Newly researched and updated in 2024. Ta-Wer howled. Around 2000 BCE, the southern kingdom was rising quickly. But the north was not out of the fight. Not by a long shot… Episode chapters Prologue – A Royal Inspection (00:30). The Fall of Tjeni / Thinis (07:25). The Long Reign of Intef II (11:58). Intef’s Dogs (20:58). Khety Merykara (34:03). Making Ta-Wer Howl (47:25). Conclusion (01:06:37). Epilogue – Intef’s Hymns for Ra and Hathor (01:08:30). Dendera excavations: Moeller and Marouard, The Development of Two Early Urban Centres - Edfu and Dendara (2018). The History of Egypt Podcast: Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music and interludes by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.net. Music and interludes by Luke Chaos www.chaosmusick.com. Logo image: The "Dog Stela" of Intef II, from his tomb at El-Tarif (Mariette 1858). Select Bibliography: A. E. Demidchik, ‘The Reign of Merikare Khety’, Göttinger Miszellen 192 (2003), 25--36. A. Dodson and D. Hilton, The Complete Royal Families of Ancient Egypt (London, 2004). C. Langer, ‘The Political Realism of the Egyptian Elite: A Comparison Between The Teaching for Merikare and Niccolò Machiavelli’s Il Principe’, Journal of Egyptian History 8 (2015), 49--79. R. J. Leprohon, The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary (Wilson, 2013). M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature Volume I: The Old and Middle Kingdoms (Los Angeles, 1973). M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom: A Study and an Anthology (Freiburg, 1988). J. Malek, ‘King Merykare and his Pyramid’, in C. Berger et al. (eds), Hommages à Jean Leclant, 4, 4 vols (Cairo, 1994), 203--214. G. Maspero, ‘On the Name of An Egyptian Dog’, Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archaeology V (1877), 127--128. R. B. Parkinson, The Tale of Sinuhe and Other Ancient Egyptian Poems (1940—1640 BC) (Oxford, 1997). R. B. Parkinson, Poetry and Culture in Middle Kingdom Egypt: A Dark Side to Perfection (London, 2002). D. Polz, Die Sogenannte Hundestele des Königs Wah-Anch Intef aus el-Târif: Eine Forschungsgeschichte (Wiesbaden, 2019). D. Polz, ‘Dra’ Abu el-Naga, Ägypten: ein angeblicher Fund aus Dra’ Abu el-Naga. Die sog. Hundestele des Königs Wah-Anch Intef. Eine Forschungsgeschichte’, e-Forschungsberichte des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts 2020 (2020), 12--16. S. Quirke, Egyptian Literature 1800 BC: Questions and Readings (London, 2004). D. B. Spanel, ‘The Herakleopolitan Tombs of Kheti I, Jt(.j)jb(.j), and Kheti II at Asyut’, Orientalia 58 (1989), 301--314. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Newly researched and updated in 2024. Intef the Great, Part 2. The war for Ta-Wer. The Thebans had seized the sacred city of Abdju (Abydos) in the district of Ta-Wer. The northern rulers, from the House of Khety, contested this violently. Inscriptions and art reveal the movements of armies, the clashes on field and river, and the sieging of major towns. Soon, things going downright apocalyptic. Also… dogs! Music and interludes by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.net. Music and interludes by Jeffrey Goodman www.jeffreygoodman.com. Interludes by Luke Chaos www.chaosmusick.com. Logo image: Intef II, from a stela in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Intro: Saruman's Speech from The Two Towers (2002), adapted by Dominic Perry. Fawlty Towers excerpts via Britbox Don't Mention the War | Fawlty Towers (youtube.com). The History of Egypt Podcast: Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Partial Bibliography: M. D. Adams, ‘Community and Society in Egypt in the First Intermediate Period: An Archaeological Investigation of the Abydos Settlement Site’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, University of Michigan (2005). D. Arnold, Gräber des Alten und Mittleren Reiches in El-Tarif (Mainz, 1976). D. D. Baker, Encyclopedia of the Pharaohs Volume I: Predynastic to the Twentieth Dynasty 3300 - 1069 BC (Cairo, 2008). H. Brunner, Die Texte aus den Gräbern der Herakleopolitenzeit von Siut mit Übersetzung und Erläuterungen (Glückstadt, 1937). J. J. Clère and J. Vandier, Textes de la Première Période Intermédiare et de la XIeme Dynastie (Brussels, 1948). J. C. Darnell and D. Darnell, ‘New Inscriptions of the Late First Intermediate Period from the Theban Western Desert and the Beginnings of the Northern Expansion of the Eleventh Dynasty’, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 56 (1997), 241--258. W. Ejsmond, ‘The Nubian Mercenaries of Gebelein in Light of Recent Field Research’, Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 14 (2017), 11--13. N. Fields, Soldier of the Pharaoh: Middle Kingdom Egypt 2055--1650 BC (2007). H. G. Fischer, Inscriptions from the Coptite Nome: Dynasties VI-XI (Analecta orientalia 40; Rome, 1964). H. G. Fischer, ‘Provincial Inscriptions of the Heracleopolitan Period’, Varia Nova, Egyptian Studies 3 (New York, 1996), 79--90. G. P. Gilbert, Weapons, Warriors, and Warfare in Early Egypt (Oxford, 2004). H. Goedicke, ‘The Inscription of Dmi’, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 19 (1960), 288--291. W. Grajetzki, The Middle Kingdom of Ancient Egypt (London, 2006 & 2024). R. Landgráfová, It Is My Good Name That You Should Remember: Egyptian Biographical Texts on Middle Kingdom Stelae (Prague, 2011). M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Literature Volume I: The Old and Middle Kingdoms (Los Angeles, 1973). M. Lichtheim, Ancient Egyptian Autobiographies Chiefly of the Middle Kingdom: A Study and an Anthology (Freiburg, 1988). D. O’Connor, Abydos: Egypt’s First Pharaohs and the Cult of Osiris (London, 2009). S. Seidlmayer, ‘The First Intermediate Period (c. 2160--2055 BC)’, in I. Shaw (ed.), The Oxford History of Ancient Egypt (Oxford, 2000), 108--136. I. Shaw, Ancient Egyptian Warfare (Oxford, 2019). J. Wegner, ‘The Stela of Idudju-Iker, Foremost-One of the Chiefs of Wawat: New Evidence on the Conquest of Thinis Under Wahankh Antef II’, Revue d’égyptologie 68 (2018), 153--209. T. Wilkinson, The Rise and Fall of Ancient Egypt: The History of a Civilisation from 3000 BC to Cleopatra (London, 2010). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Why did it all go so wrong? We’ve explored the historical overview of Old Kingdom decline; but what was driving it? There are three major factors that caused this fall. Two originate in the climate, the third comes from the political structure of the kingdom and its society. From the deserts of Sahara to the depths of the Nile, we uncover the causes of decline… Note: An extended version of this episode is available at Patreon.com/egyptpodcast. The History of Egypt Podcast: Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music and interludes by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.net. Music and interludes by Luke Chaos www.chaosmusick.com. Logo image: The “Starving Bedouin” from the Pyramid of Unas. Photo by Sarah Murray. Select Bibliography: M. Bárta, Analyzing Collapse: The Rise and Fall of the Old Kingdom (2019). B. Bell, ‘The Oldest Records of the Nile Floods’, The Geographical Journal 136 (1970), 569—573. K. W. Butzer, ‘When the Desert Was in Flood: Environmental History of the Giza Plateau’, AERAgram 5 (2001), 3—5. K. W. Butzer, ‘Landscapes and Environmental History of the Nile Valley: A Critical Review and Prospectus’, in E. Bloxam and I. Shaw (eds), The Oxford Handbook of Egyptology (Oxford, 2020), 99—124. N. Kanawati and J. Swinton, Egypt in the Sixth Dynasty: Challenges and Responses (2018). K. O. Kuraszkiewicz, ‘Architectural Innovations Influenced by Climatic Phenomena (4.2 KA Event) in the Late Old Kingdom (Saqqara, Egypt)’, Studia Quaternaria 33 (2016), 27—34. M. van de Mieroop, A History of Ancient Egypt (2nd edn, 2021). N. Moeller, ‘The First Intermediate Period: A Time of Famine and Climate Change?’, Egypt and the Levant 15 (2005), 153—167. J. C. Moreno García, ‘Climatic Change or Sociopolitical Transformation? Reassessing Late 3rd Millennium BC in Egypt’, in J. C. Moreno García et al. (eds), 2200 BC - A Climatic Breakdown as a Cause for the Collapse of the Old World? 2 vols (2015), 79—94. S. Rzepka et al., ‘Preliminary Report on Engineering Properties and Environmental Resistance of Ancient Mud Bricks from Tell el-Retaba Archaeological Site in the Nile Delta’, Studia Quaternaria 33 (2016), 47—56. J.-D. Stanley et al., ‘Nile Flow Failure at the End of the Old Kingdom, Egypt: Strontium Isotopic and Petrologic Evidence’, Geoarchaeology 18 (2003), 395—402. P. Tallet and M. Lehner, The Red Sea Scrolls: How Ancient Papyri Reveal the Secrets of the Pyramids (2021). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Securing the halls. In the 8th year of Horemheb's reign, a royal official named Maya visited a tomb in the Valley of the Kings. He was there to inspect the burial of Thutmose IV, to ensure its security, and repair it if necessary… Episode details: Date: c.1324 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Intro music: Luke Chaos. Interlude music: Luke Chaos and Keith Ziza. Outro music: Bettina Joy de Guzman. See the tomb of Thutmose IV at the Theban Mapping Project. Logo image: Detail from the chariot of Thutmose IV (Photo by Dominic Perry). Select Bibliography: B. M. Bryan, The Reign of Thutmose IV (Baltimore, 1991). K. M. Bryson, ‘The Reign of Horemheb: History, Historiography, and the Dawn of the Ramesside Era’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2018). H. Carter, ‘Introduction’, in T. M. Davis (ed.), The Tomb of Thoutmôsis IV (London, 1904), VII—XII. T. M. Davis (ed.), The Tomb of Thoutmôsis IV (2002 Reprint edn, London, 1904). P. E. Newberry, ‘Description of the Tomb and Sarcophagus of Thoutmôsis IV’, in T. M. Davis (ed.), The Tomb of Thoutmôsis IV (London, 1904), XXIX—XL. N. Reeves and R. H. Wilkinson, The Complete Valley of the Kings (London, 1996). ‘Thutmes IV | Theban Mapping Project’, accessed 8.27.2022. ‘Thutmosis IV — KV43’, accessed 8.27.2022. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Back in the village. In regnal year 7, Horemheb's officials turn up in western Thebes (Waset). They began reorganising the village of the tomb-builders, Set-Ma'at "The Place of Truth." Doing so, the King's government created a lasting legacy in the town we call Deir el-Medina. Episode details: Date: c.1325 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Intro music: Keith Zizza. Outro music: Ancient Lyric. Music interludes: Luke Chaos. Logo image: Horemheb in his tomb, decorated by the workers of Deir el-Medina (Image: Hornung 1971). Select Bibliography: M. B. Bruyère, ‘Fouilles de Deir el Medineh (1923—1924)’, Fouilles de L’Institut Francais d’Archéologie Orientale du Caire (1925). J. Černý, A Community of Workmen at Thebes in the Ramesside period (Cairo, 1973). B. G. Davies, Who’s Who at Deir el-Medina: A Prosopographic Study of the Royal Workmen’s Community (Leiden, 1999). B. G. Davies, Life Within the Five Walls: A Handbook to Deir el-Medina (Wallasey, 2018). Y. M. El Shazly, ‘Royal Ancestor Worship in Deir el-Medina During the New Kingdom’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2008). B. J. J. Haring, ‘Workmen’s Marks and the Early History of the Theban Royal Necropolis’, in J. Toivari-Viitala et al. (eds), Deir el-Medina Studies: Helsinki, June 24 – 26, 2009, Proceedings (Helsinki, 2014), 87—100. J. R. Harris, ‘How Long was the Reign of Horemheb?’, Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 54 (1968), 95—99. M. Müller, ‘Deir el-Medina in the Dark – The Amarna Period in the History of the Village’, in J. Toivari-Viitala et al. (eds), Deir el-Medina Studies: Helsinki, June 24 – 26, 2009, Proceedings (Helsinki, 2014), 154—167. M. S. i Sanjaume, ‘La Tomba de Sennedjem a Deir el-Medina TT1’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, University de Barcelona (2013). E. Uphill, ‘Some Matters Relating to the Growth and Walls of Deir el-Medina’, in Jac. J. Janssen et al. (eds), Deir el-Medina in the Third Millenium AD: A Tribute to Jac. J. Janssen, Egyptologische uitgaven XIV (Leiden, 2000), 325–9. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

