Azeem also discuss:

• How insurance is a business of probability theory, which is why the sector as a whole will only get more susceptible to transformations through AI, big data, and machine learning.
• Why the corporate cultures of legacy insurance firms are well-adapted for preservation, but ill-adapted for business transformation, innovation, and the transition from a policy-centric to customer-centric business model.
• Integrating AI into behind-the-scenes processes, including regulation, feature development, and production.

Further reading:

• “First, Fire All The Brokers: How Lemonade, A Millennial-Loved Fintech Unicorn, Is Disrupting The Insurance Business” (Forbes, May 2, 2019)
• “Insurers in UK and US lagging behind in divesting from coal” (The Guardian, Dec. 3, 2018)
• “Why Lemonade Won’t Invest In Coal” (Lemonade, Sept. 11, 2018)
• “How A.I. Is Transforming the Insurance Industry” (Bloomberg, April 9, 2018)

Daniel Schreiber @daschreiber
Azeem Azhar @azeem
www.exponentialview.co

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In 2015, computer scientist and AI pioneer, Stuart Russell, became the first signatory of an open letter calling on researchers to ensure “that increasingly capable AI systems are robust and beneficial.” Stuart joins Azeem Azhar to discuss the possible AI futures and how to ensure technology serves the good of humanity.

Stuart and Azeem also discuss:

• The nature of intelligence and re-creating intelligence in machines
• Algorithmic fairness and regulating AI
• Embodied intelligence
• Using AI to reach the UN Sustainable Development Goals

Further reading:

• Stuart Russell, “The Long-Term Future of AI” (Berkeley)
• “Moral technology” (Aeon, March 21, 2019)
• “Concerns of an Artificial Pioneer” (Quanta Magazine, April 21, 2015)
• “Research Priorities for Robust and Beneficial Artificial Intelligence” (Future of Life Institute)

Stuart Russell
Azeem Azhar @azeem
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Shoshana Zuboff coined the term “surveillance capitalism” to describe the new way companies claim private human experience as products. Shoshana joins Azeem Azhar to discuss the emergence of surveillance capitalism, its pernicious and beneficial aspects, and the future for human autonomy and agency.

Shoshana and Azeem also discuss:

• The evolution of the first surveillance capitalist.
• The economics of scale, scope, and action as forms of harm.
• How we can safeguard the beneficial aspects of technology, while preventing its covert use by surveillance capitalists.

Further reading:

• “The Secrets of Surveillance Capitalism” (Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, March 2016)
• “Beyond Surveillance Capitalism: Reclaiming Digital Sovereignty” (Decode, October 2018)
• “Experimental evidence of massive-scale emotional contagion through social networks” (PNAS, June 2014)

Shoshana Zuboff @shoshanazuboff
Azeem Azhar @azeem
www.exponentialview.co

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In his brief commentary, Azeem Azhar discusses the increasing complexity and capabilities of large language models (LLMs) and the transformative potential they hold. Just as the Copernican Revolution forced us to reassess our understanding of the universe and led to numerous societal and scientific changes, Azeem proposes that rapid advancements in AI could lead to a similar paradigm shift that challenges established norms and systems.

@azeem
@exponentialview

Further resources:

• Exponential LLMs and the Copernican Moment, Azeem Azhar, 2023

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For Jürgen Schmidhuber, a recognized pioneer in AI, artificial intelligence is much more than another technological revolution. He sees it as the opportunity to transcend humanity and biology. In this conversation, Jürgen and Azeem Azhar discuss what the next thirty years of AI will look like.

Jürgen and Azeem also discuss:

• The role of Long Short-Term Memory architecture in recent AI breakthroughs.
• Why the next AI wave will see machines actively shaping the data that they perceive.
• The second- and third-order consequences of bringing these more sophisticated artificial neural networks into our world.

Further reading:

• “An AI taught itself to play a video game – for the first time, it’s beating humans” (The Conversation, May 2019)
• “Moving Beyond Cloud Computing to Edge Computing” (CableLabs, May 2019)
• “An All-Neural On-Device Speech Recognizer” (Google, March 2019)
• “Google’s head of translation on fighting bias in language and why AI loves religious texts” (The Verge, January 2019)

Jürgen Schmidhuber
Azeem Azhar @azeem
www.exponentialview.co

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One of the founders of complexity economics, W. Brian Arthur, joins Azeem Azhar to discuss how artificial intelligence is ushering us into the age of the autonomous economy with radical implications for our society.

In this podcast, Brian and Azeem also discuss:

• Why the decision-making ability of AI will have a different class of impact on the economy than previous ‘landmark’ technologies like the printing press.
• Whether it is possible to have publicly available decision-making enabled by artificial intelligence outside the proprietary enclaves of Silicon Valley monopolies.
• Increasing Returns Theory and how to generate good governance in a digital economy with dominant market actors.

Further reading:

• “A Short History Of The Most Important Economic Theory In Tech” (Fast Company, December 2016)
• “Where is technology taking the economy?” (McKinsey Quarterly, October 2017)
• “The second economy” (McKinsey Quarterly, October 2011)
• “Increasing Returns and the New World of Business” (HBR, July-August 1996)

W. Brian Arthur
Azeem Azhar @azeem
www.exponentialview.co

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Artificial intelligence is unlocking new value in the banking and finance industry, but incumbents are struggling to keep pace. Azeem Azhar discusses what this means for the industry and its customers with Citi Research’s Global Sector Head for Banks Ronit Ghose, and the founder-CEOs of two leading innovators: Daniel Schreiber of Lemonade Insurance and Rishi Khosla of OakNorth Bank.

Paul and Azeem also discuss:

• The huge role technology debt plays in obstructing legacy banks from innovating.
• How social networks, the smartphone, and AI grew exponentially and converged to mount a challenge to the traditional banking industry.
• The ways AI is cutting friction on the customer side.
• The ability to identify the sources of client or third-party data that can generate an algorithmically-powered image of the client and provide an insight into their ‘real’ level of risk.

Further reading:

• “Digital Disruption: How FinTech is Forcing Banking to a Tipping Point” (Citi Velocity, March 2016)
• “Bank X: The New New Banks” (Citi Velocity, March 2019)
• “The Future Of Banking: Fintech Or Techfin?” (Forbes, Aug. 27, 2018)
• “Bank 4.0 Will Be All-Digital, Low-Overhead, Mobile-First” (Forbes, April 19, 2019)

Ronit Ghose @ronit_ghose
Daniel Schreiber @daschreiber
Rishi Khosla @rishi_khosla
Azeem Azhar @azeem
www.exponentialview.co

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