On August 13th, 2022, The Guardian (UK) ran a headline "Howard Carter stole Tutankhamun’s treasure, new evidence suggests." What's going on, exactly? We dive into the new information and its context. Read the Guardian article here. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Horemheb vs Ay, Tutankhamun, and others. Everyone talks about Horemheb "erasing" Akhenaten. But the King demolished monuments of several rulers, and erased the names of others. What does it all mean? Episode details: Date: c. 1327 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music intro: Luke Chaos. Music interludes: Luke Chaos. Music outro: Keith Zizza.   Select Bibliography: M. Azim, ‘La structure des pylônes d’Horemheb à Karnak’, Cahiers de Karnak VII (1982), 127—166. E. Blyth, Karnak: Evolution of a Temple (2006). P. Brand, ‘Secondary Restorations in the Post-Amarna Period’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 36 (1999), 113–34. L. Cotelle-Michel, ‘Présentation préliminaire des blocs de la Chapelle de Sésostris Ier découverte dans le IXe Pylône de Karnak’, Cahiers de Karnak XI. A. Dodson, Amarna Sunrise: Egypt From Golden Age to Age of Heresy (2014). A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, 2017). C. Manassa Darnell, ‘Transition 18th—19th Dynasty’, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (2015). W. J. Murnane, ‘Tutankhamun on the Eighth Pylon at Karnak’, Varia Aegyptiaca I (1985), 59—68. R. Saad, ‘Fragments d’un monument de Toutânkhamon retrouvés dans le IXe pylône de Karnak’, Cahiers de Karnak V (1975), 93—109. R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz, The Temples of Karnak (1999). E. Sullivan, ‘Karnak: Development of the Temple of Amun-Ra’, in W. Wendrich (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (2010). C. Traunecker, ‘Rapport préliminaire sur la chapelle de Sésostris Ier découverte dans le IXe pylône’, Cahiers de Karnak VII (1982), 121—126. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Seth needs you! In Egypt's western desert, the Dakhleh Oasis Project has been doing wonderful work. Unfortunately, recent events have disrupted access and archaeological work. In this brief appeal, we explain why the project is worthwhile, and why it needs your help... Details: The Dakhleh Oasis Project website. Fundraiser (gogetfunding.com). Logo: Seth, in falcon-headed form, from a temple in Dakhleh (Image: Olaf Kaper and Colin Hope, in Rich and Great, 2016). Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Horemheb vs Akhenaten. To build his magnificent pylons at Karnak, Horemheb dismantled other monuments. Within the masonry of these pylons, archaeologists found nearly fifty thousand blocks from temples of Akhenaten... Episode details: Date: c.1300 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Intro music: Keith Zizza. Interlude music: Luke Chaos. Outro music: Bettina Joy de Guzman. Logo image: author unknown. Select Bibliography: M. Azim, ‘La structure des pylônes d’Horemheb à Karnak’, Cahiers de Karnak VII (1982), 127—166. E. Blyth, Karnak: Evolution of a Temple (2006). P. Brand, ‘Secondary Restorations in the Post-Amarna Period’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 36 (1999), 113–34. L. Cotelle-Michel, ‘Présentation préliminaire des blocs de la Chapelle de Sésostris Ier découverte dans le IXe Pylône de Karnak’, Cahiers de Karnak XI. Digital Karnak, ‘2nd Pylon’, https://digitalkarnak.ucsc.edu/2nd-pylon/. Digital Karnak, ‘9th Pylon’, https://digitalkarnak.ucsc.edu/9th-pylon/. Digital Karnak, ‘10th Pylon’, https://digitalkarnak.ucsc.edu/10th-pylon/. A. Dodson, Amarna Sunrise: Egypt From Golden Age to Age of Heresy (2014). A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, 2017). J. Gohary, ‘Final Report “Talatat Project”’, The Egyptian Antiquities Conservation Project (2012). M. Jordan et al., La porte d’Horemheb au Xe pylône de Karnak (2015). C. Manassa Darnell, ‘Transition 18th—19th Dynasty’, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (2015). W. J. Murnane, ‘Tutankhamun on the Eighth Pylon at Karnak’, Varia Aegyptiaca I (1985), 59—68. D. Redford, ‘Akhenaten: New Theories and Old Facts’, Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 369 (2013), 9. D. B. Redford, Akhenaten: The Heretic King (1984). D. B. Redford, ‘Studies on Akhenaten at Thebes. I. A Report on the Work of the Akhenaten Temple Project of the University Museum, University of Pennsylvania’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 10 (1973), 77–94. R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz, The Temples of Karnak (1999). E. Sullivan, ‘Karnak: Development of the Temple of Amun-Ra’, in W. Wendrich (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (2010). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Horemheb at Karnak (Part 2). There are secrets beneath the sand of Karnak. Horemheb's architects significantly changed the temple's landscape. In some cases, they even relocated older buildings, dismantling and moving them piece-by-piece... Episode details: Date: c. 1329 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza. Music interludes by Luke Chaos. Logo image: The southern pylons, by Jean-Claude Golvin. Select Bibliography: M. Azim, ‘La structure des pylônes d’Horemheb à Karnak’, Cahiers de Karnak VII (1982), 127—166. E. Blyth, Karnak: Evolution of a Temple (New York, 2006). Digital Karnak, ‘9th Pylon’, https://digitalkarnak.ucsc.edu/9th-pylon/. Digital Karnak, ‘10th Pylon’, https://digitalkarnak.ucsc.edu/10th-pylon/. Digital Karnak, ‘Edifice of Amenhotep II’, https://digitalkarnak.ucsc.edu/edifice-of-amenhotep-ii/. J-C. Goyon and C. Traunecker, ‘La Chapelle de Thot et d’Amon au sud-ouest du lac sacré’, Cahiers de Karnak VII (1982), 355—366. M. Jordan et al., La porte d’Horemheb au Xe pylône de Karnak (2015). R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz, The Temples of Karnak (1999). C. Van Siclen III, ‘The Edifice of Amenhotep II at Karnak: An Architectural Pious Fraud’, in C. Leblanc and G. Zaki (eds), The Temples of Millions of Years and Royal Power at Thebes in the New Kingdom (2010), 81—89. W. Wreszinski, Atlas zur altaegyptischen Kulturgeschichte (1988). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Horemheb at Karnak (Part 1). Before his ascent, Horemheb had managed building projects for Tutankhamun. Now, as pharaoh, Horemheb went all out. He invested in one of the largest building sprees Karnak would ever see. His monuments continue to define this temple... Episode details: Date: c.1329 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music: Horemheb theme by Luke Chaos. Music interludes by Luke Chaos and Keith Zizza. Logo image: The Tenth Pylon, completed in Horemheb's reign. Photo by Neithsabes, CC BY-SA 3.0, via Wikimedia Commons. See photos of Horemheb’s Pylons (2, 9, and 10) at Wikimedia.   Select Bibliography: M. Azim, ‘La structure des pylônes d’Horemheb a Karnak’, Cahiers de Karnak VII (1982), 127—166. Online. M. Azim, ‘Un mât du IXe Pylône au nome d’Horemheb’, Cahiers de Karnak VII (1982), 75—92. Online. E. Blyth, Karnak: Evolution of a Temple (New York, 2006). Digital Karnak, ‘2nd Pylon’, https://digitalkarnak.ucsc.edu/2nd-pylon/ Digital Karnak, ‘9th Pylon’, https://digitalkarnak.ucsc.edu/9th-pylon/ Digital Karnak, ‘10th Pylon’, https://digitalkarnak.ucsc.edu/10th-pylon/ Digital Karnak, ‘Edifice of Amenhotep II’, https://digitalkarnak.ucsc.edu/edifice-of-amenhotep-ii/ J.-C. Goyon and C. Traunecker, ‘La Chapelle de Thot et d’Amon au sud-ouest du lac sacré’, Cahiers de Karnak VII (1982), 355—366. Online. W. R. Johnson, ‘Amenhotep III and Amarna: Some New Considerations’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 82 (1996), 65–82. M. Jordan et al., La porte d’Horemheb au Xe pylône de Karnak (2015). R. A. Schwaller de Lubicz, The Temples of Karnak (1999). E. Sullivan, ‘Karnak: Development of the Temple of Amun-Ra’, in W. Wendrich (ed.), UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (2010). The Epigraphic Survey, The Temple of Khonsu Volume 1: Scenes of King Herihor in the Court (1979). Online. C. Van Siclen III, ‘The Edifice of Amenhotep II at Karnak: An Architectural Pious Fraud’, in C. Leblanc and G. Zaki (eds), The Temples of Millions of Years and Royal Power at Thebes in the New Kingdom (Cairo, 2010), 81—89. W. Wreszinski, Atlas zur altaegyptischen Kulturgeschichte (1988). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Karnak had experienced a tumultuous time, in the three decades preceding Horemheb's reign... Dates: c.1362 - 1300 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music interludes: Keith Zizza, Ancient Lyric, and Hathor Systrum.   Select Bibliography: E. Blyth, Karnak: Evolution of a Temple (New York, 2006). A. Dodson, Amarna Sunrise: Egypt From Golden Age to Age of Heresy (Cairo, 2014). M. Eaton-Krauss, ‘Tutankhamun at Karnak’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo (1988), 1–11. M. Eaton-Krauss, The Unknown Tutankhamun (London, 2016). D. Redford, ‘Akhenaten: New Theories and Old Facts’, Bulletin of the American School of Oriental Research 369 (2013), 9. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Queen Mutnodjmet is a curious case. For some scholars, she may be the lost sister of Nefertiti. This hypothesis has kicked around for over 100 years. Why can’t we resolve it? Episode details: Date: c.1330 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music: "Hymn to Hathor," by Bettina Joy de Guzman www.bettinajoydeguzman.com Interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/luke_chaos   Select Bibliography: A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, 2017). M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (2015). W. Grajetzki, Ancient Egyptian Queens: A Hieroglyphic Dictionary (2005). R. Hari, Horemheb et la reine Moutnedjemet ou la fin d’une Dynastie (1964). R. Hari, ‘La reine d’Horemheb était-elle la sœur de Nefertiti?’, Chronique d’Egypte 51 (1976), 39—46. G. T. Martin, Tutankhamun’s Regent: Scenes and Texts from the Memphite Tomb of Horemheb (2016). G. T. Martin, The Memphite Tomb of Ḥoremḥeb, Commander-in-Chief of Tutʻankhamūn, 1 (1989). G. T. Martin, The Hidden Tombs of Memphis (1991). E. Strouhal, ‘Queen Mutnodjmet at Memphis: Anthropological and Paleopathological Evidence’, in L’Egyptologie en 1979 (1982), 317—322. E. Strouhal and V. G. Callender, ‘A Profile of Queen Mutnodjmet’, Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology (1992), 67—75. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Why did the Old Kingdom disappear? Was it an overnight "collapse," or something more long term? In this episode, and the next, we explore the question in overview. This chapter focusses on the historical sources including King Lists, Classical authors like Herodotos and Manetho, and the fragmentary evidence for some of the "shadow kings" of this period… Chronology and Historical Studies: Overview of all sources and scholarship at Pharaoh.se. M. Baud, ‘The Relative Chronology of Dynasties 6 and 8’, in E. Hornung et al. (eds), Ancient Egyptian Chronology (2006), 144—158. Available in pdf at Digital Giza. J. von Beckerath, Handbuch der ägyptischen Königsnamen (1999). W. Helck, ‘Anmerkungen zum Turiner Königspapyrus’, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 19 (1992), 150–216. English translation available at Pharaoh.se. R. J. Leprohon, The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary (2013). Available at Internet Archive. K. Ryholt, ‘The Turin King-List’, Ägypten und Levante / Egypt and the Levant 14 (2004), 135—155. The History of Egypt Podcast: Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music and interludes by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.net. Logo image: The damaged visage of Pepy II from his pyramid at South Saqqara (Jéquier 1936). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Revisionist history in the age of pharaohs. King Horemheb (“Horus in Celebration”) came to power in unusual circumstances. To justify his rule, the new pharaoh set about “retelling” his origins. In a lengthy story, Horemheb cast himself as one chosen by the gods, and destined to rule… Episode details: Date: c. 1330 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Intro Music & Interludes: Luke Chaos. Intro Music & Interludes: Keith Zizza. Outro Music: Bettina Joy de Guzman. Read "The Reign of Horemheb," PhD Thesis by K.M. Bryson at Johns Hopkins University. Logo image: Horemheb and Horus, in the King's tomb (KV57). Booklet: No booklet for this episode, as it describes text only. Select Bibliography: N. Allon, Writing, Violence, and the Military: Images of Literacy in Eighteenth Dynasty Egypt (1550-1295 BCE) (2019). K. M. Bryson, ‘The Reign of Horemheb: History, Historiography, and the Dawn of the Ramesside Era’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2018). A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, 2017). A. Gardiner, ‘The Coronation of King Ḥaremḥab’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 39 (1953), 13–31. G. T. Martin, Tutankhamun’s Regent: Scenes and Texts from the Memphite Tomb of Horemheb (2016). G. T. Martin, The Memphite Tomb of Ḥoremḥeb, Commander-in-Chief of Tutʻankhamūn, 1 (1989). G. T. Martin, The Hidden Tombs of Memphis: New Discoveries from the Time of Tutankhamun and Ramesses the Great (1991). W. J. Murnane, Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt (1995). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Coronation of King Hor-em-heb. A few months after he took power, Egypt's new pharaoh Horemheb ("Horus in Celebration") celebrated his rule. It was a magnificent party...  Episode details: Date: c.1330 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo: Horemheb's royal names, from his tomb in the Valley of the Kings. MMA. Music interludes by Luke Chaos twitter.com/luke_chaos. Select Bibliography: K. M. Bryson, ‘The Reign of Horemheb: History, Historiography, and the Dawn of the Ramesside Era’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2018). Gardiner, ‘The Coronation of King Ḥaremḥab’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 39 (1953), 13–31. W. J. Murnane, Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt (Atlanta, 1995). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Other victims, and some clarifications. In this brief episode, I describe another individual who suffered desecration. Following Ay's death, members of his family/network fell from grace. Did they oppose, or fight, the new King Horemheb? Episode details: Date c.1330 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments.  Music by Luke Chaos. Select Bibliography: A. Dodson, ‘Crown Prince Djhutmose and the Royal Sons of the Eighteenth Dynasty’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 76 (1990), 87–96. A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2017). M. El-Ghandour, ‘The Anthropoid Coffin of Senqed From Saqqara’, in B. G. Ockinga, A Tomb from the Reign of Tutankhamun at Akhmim, The Australian Centre for Egyptology Reports 10 (1997). M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (2015). N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). B. G. Ockinga, A Tomb from the Reign of Tutankhamun at Akhmim (1997). A. R. Schulman, ‘The Berlin “Trauerrelief” (No. 12411) and Some Officials of Tutʿankhamūn and Ay’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 4 (1965), 55–68. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Inheritance and vengeance. King Ay had his own plans for the succession. He promoted his relative, Nakht-Min, to great power and prominence. But when Ay died, Nakhtmin found himself at odds with Egypt's mighty general, Horemheb. What would happen, to the feuding leaders? Episode details: Date: c.1330 BCE (approximate). Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music: Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.net. Music interludes: Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Select Bibliography: A. Dodson, ‘Crown Prince Djhutmose and the Royal Sons of the Eighteenth Dynasty’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 76 (1990), 87–96. A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, Cairo, 2017). M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). N. Kawai, ‘Ay versus Horemheb: The Political Situation in the Late Eighteenth Dynasty Revisited’, Leiden, The Netherlands Journal of Egyptian History 3 (2010), 261–92. N. Kawai, ‘The Time of Tutankhamun: What New Evidence Reveals’, Scribe: The Magazine of the American Research Center in Egypt Spring 2022 (2022), 44–53. A. R. Schulman, ‘Excursus on the “Military Officer” Nakhtmin’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 3 (1964), 124–6. A. R. Schulman, ‘Some Observations on the Military Background of the Amarna Period’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 3 (1964), 51–69. A. R. Schulman, ‘The Berlin “Trauerrelief” (No. 12411) and Some Officials of Tutʿankhamūn and Ay’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 4 (1965), 55–68. J. Van Dijk, ‘Horemheb and the Struggle for the Throne of Tutankhamen’, Bulletin of the Australian Centre for Egyptology 7 (1996), 29—42. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Mediterranean, Aegean, Pirates. In the 14th Century BCE, records from Egypt hint at piracy and raiding across the sea. And artistic images even show Mycenaeans(?) at the pharaoh's court. All of this may reflect the history behind great stories like the Odyssey... Date: c.1400 - 1300 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music: Michael Levy, "Odysseus and the Sirens," www.ancientlyre.com. Audio editing by www.yourpodcastpal.com. See the "Mycenaean Papyrus" at the British Museum website. Mycenaean pottery from Amarna, at the Petrie Museum University College London.   Select Bibliography: T. Bryce and J. Birkett-Rees, Atlas of the Ancient Near East from Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period (2016). R. D’Amato and A. Salimbeti, Bronze Age Greek Warrior 1600 – 1100 BC (2011). E. H. Cline, Sailing the Wine-Dark Sea: International Trade and the Late Bronze Age Aegean (1994). T. Everson, Warfare in Ancient Greece: Arms and Armour from the Heroes of Homer to Alexander the Great (2004). J. M. Kelder, ‘Royal Gift Exchange Between Mycenae and Egypt: Olives as “Greeting Gifts” in the Late Bronze Age Eastern Mediterranean’, American Journal of Archaeology 113 (2009), 339—352. J. M. Kelder, ‘The Egyptian Interest in Mycenaean Greece’, Jaarbericht ‘Ex Oriente Lux’ 42 (2010), 125—140. W. L. Moran, The Amarna Letters (1992). E. D. Oren (ed.), The Sea Peoples and Their World: A Reassessment (2000). C. Pulak, ‘Analysis of the Weight Assemblages from the Late Bronze Age Shipwrecks at Uluburun and Cape Gelidonya, Turkey, Volume I’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Texas A&M University (1996). C. Pulak, ‘The Uluburun Shipwreck and Late Bronze Age Trade’, in J. Aruz et al. (eds), Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C. (New Haven, 2008), 289–310. Pulak, ‘Uluburun Shipwreck’, in E. H. Cline (ed.), The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (2012), 863—876. F. Rainey, The El-Amarna Correspondence: A New Edition of the Cuneiform Letters From the Site of El-Amarna Based On Collations of All Extant Tablets (2015). L. Schofield and R. B. Parkinson, ‘Of Helmets and Heretics: A Possible Egyptian Representation of Mycenaean Warriors on a Papyrus from El-Amarna’, The Annual of the British School at Athens 89 (1994), 157–70. F. Zangani, ‘Amarna and Uluburun: Reconsidering Patterns of Exchange in the Late Bronze Age’, Palestine Exploration Quarterly 148 (2016), 230—244. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Check out Casting Through Ancient Greece, a chronological deep dive on the world of the Aegean. From the earliest ages, through epic tales and archaeological discovery, Casting Greece takes you on a wonderful journey. Enjoy this teaser trailer, from a recent episode. And learn more at https://castingthroughancientgreece.com/ and https://twitter.com/CastingGreece Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Egypt, Canaan, Babylon, Assyria. In the 14th Century BCE, travellers criss-crossed the world. Many came to Egypt for diplomacy, trade, and to live. In this episode, we explore three short stories relating to Egypt and its neighbours... Episode details Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music intro: Michael Levy, "Babylonian Banquet" and "The Magic of Marduk," www.ancientlyre.com   Select Bibliography: T. Bryce and J. Birkett-Rees, Atlas of the Ancient Near East from Prehistoric Times to the Roman Imperial Period (London, 2016). M. H. Feldman, ‘Assur Tomb 45 and the Birth of the Assyrian Empire’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research (2006), 21–43. Y. L. Holmes, ‘The Messengers of the Amarna Letters’, Journal of the American Oriental Society 95 (1975), 376–81. S. Izre’el, The Amarna Scholarly Texts (Groningen, 1997). I. Spar et al., Cuneiform Texts in the Metropolitan Museum of Art, I (New York, 1988). The Metropolitan Museum of Art, ‘Amarna letter: Royal Letter from Ashur-uballit, the king of Assyria, to the king of Egypt ca. 1353–1336 B.C.’, The Metropolitan Museum of Art, accessed 4.18.2022. University College London, ‘Amarna: the cuneiform tablets, background information’, Digital Egypt for Universities, accessed 4.18.2022. R. Westbrook, ‘Babylonian Diplomacy in the Amarna Letters’, The Journal of the American Oriental Society 120 (2000), 377. A. Zivie, ‘The “Saga” of Aper-El’s Funerary Treasure’, in S. D’Auria (ed.), Offerings to the Discerning Eye: An Egyptological Medley in Honor of Jack A. Josephson (Leiden, 2010), 349–56. A. Zivie, ‘Pharaoh’s Man, ‘Abdiel: The Vizier with a Semitic Name’, Biblical Archaeology Review 44 (2018). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Amarna Tales (Part 1). East of Akhet-Aten (Amarna), a walled-village hides among the hills. This "East Village" is a well-ordered, secluded community. It seems to be the new home of pharaoh's tomb builders. Originally, they lived at Deir el-Medina in west Luxor. But when Akhenaten founded his new royal city, the tomb-builders left their homes and came here. Today, archaeologists have uncovered a vast amount of material. Homes, animal pens, chapels, and countless artefacts shed light on daily life and family organisation in ancient Egypt. From homes to chapels, guard-houses to water depots, the East Village offers fantastic insights. It even includes traces of Tutankhamun, before he abandoned Amarna... Episode details: Date: c.1355 - 1340 BCE. Location: Akhet-Aten (el-Amarna). Kings: Akhenaten, Neferneferuaten, Tutankhaten/Tutankhamun. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo image: A battle standard or soldier's emblem, with a sigil of Wepwawet (Kemp 2012). Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.net. Music by Bettina Joy de Guzman www.bettinajoydeguzman.com. Music interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Select Bibliography: Read reports on the East Village and other aspects of Amarna's archaeology free, at The Amarna Project. M. Bierbrier, The Tomb-Builders of the Pharaohs (1982). A. H. Bomann, The Private Chapel in Ancient Egypt: A Study of the Chapels in the Workmen’s Village at El Amarna with Special Reference to Deir el Medina and Other Sites (1991). B. G. Davies, Life Within the Five Walls: A Handbook to Deir el-Medina (2018). B. Kemp, The City of Akhenaten and Nefertiti: Amarna and Its People (2012). B. J. Kemp, Amarna Reports I (1984). Free at The Amarna Project. B. J. Kemp, ‘The Amarna Workmen’s Village in Retrospect’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 73 (1987), 21–50. T. E. Peet and C. L. Woolley, The City of Akhenaten, Volume I (1923). Available free at Archive.org. A. Stevens, Private Religion at Amarna. The Material Evidence (2006). A. Stevens, ‘Private Religion in the Amarna Suburbs’, in F. Kampp-Seyfried (ed.), In the Light of Amarna: 100 Years of the Nefertiti Discovery (2012), 95—97. A. Stevens, ‘Visibility, Private Religion and the Urban Landscape of Amarna’, in M. Dalton et al. (eds.), Seen & Unseen Spaces (2015), 77—84. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Or, the Life Aquatic with Gold Scarabs... Around 1325 BCE (estimates vary) a vessel sank near the cape of Uluburun, Turkey. The cargo was immense: twenty tonnes of goods, including copper, ivory, ornamental objects, spices, and more. Amid the finds, a curious item came to light: a gold scarab, bearing the name Neferneferuaten Nefertiti... What was a Nefertiti scarab doing on a trade ship, far from Egypt? And what do the finds tell us about the ship, its crew, and ancient trade? The Uluburun Shipwreck: Date: c.1325 BCE (estimated). Cultures: Multiple, including Egyptian, Canaanite, Syrian, and Mycenaean. Ship destination: Possibly the Aegean, western Anatolia, or even the Balkans. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo image: Divers working on the Uluburun wreck, via The Institute of Nautical Archaeology website. Catalogue of objects in Beyond Babylon, 2008. Free pdf from MMA. Image gallery at The Institute of Nautical Archaeology website. Artefacts in the Bodrum museum, on Flickr.com. Miscellaneous items, at Wikimedia. A replica of the ship, Uluburun II, at Underwater360. A lecture by Cemal Pulak, one of the lead excavators. YouTube. Select Bibliography: G. Bass et al., ‘The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign’, American Journal of Archaeology 93 (1989), 1–29. C. M. Monroe, ‘Sunk Costs at Late Bronze Age Uluburun’, Bulletin of the American Schools of Oriental Research 357 (2010), 19–33. C. Pulak, ‘Analysis of the Weight Assemblages from the Late Bronze Age Shipwrecks at Uluburun and Cape Gelidonya, Turkey, Volume I’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Texas A&M University (1996). C. Pulak, ‘The Uluburun Shipwreck: An Overview’, The International Journal of Nautical Archaeology 27 (1998), 188–224. C. Pulak, ‘The Uluburun Shipwreck and Late Bronze Age Trade’, in Beyond Babylon: Art, Trade, and Diplomacy in the Second Millennium B.C. (2008), 289–310. Book available free, from the Metropolitan Museum of Art. C. Pulak, ‘Uluburun Shipwreck’, in The Oxford Handbook of the Bronze Age Aegean (2012), 863—876. C. Pulak, lecture on YouTube. J. Weinstein, ‘The Bronze Age Shipwreck at Ulu Burun: 1986 Campaign, Part 3: The Gold Scarab of Nefertiti from Ulu Burun: Its Implications for Egyptian History and Egyptian-Aegean Relations’, American Journal of Archaeology 93 (1989), 17–29. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

King Ay suffered badly in the afterlife. His funeral, in 1331 BCE, was poor; and a few decades/centuries later, vandals broke into his tomb. They ransacked the monument, attacked the King's images, and erased his names. The attack was brutal but methodical. Why did this happen? Episode Details Date c.1331 BCE and a few decades / centuries later. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo image: Erasures on the wrists of Nut, Lady of the Sky, as she offers nyny (welcome) to King Ay. Photo by Dominic Perry, 2022. Photos: See photos of the tomb of Ay (KV23) by Dominic Perry, available on Google Drive. Music: “The Mummy’s Tomb,” by Tabletop Audio. Used with permission. Music: Sistrum sound effect by Hathor Systrum www.hathorsystrum.com. Used with permission. Music: Interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos.   Select Bibliography: B. G. Davies, Egyptian Historical Records of the Later Eighteenth Dynasty, VI (Warminster, 1995). A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, Cairo, 2017). AUC Press. M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). PYGMALION Press. N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). W. J. Murnane, Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt (Atlanta, 1995). O. Schaden, ‘The God’s Father Ay’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, University of Minnesota (1977). O. J. Schaden, ‘Clearance of the Tomb of King Ay (WV-23)’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 21 (1984), 39–64. JSTOR online. R. H. Wilkinson, ‘Controlled Damage: The Mechanics and Micro-History of the Damnatio Memoriae Carried Out in KV-23, the Tomb of Ay’, Journal of Egyptian History 4 (2011), 129–47. BRILL online. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

When Ay Died. The elderly pharaoh, Kheper-kheperu-Ra Ay, probably died in his fourth or fifth year of power (c. 1331 / 1330 BCE). Officially, his reign was short. But in the big picture, Ay's influence lasted decades. As a courtier, under Akhenaten and Tutankhamun, Ay participated in government and royal affairs for many years. This means we have abundant records for the man and his career, and Ay contributed to Egyptian history in some noteworthy ways. In this episode, we explore the final years of Ay's reign, and consider his legacy as a pharaoh of ancient Egypt... Episode details: Date: c.1331 / 1330 BCE. Kings: Kheper-kheperu-Ra Ay, “Doer of Ma’at” and “True Ruler.” Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo image: The sarcophagus of Ay, artist’s reconstruction. Prisse D'Avennes, 1878. See photos of Ay’s tomb (WV23) by Kairoinfo4u on Flickr.com. See Ay’s tomb (WV23) by Curtis Ryan Woodside on YouTube. Music: “Memories of Thebes,” by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.net. Used with permission. Music: “Funeral,” by Bettina Joy de Guzman http://www.bettinajoydeguzman.com. Used with permission. Additional music interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Select Bibliography: The royal tomb of Ay (KV23 / WV23): The tomb of Ay (KV23) at Theban Mapping Project. Schematic and plans (TMP). The tomb of Ay (KV23) at Orisis.net. Translation of texts by E. Ramm, 2016. See a 3D reconstruction at Orisis.net. A tour of Ay’s tomb (KV23) by Curtis Ryan Woodside, on YouTube. Photos of Ay’s tomb on Flickr.com. Photos of Ay’s tomb on joomeo.com. G. Davies, Egyptian Historical Records of the Later Eighteenth Dynasty, VI (Warminster, 1995). A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, Cairo, 2017). M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). R. J. Leprohon, The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary (Wilson, 2013). W. J. Murnane, Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt (Atlanta, 1995). P. E. Newberry, ‘King Ay, the Successor of Tut’ankhamūn’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 18 (1932), 50–2. O. Schaden, ‘The God’s Father Ay’, PhD. Thesis, University of Minnesota (1977). O. J. Schaden, ‘Clearance of the Tomb of King Ay (WV-23)’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 21 (1984), 39–64. R. H. Wilkinson, ‘Controlled Damage: The Mechanics and Micro-History of the Damnatio Memoriae Carried Out in KV-23, the Tomb of Ay’, Journal of Egyptian History 4 (2011), 129–47. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Pharaoh's Nephew. A small statue, in the Brooklyn museum, tells a tale. Of a King's nephew (by marriage), and the paths to lucrative work and influence in Egyptian society. A young man, also named Ay, worked as a priest for Mut (the Mother Goddess) and Amun (the Hidden One). Along the way, this young man probably gained wealth and position. His tale gives us an opportunity to explore the "system" by which prominent families jostled for position, and promoted their sons... Episode details: Date: c.1331 BCE. King: Kheper-kheperu-Ra, the God's Father Ay. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo image: The statue of Ay, priest, in the Brooklyn Museum. Music: "Splendors of Egypt," by Ancient Lyric www.bettinajoydeguzman.com  Additional music interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos and Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.net. Select Bibliography: B. V. Bothmer, ‘Private Sculpture of Dynasty XVIII in Brooklyn’, The Brooklyn Museum Annual 8 (1966), 55–89. N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). Block Statue of Ay, ca. 1332-1322 B.C.E. Limestone, 18 9/16 x 10 x 12 1/4in. (47.1 x 25.4 x 31.1cm). Brooklyn Museum, Charles Edwin Wilbour Fund, 66.174.1. Creative Commons-BY (Photo: Brooklyn Museum, 66.174.1_view1_SL1.jpg) Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Building Legacies. It is easy to overlook Ay, as a minor figure in the history of ancient Egypt. However, when we step back, and view his entire career (including pre-royal achievements), we can see things more clearly. As pharaoh, Ay continued many projects started under Tutankhamun. But since Ay had been a major advisor / courtier for that king, we can recognise these projects as part of a larger, longer trend. After the death of Akhenaten, the royal household radically reshaped many of its priorities. Since he first appeared on the scene, Ay was at the heart of those decisions… Episode details: Date: c.1331 BCE. Kings: Kheper-kheperu-Ra Ay, “Who Repels the ‘Asiatics.’” Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Episode logo: A colossal statue in Cairo Museum. Often attributed to Tutankhamun but excavated from the Memorial Temple of Ay. Music: “Lament of Isis and Nephythys on the Death of Osiris,” by Jeffrey Goodman www.jeffreygoodmanmusic.com. Additional music interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Select Bibliography: King Ay at the St Louis University website. Colossal statue of Ay (Tutankhamun?) in Berlin. Colossal statue of Ay (Tutankhamun?) in Chicago. B. G. Davies, Egyptian Historical Records of the Later Eighteenth Dynasty, VI (Warminster, 1995). A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, Cairo, 2017). M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). U. Hölscher, The Excavation of Medinet Habu II: The Temples of the Eighteenth Dynasty (Chicago, 1939). Free download available from The University of Chicago website. R. J. Leprohon, The Great Name: Ancient Egyptian Royal Titulary (Wilson, 2013). W. J. Murnane, Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt (Atlanta, 1995). O. Schaden, ‘The God’s Father Ay’, PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota (1977). O. J. Schaden, ‘Clearance of the Tomb of King Ay (WV-23)’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 21 (1984), 39–64. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Horemheb and Hatti. In the days of King Ay (and Tutankhamun before him) conflicts in Canaan and Syria remained a constant issue. In recent years, scholars have uncovered more information about these events and people. Horemheb, the Overseer of the Overseers of the Troops (aka the General of Generals) seems to have dealt, and fought, with Hittite forces. The records are fragmentary, but the clues are intriguing... Episode details: Date: c.1334 BCE (debated). Kings: Tutankhamun and Ay (debated). Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Episode logo: Foreigners praising the cartouche of Ay, from a piece of gold foil discovered in the Valley of the Kings. Image edited for clarity. Music: Ancient rendition of "The Eve of the War," adapted by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Music: "War Song of Horus and Sekhmet," by Jeffrey Goodman www.jeffreygoodmanmusic.com. Additional music interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Select Bibliography: T. Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites (New Edition edn, New York, 2005). T. Bryce, The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire (London, 2009). T. R. Bryce, ‘The Death of Niphururiya and Its Aftermath’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 76 (1990), 97–105. K. M. Bryson, ‘The Reign of Horemheb: History, Historiography, and the Dawn of the Ramesside Era’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2018). H. Güterbock, ‘The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as Told by His Son, Mursili II’, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 10 (1956), 41–68, 75–98, 107–30. G. T. Martin, Tutankhamun’s Regent: Scenes and Texts from the Memphite Tomb of Horemheb (EES Excavation Memoir 111; London, 2016). G. T. Martin, The Memphite Tomb of Ḥoremḥeb, Commander-in-Chief of Tutʻankhamūn, 1 (London, 1989). G. T. Martin, The Hidden Tombs of Memphis: New Discoveries From the Time of Tutankhamun and Ramesses the Great (London, 1991). J. L. Miller, ‘Amarna Age Chronology and the Identity of Nibxururiya in the Light of a Newly Reconstructed Hittite Text’, Altorientalische Forschungen 34 (2007), 252–93. J. L. Miller, ‘The Rebellion of Ḫatti’s Syrian Vassals and Egypt’s Meddling In Amurru’, Studi micenei ed egeo-anatolici (2008), 533—554. W. L. Moran, The Amarna Letters (Baltimore, 1992). W. J. Murnane, The Road to Kadesh: A Historical Interpretation of the Battle Reliefs of King Sety I at Karnak (Chicago, 1985). W. J. Murnane, Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt (Atlanta, 1995). Z. Simon, ‘Kann Armā mit Haremhab gleichgesetzt werden?’, Altorientalische Forschungen 36 (2009), 340—348. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Keeping up with the Kadeshians. In the past, historians thought the Egyptian government was passive (or even "pacifist") in the days of Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, and Ay. However, newer research has proved this wrong. We now have a fragmentary, but fascinating picture of warfare and diplomacy, taking place through Canaan and Syria. The town of Kadesh, on the Orontes River, is prominent. Once a vassal to pharaoh, the city suffered an attack by Hittite forces. It then changed sides, paying tribute to Suppiluliuma, King of the Land of Hatti. In the later years of Tutankhamun, or the early reign of Ay, the Egyptians responded to Kadesh's treachery... Episode details: Date: c.1334 BCE (debated). Kings: Tutankhamun and Ay (debated). Battle scene of Tutankhamun: learn more in a free lecture by W. Raymond Johnson (YouTube). Battle reliefs discussion begins at 51:29. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Episode logo: A statue, presumed to be Ay, in the Staatliche Museum, Berlin. Image upscaled, cropped, and edited. Music: "War Song," by Bettina Joy de Guzman www.bettinajoydeguzman.com. Used with permission. Music: "King Tut's Song," by Jeffrey Goodman www.jeffreygoodmanmusic.com. Used with permission. Sistrum sound effect by Hathor Systrum www.hathorsystrum.com. Used with permission. Additional music interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Select Bibliography: T. Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites (New Edition edn, New York, 2005). T. Bryce, The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire (London, 2009). T. R. Bryce, ‘The Death of Niphururiya and Its Aftermath’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 76 (1990), 97–105. J. Fraser, ‘Kadesh-on-the-Orontes’, in C. M. Furey et al. (eds.), Encyclopedia of the Bible and its Reception, 14 (2017), 1203—1205. H. Güterbock, ‘The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as Told by His Son, Mursili II’, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 10 (1956), 41–68, 75–98, 107–30. G. T. Martin, Tutankhamun’s Regent: Scenes and Texts from the Memphite Tomb of Horemheb (EES Excavation Memoir 111; London, 2016). J. L. Miller, ‘Amarna Age Chronology and the Identity of Nibxururiya in the Light of a Newly Reconstructed Hittite Text’, Altorientalische Forschungen 34 (2007), 252–93. S. N. Morschauser, ‘The End of the Sḏf(ȝ)-Tr(yt) “Oath”’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 25 (1988), 93–103. W. J. Murnane, The Road to Kadesh: A Historical Interpretation of the Battle Reliefs of King Sety I at Karnak (Chicago, 1985). W. J. Murnane, Texts from the Amarna Period in Egypt (Atlanta, 1995). W. J. Murnane, ‘Imperial Egypt and the Limits of Her Power’, in R. Cohen and R. Westbrook (eds.), Amarna Diplomacy: The Beginnings of International Relations (Baltimore, 2000), 101–11. W. J. Murnane, ‘Kadesh’, in D. B. Redford (ed.), The Oxford Encyclopedia of Ancient Egypt (Oxford, 2001). D. B. Redford, Akhenaten: The Heretic King (Princeton, 1984). D. B. Redford, Egypt, Canaan, and Israel in Ancient Times (Princeton, 1992). I. Singer, Hittite Prayers (Atlanta, Ga., 2002). J. A. Wilson, ‘Egyptian Historical Texts’, in J. B. Pritchard (ed.), Ancient Near Eastern Texts Relating to the Old Testament with Supplement (1978), 227–64.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The servant ascends. Considering his background, it's not surprising that King Ay turned out to be quite "conservative." His early deeds continued the policies of Tutankhamun (a regime in which Ay had actively participated). The new pharaoh completed one of Tutankhamun's temples (the Ḥwt-Neb-kheperu-Ra in Waset/Thebes), and evoked Tutankhamun in his art. Ay also started his own monuments, at Akhmim / Akhmin (Khent-Menu). There, colossal statues and sanctuaries for Min would convey pharaoh's agenda... Date: c. 1334 BCE. King: Kheper-Kheperu-Ra, It-Netjer Ay ("Ra is Supreme of Manifestations, the God's Father Ay"). Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music: Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/. Music interludes: Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Select Bibliography: A. Ashmawy, ‘The Administration of Horse Stables in Ancient Egypt’, Egypt and the Levant 24 (2014), 121—139. T. R. Bryce, ‘The Death of Niphururiya and Its Aftermath’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 76 (1990), 97–105. N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). K. P. von Kuhlmann, ‘Des Felstempel des Eje bei Achmim’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 35 (1979), 165—188. B. Lurson, ‘Ay, Neferti, Nakhtmin and Ameny: Politics and Rhetoric at the End of the Eighteenth Dynasty’, Zeitschrift für Ägyptische Sprache und Altertumskunde 146 (2019), 164–208. P. E. Newberry, ‘King Ay, the Successor of Tut’ankhamūn’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 18 (1932), 50–2. O. Schaden, ‘The God’s Father Ay’, PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota (1977). O. J. Schaden, ‘Clearance of the Tomb of King Ay (WV-23)’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 21 (1984), 39–64. A. R. Schulman, ‘The Berlin “Trauerrelief” (No. 12411) and Some Officials of Tutʿankhamūn and Ay’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 4 (1965), 55–68. K. C. Seele, ‘King Ay and the Close of the Amarna Age’, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 14 (1955), 168–80.  Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A difficult decision. Events in this period are murky. But if Ankhesenamun was the "Daḫamunzu" of Hittite record, then her attempt to find a new husband (of royal blood) had failed. So, she would have to accept a "servant." Whom would she choose? Episode Details: Chapter 2 begins 00:24:10 Date: c. 1334 BCE (debated). King: none (hopefully just temporary). Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music: Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/. Music: Ancient Lyric http://www.bettinajoydeguzman.com/. Music interludes: Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Music at 25:10, "Shine for the Show," via Pond5 (licensed). Misc audio clips via YouTube users Sound Effects King and Saraschan Stienwongnusa.   Select Bibliography: T. R. Bryce, ‘The Death of Niphururiya and Its Aftermath’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 76 (1990), 97–105. A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, Cairo, 2017). M. Gabolde, D’Akhenaton à Toutânkhamon (Paris, 1998). M. Gabolde, ‘L’ADN de la famille royale amarnienne et les sources égyptiennes’, Égypte nilotique et méditerranéenne 6 (2013), 177–203. M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). Z. Hawass et al., ‘Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun’s Family’, JAMA 303 (2010), 638–47. N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). J. L. Miller, ‘Amarna Age Chronology and the Identity of Nibxururiya in the Light of a Newly Reconstructed Hittite Text’, Altorientalische Forschungen 34 (2007), 252–93. P. E. Newberry, ‘King Ay, the Successor of Tut’ankhamūn’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 18 (1932), 50–2. N. Reeves and R. H. Wilkinson, The Complete Valley of the Kings (London, 1996). J. Romer, Valley of the Kings (London, 1981). O. Schaden, ‘The God’s Father Ay’, PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota (1977). A. R. Schulman, ‘The Berlin “Trauerrelief” (No. 12411) and Some Officials of Tutʿankhamūn and Ay’, Journal of the American Research Center in Egypt 4 (1965), 55–68. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

He said, she said. Around 1334 BCE (give or take), the King of Hatti received a curious message. While on campaign, King Suppiluliuma got word that Egypt's pharaoh (someone called "Nib-ḫuru-riya") had died. He had no son, and Egypt's ruling lady (daḫamunzu, or tA-ḥmt-nsw, the "King's Great Wife") needed assistance. The Queen sent a message: would Suppiluliuma help her, and Egypt? Strange events were about to unfold... Date: c. 1334 BCE (debated). King: Neb-kheperu-Ra Tut-ankh-Amun (debated) deceased King: Suppiluliuma, Great King of the Land of Hatti Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music: Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/ Music: Michael Levy http://www.ancientlyre.com/ Sound interludes: Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos   Select Bibliography: T. Bryce, The Kingdom of the Hittites (New Edition edn, New York, 2005). T. Bryce, The Routledge Handbook of the Peoples and Places of Ancient Western Asia: The Near East from the Early Bronze Age to the Fall of the Persian Empire (London, 2009). T. R. Bryce, ‘The Death of Niphururiya and Its Aftermath’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 76 (1990), 97–105. T. R. Bryce, Ancient Syria: A Three Thousand Year History (Oxford, 2014). A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, Cairo, 2017). M. Gabolde, D’Akhenaton à Toutânkhamon (Paris, 1998). M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). H. Güterbock, ‘The Deeds of Suppiluliuma as Told by His Son, Mursili II’, Journal of Cuneiform Studies 10 (1956), 41–68, 75–98, 107–30. H. A. Hoffner Jr., ‘Deeds of Šuppiluliuma (1.74)’, in W. W. Hallo and K. L. Younger (eds.), The Context of Scripture (Leiden, 2003), 185—192. N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). J. L. Miller, ‘Amarna Age Chronology and the Identity of Nibxururiya in the Light of a Newly Reconstructed Hittite Text’, Altorientalische Forschungen 34 (2007), 252–93. M. Sadowska, ‘Semenkhkare and Zananza’, Göttinger Miszellen 175 (2000), 73—77. O. Schaden, ‘The God’s Father Ay’, PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota (1977). M. Van de Mieroop, A History of the Ancient Near East ca. 3000-323 BC (West Sussex, 2016). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The Annexe and End of Excavation. Howard Carter uncovered the tomb of King Tutankhamun in November 1922. He would continue labouring in the monument until 1927, and the final conservation of objects would finish in 1932. Over these ten years of work, Carter tackled many challenges, some of which proved insurmountable. In the end, his labour, and the story of Tutankhamun's burial, stand as a testament to human effort and long legacies. Episode Chapters: Chapter 15: The Scouring of the Tomb 00:00:15 Chapter 16: The End of Excavations 00:31:50 Series Conclusion: 00:52:30 Episode Links: For the full archive of Harry Burton’s photographs, showing the tomb of Tutankhamun in its original state, see the Griffith Institute website. Date: 1922 CE - 1932 CE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo image: A ceremonial shield belonging to the King. Wikimedia. Music by Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/ Sound interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network.   Select Bibliography: H. Beinlich and M. Saleh, Corpus der Hieroglyphischen Inschriften aus dem Grab des Tutanchamun (Oxford, 1989). H. Carter, The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen, III (2000 Reprint edn, London, 1933). H. Carter, The Tomb of Tutankhamen (Century edn, London, 1983). J. Černý, Hieratic Inscriptions from the Tomb of Tut’ankhamūn (Oxford, 1965). M. Eaton-Krauss, The Unknown Tutankhamun (London, 2016). Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). Z. Hawass and S. Vannini, Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Tomb (London, 2018). T. Hoving, Tutankhamun: The Untold Story (New York, 1978). T. G. H. James, Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun (Tauris 2001 edn, New York, 1992). N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). N. Reeves and J. H. Taylor, Howard Carter Before Tutankhamun (London, 1992). The Griffith Institute, ‘Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an Excavation’, The Griffith Institute, University of Oxford, http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/discoveringTut/. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Treasured Heirlooms. East of the Burial Chamber, in Tutankhamun's tomb, the per hedj ("Treasury") contained a smorgasbord of beautiful objects. Some of these were sacred, like the canopic vessels for Tutankhamun's organs. Others were symbolic, connecting the pharaoh with great gods like Osiris. And still others were curious, including some "heirlooms" from earlier rulers and generations...  Episode Chapters: Chapter 13: Anubis and the King 00:00:13 Chapter 14: The Heirlooms of Akhenaten 00:24:30 Episode Links: Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza www.keithzizza.net  Sound interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network.   Select Bibliography: J. P. Allen, ‘The Original Owner of Tutankhamun’s Canopic Coffins’, in Z. Hawass and J. H. Wegner (eds.), Millions of Jubilees: Studies in Honor of David P. Silverman (Cairo, 2010), 27—41. H. Assaad and D. Kolos, The Name of the Dead: Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of the Treasures of Tutankhamun Translated (Missisauga, 1979). H. Beinlich and M. Saleh, Corpus der Hieroglyphischen Inschriften aus dem Grab des Tutanchamun (Oxford, 1989). H. Carter, The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen, 3vols, 1927 – 1933. J. Černý, Hieratic Inscriptions from the Tomb of Tut’ankhamūn (Oxford, 1965). A. Dodson, ‘Crown Prince Djhutmose and the Royal Sons of the Eighteenth Dynasty’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 76 (1990), 87–96. A. Dodson, ‘Canopics’, in R. H. Wilkinson and K. R. Weeks (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Valley of the Kings (New York, 2014), 260—274. M. Eaton-Krauss, The Unknown Tutankhamun (London, 2016). J. R. Harris, ‘Akhenaten and Neferneferuaten in the Tomb of Tut’ankhamūn’, in N. Reeves (ed.), After Tutankhamūn: Research and Excavation in the Royal Necropolis at Thebes (London, 1992), 55—72. Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). Z. Hawass and S. Vannini, Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Tomb (London, 2018). N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). K. R. Weeks, ‘The Component Parts of KV Royal Tombs’, in R. H. Wilkinson and K. R. Weeks (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Valley of the Kings (New York, 2014), 98—117. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Interview. How does copper cut stone? Martin Odler specialises in ancient Egyptian technology. Specifically, the manufacture and use of metal in tools and industry. In this interview, Dr. Odler shares some of his research insights on the production and use of copper, at sites like the Giza pyramids during the Old Kingdom. We also explore the use of metal in weaponry and daily life, and how scientists can experiment with reconstructed tools to examine their value and effectiveness. Today, Dr. Odler shares his methodical and wide-ranging interests. Personally, I learned a lot from speaking with him. Logo image: A copper mirror of Reni-Seneb (c.1800 BCE), Metropolitan Museum of Art. Martin Odler at Newcastle University. Research papers by Martin Odler at Academia.edu. Book: Copper in Ancient Egypt Before, During, and After the Pyramid Age (c.4000—1600 BC) (2023), published by Brill. Book: Old Kingdom Copper Tools and Model Tools (2016), published by Archaeopress. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Curses and Controversies. From the moment they announced their discovery, Howard Carter and Lord Carnarvon were faced with overwhelming attention. How they responded, and how they chose to approach the excavation, would have a major impact on public perception of the tomb. And, when events took a tragic turn, the media were happy to capitalise on the issue... Episode Chapters: Chapter 10: The Choices of Lord Carnarvon 00:05:10. Chapter 11: Journey to the Crossroads 00:25:30 Chapter 12: Of Bricks and Lost Portraits 00:48:48 Episode Links: Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. The "curse" brick, with text from Book of the Dead, Chapter 151: http://www.griffith.ox.ac.uk/gri/carter/263.html Music Opening: "She Gypped Egypt on the Nile," midi rendition by SheetMusicSinger.com. Used with permission (audio editing: added vinyl crackling sound effects). Music Interlude at 00:24:34: "Vintage Ragtime," purchased from Pond5.com. Music Interlude at 00:48:05: "Tomb Song," by Nora Keyes, public domain via Freemusicarchive.com. Outro music by Ancient Lyric http://www.bettinajoydeguzman.com/. Sound interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network.   Select Bibliography: H. Beinlich and M. Saleh, Corpus der Hieroglyphischen Inschriften aus dem Grab des Tutanchamun (Oxford, 1989). J. Černý, Hieratic Inscriptions from the Tomb of Tut’ankhamūn (Oxford, 1965). Cox, ‘The Death of Lord Carnarvon’, The Lancet 361 (2003), 1994. Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). T. Hoving, Tutankhamun: The Untold Story (New York, 1978). T. G. H. James, Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun (Tauris 2001 edn, New York, 1992). M. R. Nelson, ‘The Mummy’s Curse: Historical Cohort Study’, BMJ 325 (2002), 1482. N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). N. Strudwick, Texts From the Pyramid Age (Atlanta, 2005). E. Teeter, Religion and Ritual in Ancient Egypt (New York, 2011). The Griffith Institute, ‘Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an Excavation’, The Griffith Institute, University of Oxford, accessed . H. V. F. Winstone, Howard Carter and the Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun (London, 1991). Websites: Rarenewspapers.com, valuable source for old clippings; Newspapers.com, source of various reportsl; Historyembalmed.org, a valuable summary of Tutankhamun’s tomb, media reports, and the Curse narratives. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Coffins, Masks, and a Mummy. Within his Burial Chamber, Tutankhamun slept amid gold, glass, wood, and precious stone. His mummy is an extraordinary find, covered with ornaments, amulets, ceremonial clothing, and even weapons. From the famous image of his mummy mask, to a dagger made of "sky rock," the King's body reveals many tantalising stories... Episode Chapters: Eight: In the House of Tutankhamun 00:00:10 Nine: The Face of the Pharaoh 00:31:15 Epilogue: A Curious Dagger 01:02:35 Episode details: Date: c. 1922 CE King: Neb-kheperu-Ra Tut-ankh-Amun Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo image: Tutankhamun and the Royal Ka before Osiris. FactumArte. Music by Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/ Music: Michael Levy http://www.ancientlyre.com/ Music by Ancient Lyric http://www.bettinajoydeguzman.com/ Sound interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos Audio mixing/editing by Vincent Cavanagh See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network Nicholas Reeves' discussions of the Mummy mask, and its possible ownership. Article 1, 2015, and Article 2, 2015. For the full archive of Harry Burton’s photographs, showing the tomb of Tutankhamun in its original state, see the Griffith Institute website. Select Bibliography: H. Assaad and D. Kolos, The Name of the Dead: Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of the Treasures of Tutankhamun Translated (Missisauga, 1979). H. Beinlich and M. Saleh, Corpus der Hieroglyphischen Inschriften aus dem Grab des Tutanchamun (Oxford, 1989). H. Carter, The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen, II (London, 1927). D. Comelli et al., ‘The Meteoritic Origin of Tutankhamun’s Iron Dagger Blade’, Meteoritics & Planetary Science 51 (2016), 1301–9. M. Eaton-Krauss, The Sarcophagus in the Tomb of Tutankhamun (Oxford, 1993). M. Eaton-Krauss, The Unknown Tutankhamun (London, 2016). K. El Mallakh and A. C. Brackman, The Gold of Tutankhamen (First English Language edn, New York, 1978). O. Goelet Jr. et al., The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going Forth By Day (Revised edn, San Francisco, 2015). Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). Z. Hawass and S. Vannini, Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Tomb (London, 2018). T. Hoving, Tutankhamun: The Untold Story (New York, 1978). N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). N. Reeves, ‘The Gold Mask of Ankhkheperure Neferneferuaten’, Journal of Ancient Egyptian Interconnections 7 (2015), 77–9. N. Reeves, ‘Tutankhamun’s Mask Reconsidered’, Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar: The Art and Culture of Ancient Egypt: Studies in Honor of Dorothea Arnold 19 (2015), 511–26. A. Silotti, Guide to the Valley of the Kings and to the Theban Necropolises and Temples (Vercelli, 2000). K. R. Weeks, ‘The Component Parts of KV Royal Tombs’, in R. H. Wilkinson and K. R. Weeks (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Valley of the Kings (New York, 2014), 98—117. H. V. F. Winstone, Howard Carter and the Discovery of the Tomb of Tutankhamun (London, 1991). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Shrines and Painting. Tutankhamun's Burial Chamber is a beautiful space. The decorations, though "simple," convey a meaningful series of events. The King's ascent to the sky, his entry to Osiris' kingdom, and his meeting with various gods, forms a beautiful journey in the afterlife. Also, the King's shrines (wood and gold) are decorated with complex and fascinating texts. In these chapters, we explore the first set of Tutankhamun's burial equipment... Episode Chapters Chapter 6: The King of the Golden Hall Chapter 7: The Portraits in the West Episode Links Alexandre Piankoff, The Shrines of Tut-Ankh-Amon (1995) on Archive.org. For the full archive of Harry Burton’s photographs, showing the tomb of Tutankhamun in its original state, see the Griffith Institute website. Date: 1922 CE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo image: Tutankhamun and the Royal Ka before Osiris. FactumArte. Music by Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/ Music by Michael Levy http://www.ancientlyre.com/ Music by Ancient Lyric http://www.bettinajoydeguzman.com/ Sound interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos Audio mixing/editing by Vincent Cavanagh. See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network.   Select Bibliography: H. Assaad and D. Kolos, The Name of the Dead: Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of the Treasures of Tutankhamun Translated (Missisauga, 1979). H. Beinlich, ‘Zwischen Tod und Grab: Tutanchamun und das Begräbnisritual’, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 34 (2006), 17–31. H. Beinlich and M. Saleh, Corpus der Hieroglyphischen Inschriften aus dem Grab des Tutanchamun (Oxford, 1989). H. Carter, The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen, 3vols, (London, 1927—1933). J. C. Darnell, The Enigmatic Netherworld Books of the Solar-Osirian Unity: Cryptographic Compositions in the Tombs of Tutankhamun, Ramesses VI and Ramesses IX (Academic Press, 2004). J. C. Darnell and C. Manassa, The Ancient Egyptian Netherworld Books (Atlanta, 2018). M. Eaton-Krauss, The Unknown Tutankhamun (London, 2016). K. El Mallakh and A. C. Brackman, The Gold of Tutankhamen (First English Language edn, New York, 1978). O. Goelet Jr. et al., The Egyptian Book of the Dead: The Book of Going Forth By Day (Revised edn, San Francisco, 2015). Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). Z. Hawass and S. Vannini, Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Tomb (London, 2018). T. Hoving, Tutankhamun: The Untold Story (New York, 1978). A. Piankoff, The Shrines of Tut-Ankh-Amon (New York, 1955). Available free online at Archive.org. N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). D. P. Silverman, ‘Cryptographic Writing in the Tomb of Tutankhamun’, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 8 (1980), 233–6. K. R. Weeks, ‘The Component Parts of KV Royal Tombs’, in R. H. Wilkinson and K. R. Weeks (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Valley of the Kings (New York, 2014), 98—117. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Seek and Discover. In this episode, we begin the tale of the most famous tomb in history. KV62, a small monument, in the lower reaches of the Valley of the Kings. Overlooked for three thousand years, the tomb finally emerged thanks to a persistent excavator and a stroke of good fortune. However, the Tomb of Tutankhamun has built up its own mythology. In this episode, we begin to explore the tomb, and its discovery, including some lesser-known questions...  Episode Chapters Chapter 1: A Long-Expected Pharaoh 04:15 Chapter 2: The Stairway to the Past 27:36 Chapter 3: The Door Goes West 46:51 Chapter 4: Candles in the Dark 1:08:40 Chapter 5: The Antechamber Unmasked 1:22:52 Conclusion: 1:38:55 Episode Links Howard Carter and George Herbert (Lord Carnarvon), Five Years' Exploration at Thebes: A Record of Work Done 1907-1911 by The Earl of Carnarvon and Howard Carter, 1912. Available at Project Gutenberg and Archive.org. Christina Riggs, "Waterboys and Wishful Thinking," https://photographing-tutankhamun.com/2020/06/20/the-water-boy-who-wasnt/ For the full archive of Harry Burton’s photographs, showing the tomb of Tutankhamun in its original state, see the Griffith Institute website. Date: 1922 CE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo image: A statue of Tutankhamun, from the antechamber of his tomb. Photo by Skip Howard. Music by Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/ Music by Michael Levy http://www.ancientlyre.com/ Music by Ancient Lyric http://www.bettinajoydeguzman.com/ Sound interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos Audio mixing/editing by Vincent Cavanagh. Select Bibliography:  H. Assaad and D. Kolos, The Name of the Dead: Hieroglyphic Inscriptions of the Treasures of Tutankhamun Translated (Missisauga, 1979). H. Beinlich and M. Saleh, Corpus der Hieroglyphischen Inschriften aus dem Grab des Tutanchamun (Oxford, 1989). E. C. Brock, ‘A Possible Chariot Canopy for Tutankhamun’, in A. Veldmeijer and S. Ikram (eds.), Chasing Chariots: Proceedings of the First International Chariot Conference (Cairo 2012) (Leiden, 2013), 29–44. H. Carter, The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen, II (London, 1927). H. Carter, The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen, III (2000 Reprint edn, London, 1933). H. Carter and A. C. Mace, The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen, I (London, 1923). T. M. Davis, The Tombs of Harmhabi and Toutânkhamanou (2001 Reprint edn, London, 1912). E. S. Edwards, ‘Some Reflections on the Tutankhamun Exhibition’, The Burlington Magazine 114 (1972), 202–8. Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). Z. Hawass and S. Vannini, Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Tomb (London, 2018). T. Hoving, Tutankhamun: The Untold Story (New York, 1978). T. G. H. James, Howard Carter: The Path to Tutankhamun (Tauris 2001 edn, New York, 1992). N. Kawai et al., ‘The Ceremonial Canopied Chariot of Tutankhamun (JE61990 and JE60705) A Tentative Virtual Reconstruction’, CIPEG 4 (2020), 1–11. N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). N. Reeves, ‘Tutankhamun’s Mask Reconsidered’, Bulletin of the Egyptological Seminar: The Art and Culture of Ancient Egypt: Studies in Honor of Dorothea Arnold 19 (2015), 511–26. N. Reeves and J. H. Taylor, Howard Carter Before Tutankhamun (London, 1992). N. Reeves and R. H. Wilkinson, The Complete Valley of the Kings (London, 1996). The Griffith Institute, ‘Tutankhamun: Anatomy of an Excavation’, The Griffith Institute, University of Oxford, accessed . Theban Mapping Project, ‘KV 62 The Tomb of Tutankhamun’. Unknown Author, ‘Work at the Tomb of Tutankhamun’, The Metropolitan Museum of Art Bulletin 33 (1975), 96–108. K. R. Weeks, ‘The Component Parts of KV Royal Tombs’, in R. H. Wilkinson and K. R. Weeks (eds.), The Oxford Handbook of the Valley of the Kings (New York, 2014), 98—117. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Tutankhamun's Funeral. Following his death, the body of Tutankhamun underwent mummification. From studying his body, archaeologists can identify strange aspects of his preservation. We also know many details of his burial, thanks to paintings in the tomb, and curious items discovered nearby. From these sources, we can imagine King Tutankhamun’s funeral… Episode details: Date: c. 1334 BCE. King: Neb-kheperu-Ra Tut-ankh-Amun. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo image: The north wall of Tutankhamun's burial chamber. FactumArte. Music by Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/ Music: Michael Levy http://www.ancientlyre.com/ Music by Ancient Lyric http://www.bettinajoydeguzman.com/ Sound interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos Audio mixing/editing by Vincent Cavanagh. See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network. Select Bibliography:  H. Beinlich, ‘Zwischen Tod und Grab: Tutanchamun und das Begräbnisritual’, Studien zur Altägyptischen Kultur 34 (2006), 17–31. R. Connolly and G. Godenho, ‘Further Thoughts on Tutankhamun’s Death and Embalming’, in C. Price et al. (eds.), Mummies, Magic, and Medicine in Ancient Egypt: Multidisciplinary Essays for Rosalie David (2016), 240–8. T. M. Davis, The Tombs of Harmhabi and Toutânkhamanou (2001 Reprint edn, London, 1912). A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, Cairo, 2017). M. Eaton-Krauss, The Unknown Tutankhamun (London, 2016). C. El Mahdy, Tutankhamen: The Life and Death of a Boy King (London, 1999). L. Gabolde and M. Gabolde, ‘Les temples “mémoriaux” de Thoutmosis II et Toutânkhamon (un rituel destiné à des statues sur barques)’, Le Bulletin de l’Institut français d’archéologie orientale 89 (1989), 127—178. M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). W. B. Harer, ‘New Evidence for King Tutankhamen’s Death: His Bizarre Embalming’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 97 (2011), 228–33. R. G. Harrison and A. B. Abdalla, ‘The Remains of Tutankhamun’, Antiquity 46 (1972), 8–14. Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). Z. Hawass and S. N. Saleem, Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging in the New Kingdom Royal Mummies (Cairo, 2016). K. Hussein et al., ‘Paleopathology of the Juvenile Pharaoh Tutankhamun: 90th Anniversary of Discovery’, Virchows Archiv 463 (2013), 475–9. N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). J. Tyldesley, Tutankhamen’s Curse: The Developing History of an Egyptian King (London, 2012). H. E. Winlock and D. Arnold, Tutankhamun’s Funeral (Revised edn, New York, 2010). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A three-part miniseries, produced by Spike TV. "Tut" tells a story of the young ruler, as he wields power, confronts enemies, and deals with love and loss. Having watched the show during lockdown, I give my thoughts, with a special focus on the characters vs their historical counterparts... "Tut" at IMDB https://www.imdb.com/title/tt3214310/  The History of Egypt Podcast Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

An interview with Nozomu Kawai, Professor of Egyptology at Kanazawa University, Japan. In this episode, we discuss the background of Tutankhamun's reign and family; and get to grips with some of the people who have appeared in the podcast (e.g. Maia, Sennedjem, and Userhat Hatiay). Prof. Kawai is an expert on this period, and his insights have been wonderful. Interviewee details: Prof. Nozomu Kawai on Academia.edu Profile at Kanazawa University An interview with the ARCE Podcast. The History of Egypt Podcast Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

A life cut short. By 1334 BCE, Tut'ankhamun had ruled Egypt for approx. 10 years. Sadly, this would be his last. At the age of nineteen or so, the young ruler died. How did it happen? There are a few major hypotheses (illness, accident, or murder). However, as technology and medical science develops, some ideas seem less likely than others. In this episode, I review the major studies and proposals, and present a hypothetical reconstruction of the King's final moments... Date: c. 1334 BCE. King: Neb-kheperu-Ra Tut-ankh-Amun. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo image: Statue of Anubis, from the tomb of Tut'ankhamun, KV62 (Artstor). Music by Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/ Music: Michael Levy http://www.ancientlyre.com/. Music by Ancient Lyric http://www.bettinajoydeguzman.com/. Sound interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Audio mixing/editing by Vincent Cavanagh. Hear additional music on my Spotify Playlist. Facebook www.facebook.com/egyptpodcast. Twitter www.twitter.com/egyptianpodcast. See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network. Select Bibliography: B. Brier, The Murder of Tutankhamen: A True Story (New York, 1998). R. Connolly and G. Godenho, ‘Further Thoughts on Tutankhamun’s Death and Embalming’, in C. Price et al. (eds.), Mummies, magic and medicine in ancient Egypt, Multidisciplinary essays for Rosalie David (2016), 240–8. A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, Cairo, 2017). M. Eaton-Krauss, The Unknown Tutankhamun (London, 2016). C. El Mahdy, Tutankhamen: The Life and Death of a Boy King (London, 1999). M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). J. G. Gamble, ‘King Tutankhamun’s Family and Demise’, JAMA 303 (2010), 2471–5. W. B. Harer, ‘New Evidence for King Tutankhamen’s Death: His Bizarre Embalming’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 97 (2011), 228–33. R. G. Harrison and A. B. Abdalla, ‘The Remains of Tutankhamun’, Antiquity 46 (1972), 8–14. Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). Z. Hawass and S. N. Saleem, Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging in the New Kingdom Royal Mummies (Cairo, 2016). K. Hussein et al., ‘Paleopathology of the Juvenile Pharaoh Tutankhamun: 90th Anniversary of Discovery’, Heidelberg Virchows Archiv 463 (2013), 475–9. N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). F. Rühli and S. Ikram, ‘Purported Medical Diagnoses of Pharaoh Tutankhamun, c. 1325 BC-’, HOMO – Journal of Comparative Human Biology 65 (2014), 51–63. J. Tyldesley, Tutankhamen’s Curse: The Developing History of an Egyptian King (London, 2012). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

King Tut'ankhamun was young, rich, and well-equipped for sport. His tomb contained an arsenal of goods, including chariots, bows, arrows, throwing sticks, and more. Also, artistic images convey the idea of the pharaoh as a triumphant hunter and warrior. In this episode, we explore evidence for Tut'ankhamun as a sportsman, pursuing game across the desert and through the marshes. From archaeology and art, the King's pastimes come through clearly... Episode details: Date: c.1334 BCE. King: Neb-khepeur-Ra Tut-'ankh-Amun. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo image: G. M. Vogelsang-Eastwood, Tutankhamun’s Wardrobe (Rotterdam, 1999). Music: Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/. Music: Michael Levy http://www.ancientlyre.com/. Interludes: Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Audio mixing and editing: Vincent Cavanagh. Hear additional music on my Spotify Playlist. See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network. Select Bibliography: N. M. Davies, Ancient Egyptian Paintings, III (Chicago, 1936). J. van Dijk and M. Eaton-Krauss, ‘Tutankhamun at Memphis’, Mitteilungen des Deutschen Archäologischen Instituts, Abteilung Kairo 42 (1986), 35–42. M. Eaton-Krauss, The Unknown Tutankhamun (London, 2016). M. Eaton-Krauss and E. Graefe, The Small Golden Shrine from the Tomb of Tutankhamun (Oxford, 1985). M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). S. Hassan, The Sphinx. Its History in the Light of Recent Excavations (Cairo, 1949). Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). W. McLeod, Composite Bows from the Tomb of Tut’ankhamūn, (Tut’ankhamūn’s Tomb Series III; Oxford, 1970). W. McLeod, Self Bows and Other Archery Tackle from the Tomb of Tut’ankhamūn (Tut’ankhamūn’s Tomb Series IV; Oxford, 1982). C. A. Reed and D. J. Osborn, ‘Taxonomic Transgressions in Tutankhamun’s Treasures’, American Journal of Archaeology 82 (1978), 273–83. N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). ‘Resthouse of Tutankhamen’, Digital Giza, http://giza.fas.harvard.edu/sites/2043/full/ accessed 4.22.2021 (2021). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Maya, Ay, Horemheb, and others. The men who served King Tut'ankhamun were unusually prominent and powerful. The Overseer of the Treasury (Maya), the Supreme General (Horemheb) and the highest courtier (Ay) may have divided power among themselves. Why were they so powerful? The youth of Tut'ankhamun, and developments in royal power since the reign of Akhenaten, may have weakened the authority or influence of the individual ruler. This was the next phase in an ongoing trend, as the power of the pharaohs evolved over time... Epilogue: We meet the King's servants, including his personal scribe (Iny); his personal driver (Per-aa-neheh); and the chief manager of the palaces (Ipy). Episode details: Date: c. 1334 BCE. King: Neb-kheperu-Ra Tut-ankh-Amun. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Logo: Statue of Horemheb, in the Metropolitan Museum of Art. Music by Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/. Music by Ancient Lyric http://www.bettinajoydeguzman.com/. Sound interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos. Audio mixing/editing by Vincent Cavanagh. Hear additional music on my Spotify Playlist. Website www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Facebook www.facebook.com/egyptpodcast. Twitter www.twitter.com/egyptianpodcast. See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network. The History of Egypt Podcast endorses RA EGYPTIAN, the clean, natural skincare line with products derived from ancient Egyptian sources. Use the checkout code EGYPT to enjoy 30% off your order.   Select Bibliography: A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, Cairo, 2017). A. M. Gnirs, Militär und Gesellschaft: Ein Beitrag zur Sozialgeschichte des Neuen Reiches (Heidelberg, 1996). N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). G. T. Martin, The Tomb of Maya and Meryt I: The Reliefs, Inscriptions, and Commentary (EES Excavation Memoir 99; London, 2012). G. T. Martin, The Memphite Tomb of Ḥoremḥeb, Commander-in-Chief of Tutʻankhamūn, 1 (London, 1989). G. T. Martin, The Hidden Tombs of Memphis: New Discoveries From the Time of Tutankhamun and Ramesses the Great (London, 1991). O. Schaden, ‘The God’s Father Ay’, PhD Thesis, University of Minnesota (1977). A. R. Schulman, ‘Military Rank, Title, and Organization in the Egyptian New Kingdom’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, University of Pennsylvania (1962). J. J. Shirley, ‘Crisis And Restructuring Of The State: From The Second Intermediate Period To The Advent Of The Ramesses’, in J. C. Moreno García (ed.), Ancient Egyptian Administration (Leiden, 2013), 521—606. A. J. Spalinger, War in Ancient Egypt: The New Kingdom (Malden, 2005). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Newly researched and updated. Before the fall (c.2600 - 2200 BCE). Early Egyptians were fierce and active warriors. Our evidence for the Old Kingdom “army,” however, is scattered and fragmentary. Sifting through the pieces, we can reconstruct some elements of the early armed forces. In this episode, we explore royal texts that describe campaigns; pyramid art showing battles and soldiers training; and even images of siege warfare… The History of Egypt Podcast: Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Intro music by Stephen Rippy from Age of Empires (1997). Outro music and interludes by Keith Zizza. Music and interludes by Luke Chaos. Episode Chapters: Introduction 00:00 Dynasty IV Raids and Warriors 02:40 Army Organisation and Weapons 16:07 Battle Scenes of Unas and Ka-em-heset 25:58 Siege Scene of Inti 38:00 Notable artefacts (see Bibliography for full titles): Archers from the reign of Khufu, MMA. See Goedicke 1971, MMA Open Access. Sahura training scenes: Published in El Awady 2009. Unas battle scene: First published by Selim Hassan 1938 (Archive.org). Siege scene of Khaemheset: First published in Quibell and Hayter 1927. Archive.org. Siege scene of Inti: See Shaw, Ancient Egyptian Warfare, 2019 (Pen & Sword). First published Petrie 1894. See also Kanawati and McFarlane 1993. Examples of pre-New Kingdom Egyptian weapons in museum collections: Wooden bows: Louvre, MMA (FIP or early MK). Arrows: MMA (FIP or early MK), Louvre (Pre-Dynastic), MFA (FIP or early MK), ROM (FIP). Maces: ROM (4th Dyn., Khafra), ROM (Pre-Dynastic), MMA (FIP or MK). Spearheads: Louvre (FIP), Louvre (12th Dyn.), MMA (MK). Axes: Louvre, (OK), Louvre (FIP), Louvre (MK). Select Bibliography (see website for full details): L. Bestock, Violence and Power in Ancient Egypt: Image and Ideology Before the New Kingdom (2018). T. El Awady, Sahure: The Pyramid Causeway: History and Decoration Program in the Old Kingdom (2009). H. Goedicke, Re-Used Blocks from the Pyramid of Amenemhat I at Lisht (1971). MMA Open Access. S. Hassan, ‘Excavations at Saqqara 1937--1938’, Annales du Services des Antiquités de l’Egypte 38 (1938), 503—514. Archive.org. N. Kanawati and A. McFarlane, Deshasha: The Tombs of Inti, Shedu and Others (1993). A. Labrousse and A. Moussa, La chaussée du complexe funéraire du roi Ounas, I (2002). F. Monnier, ‘Les techniques de siège décrites dans la documentation pharaonique’, Égypte Nilotique et Méditerranéenne 15 (2022), 51—73. ENIM.fr. A.-L. Mourad, ‘Siege Scenes of the Old Kingdom’, Bulletin of the Australian Centre of Egyptology 22 (2011), 135—158. Academia.edu. J. E. Quibell and A. G. K. Hayter, Excavations at Saqqara: Teti Pyramid, North Side (1927). Archive.org. I. Shaw, Ancient Egyptian Warfare (2019). N. Strudwick, Texts from the Pyramid Age (2005). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The King's mummy, daily routine, and children. Thanks to the preservation of his burial, we know a lot about Tut'ankhamun's daily life and habits. Aspects of his routine, like his shaving kit, walking sticks, and even his children survive to this day. Some of these stories are curious, others carry echoes of tragedy and loss. This episode contains detailed descriptions of human remains and themes like stillbirth. Date: c.1334 BCE King: Neb-kheperu-Ra Tut-ankh-Amun Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza https://www.keithzizza.net/ Music by Ancient Lyric http://www.bettinajoydeguzman.com/ Sound Interludes by Luke Chaos https://twitter.com/Luke_Chaos Audio mixing/editing by Vincent Cavanagh. Hear additional music on my Spotify Playlist. Facebook www.facebook.com/egyptpodcast Twitter www.twitter.com/egyptianpodcast Select Bibliography:  G. M. Crowfoot and N. de G. Davies, ‘The Tunic of Tut’ankhamūn’, The Journal of Egyptian Archaeology 27 (1941), 113–30. D. E. Derry, ‘Report Upon the Two Human Foetuses Discovered in the Tomb of Tut.Ankh-Amen’, in H. Carter (ed.), The Tomb of Tut-Ankh-Amen, Discovered by the Late Earl of Carnarvon and Howard Carter, Volume III (London, 1933), 167–9. M. Eaton-Krauss, The Unknown Tutankhamun (London, 2016). M. Eaton-Krauss and E. Graefe, The Small Golden Shrine from the Tomb of Tutankhamun (Oxford, 1985). M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). Z. Hawass et al., ‘Ancestry and Pathology in King Tutankhamun’s Family’, JAMA 303 (2010), 638–47. Z. Hawass and S. N. Saleem, ‘Mummified Daughters of King Tutankhamun: Archeologic and CT Studies’, American Journal of Roentgenology 197 (2011), W829–36. Z. Hawass and S. N. Saleem, Scanning the Pharaohs: CT Imaging in the New Kingdom Royal Mummies (Cairo, 2016). Z. Hawass and S. Vannini, Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Tomb (London, 2018). N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). G. M. Vogelsang-Eastwood, Tutankhamun’s Wardrobe (Rotterdam, 1999). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

The King's Great Wife. Queen Ankh-es-en-Amun (“She Lives for Amun”) was slightly older than her husband. Having grown up in the court, Ankhesenamun was established in power and experienced in royal life. However, she is far less prominent than her famous predecessors (Nefertiti and Tiye). Why? In this episode, we explore some of the traces of Ankhesenamun’s life, and her role as the King’s Great Wife. Titles of Ankhesenamun: “The King’s Great Wife, his Beloved” “Hereditary Noble” “Great of Praise” "Sweet of Love” “Lady of Charm” “Ruling Lady of the Two Lands” “The Ruling Lady of Southern and Northern Egypt” Episode info: Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza. Music by Ancient Lyric. Sound interludes by Luke Chaos. Audio mixing / editing by Vincent Cavanaugh. Facebook www.facebook.com/egyptpodcast. Twitter www.twitter.com/egyptianpodcast. See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network. Select Bibliography: A. Dodson, Amarna Sunrise: Egypt From Golden Age to Age of Heresy (Cairo, 2014). A. Dodson, Amarna Sunset: Nefertiti, Tutankhamun, Ay, Horemheb, and the Egyptian Counter-Reformation (2nd edn, Cairo, 2017). M. Eaton-Krauss, The Unknown Tutankhamun (London, 2016). M. Eaton-Krauss and E. Graefe, The Small Golden Shrine from the Tomb of Tutankhamun (Oxford, 1985). Epigraphic Survey, Reliefs and Inscriptions at Luxor Temple – Volume I: The Festival Procession of Opet in the Colonnade Hall (Chicago, 1994). M. Gabolde, Toutankhamon (Paris, 2015). W. Grajetzki, Ancient Egyptian Queens: A Hieroglyphic Dictionary (London, 2005). Z. Hawass, Discovering Tutankhamun: From Howard Carter to DNA (Cairo, 2013). Z. Hawass and S. Vannini, Tutankhamun: The Treasures of the Tomb (London, 2018). N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). N. Reeves, The Complete Tutankhamun (Cairo, 1990). G. Robins, Women in Ancient Egypt (London, 1993). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Amun, Mut, Khonsu, and the King. Once a year, the city of Waset (Thebes / Luxor) hosted an enormous celebration. The Beautiful Festival of Opet honoured the great gods Amun-Ra, Mut, and Khonsu. The deities would emerge from their secret shrines, and ride in procession through the city and on the river. King Tut'ankhamun would lead these events, renewing the power of the gods and his right to rule... This is a big episode, probably best consumed over several sittings. Enjoy! Episode Details Date: c. 1336 BCE. Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Support the show via Patreon www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Music by Keith Zizza. Music by Ancient Lyric. Music by Jeffrey Goodman. Sound interludes by Luke Chaos. Special voiceover work by vorob1003. Read the full publication of Tut’ankhamun’s Opet reliefs in The Epigraphic Survey, Reliefs and Inscriptions at Luxor Temple - Volume I: The Festival Procession of Opet in the Colonnade Hall (Chicago, 1994). PDF available free from the University of Chicago. See other shows from the Agora Podcast Network.   Select Bibliography:  L. Bell, ‘Aspects of the Cult of the Deified Tutankhamun’, in P. Posener-Kriéger (ed.), Mélanges Gamal Eddin Mokhtar, Bibliothèque d’étude 97 (Cairo, 1985), 31–59. L. Bell, ‘Luxor Temple and the Cult of the Royal Ka’, Journal of Near Eastern Studies 44 (1985), 251–94. J. C. Darnell, ‘Opet Festival’, UCLA Encyclopedia of Egyptology (2010). N. Kawai, ‘Studies in the Reign of Tutankhamun’, Unpublished PhD. Thesis, Johns Hopkins University (2005). L. Manniche, Music and Musicians in Ancient Egypt (London, 1991). The Epigraphic Survey, Reliefs and Inscriptions at Luxor Temple – Volume I: The Festival Procession of Opet in the Colonnade Hall (Chicago, 1994). M. Verner, Temple of the World: Sanctuaries, Cults, and Mysteries of Ancient Egypt (Prague, 2013). W. Waitkus, Untersuchungen zu Kult und Funktion des Luxortempels (Gladbeck, 2008). R. H. Wilkinson, The Complete Temples of Ancient Egypt (London, 2000). R. H. Wilkinson, The Complete Gods and Goddesses of Ancient Egypt (New York, 2003). Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices

Annual memberships now available. Patreon recently introduced a new feature: a full year's subscription, in one go. Sign up today and get 10% off your subscription. Learn more at www.patreon.com/egyptpodcast Thanks for your support! Website: www.egyptianhistorypodcast.com. Make a one-time donation via PayPal payments. Learn more about your ad choices. Visit megaphone.fm/adchoices