Dr. Mark Wallace of UCSD joins hosts Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA and Mustafa Broachwala, DO and pick up where they left off on their discussion regarding the nuanced world of medical cannabis, understanding medical applications, appropriate dosing strategies, and advice for prescribing providers. Furthermore, they discuss the challenges of clinical trials, regulatory hurdles, and the implications for treating pain. Dr. Wallace offers insight into the complexities of cannabis research, dosage guidelines, and the controversial discourse surrounding its legalization. This enlightening discussion offers a deep dive into an oft misunderstood and stigmatized area of pain medicine.

*Views expressed by our guests are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of the hosts, their institutions, or the American Academy of Pain Medicine. 

Join us for an enlightening episode of the Pain Matters Podcast, where we dive deep into the world of medical cannabis and its implications for pain management. 

Hosts Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and Mustafa Broachwala, DO, are joined by Mark Steven Wallace, MD, a Pain Management Specialist and Professor of Anesthesiology at UC San Diego Health, who brings more than two decades of experience in cannabis research.

In this episode, you’ll discover: 

• Biologics of Cannabis: Dr. Wallace dives deep into the pathophysiologic mechanism at play regarding endocannabinoid receptors and the mechanism of actions of cannabis in the body, especially as it relates to pain.
• Medical Cannabis vs. Opioids: Dr. Wallace shares his observations on the lack of tolerance development in patients using medical marijuana compared to traditional opioids.
• Regulatory and Dosage Challenges: Insights into the complexities of prescribing and dosing medical marijuana, and how these factors impact patient care.
• Therapeutic Potential: Discussion on the conditions that respond well to medical cannabis based on current research and clinical experience.
• Patient Stories and Outcomes: Real-world examples of how medical cannabis has impacted patients' lives, particularly in managing chronic pain.
• Future of Cannabis in Medicine: Dr. Wallace's thoughts on the evolving landscape of medical cannabis research and its future potential in healthcare going forward.

This episode is a must-listen for healthcare providers interested in understanding the nuanced role of cannabis in pain management and those looking to integrate evidence-based cannabinoid therapies into their practice.

Be sure to subscribe so you don’t miss Part 2 of this nuanced discussion and to find out what’s next for medical cannabis in pain medicine. 

*Views expressed by our guests are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of the hosts, their institutions, or the American Academy of Pain Medicine. 

Join host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and co-host Mustafa Broachwala, DO, as they discuss a rising, yet often overlooked, issue - workplace violence in healthcare settings, particularly in pain management.

Our featured guest for this episode is Mercy Udoji, MD, CMQ, FASA, pain physician and associate professor at Emory University School of Medicine, and a renowned expert on workplace violence in the medical field. She is the senior author of the 2023 article, "Violence in the Pain Clinic, the Hidden Pandemic". This seminal piece of work shines a light on the escalating incidences of workplace violence against healthcare workers, which has markedly intensified since the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. It also underscores the particular susceptibility of pain clinicians to workplace violence. Lastly, Dr. Udoji discusses strategies to prevent such situations and action we can take when they arise.

We also welcome W. Michael Hooten, M.D., from the Mayo Clinic to share astonishing results from a recent workplace violence survey conducted by AAPM wherein more than 80% of respondents noted they had called security in their practice for a workplace disturbance in the past year. 

Tune in to discover:

• Vulnerability of Pain Clinicians: Why are people who treat pain patients particularly susceptible to violence, and how has the pandemic exacerbated this problem?
• The Connection between Patient and Worker Safety: It's a given that healthcare systems prioritize patient safety and outcomes, but does the same attention extend to worker safety?
• Risk Factors: What are the key risk factors that predispose healthcare settings, and especially pain providers, to episodes of violence?
• Predicting Violent Behavior: How can we identify signs of impending violent behavior in the clinic, and what can be done to prevent or mitigate such situations?
• Training Gap: We'll discuss the conspicuous lack of training around workplace violence for pain medicine practitioners.
• Tips for Safety: Dr. Udoji will share practical advice on what to do if you are confronted with a violent situation in your clinic.

Listen now for this critical conversation as we aim to shed light on workplace violence and explore preventive strategies to safeguard ourselves and our peers better.

Join us as we discuss and provide expert insights into current events impacting our management of pain and substance use disorders. In this episode, host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, dives into critical current events and regulatory changes impacting the field of pain medicine and their implications for patient care. She interviews two guests at the forefront of pain medicine, substance use, and addiction: Dr. Antje M. Barreveld, MD, and  Dr. Sudheer Potru, DO, FASA, FASAM.

Dr. Barreveld serves as the Director of Education and Outreach, Co-Founder of Substance Use Services, and the Medical Director of Pain Management Services at Newton-Wellesley Hospital. She also holds a position as an Associate Professor of Anesthesiology at Tufts University School of Medicine and serves on the board of the American Academy of Pain Medicine. Dr. Potru is triple-board certified in anesthesiology, pain medicine, and addiction. He serves as the Director of the Complex Pain Clinic at the Atlanta VA Medical Center and as Assistant Professor at the Department of Anesthesiology at Emory University School of Medicine. 

Tune in to hear the latest on: 

• The FDA's Recent Approval of Over-the-Counter Naloxone: What does this mean for pain medicine providers and their patients? How will it impact the broader opioid crisis and overdose prevention efforts?
• New DEA Requirements for Prescribers of Controlled Substances: We'll unpack these new regulations and how to fulfill them. 
• The Alex Murdaugh Case's Medical Questions: Our guests will provide their expert insights on the complex intersections of pain, substance use, and legality as they emerge in high-profile cases like this one.

Innovative Harm Reduction Approaches, such as the Fentanyl Vaccine: How do these cutting-edge strategies fit into the broader landscape of pain management and addiction treatment?

In the second episode of our two-part conversation with Kathleen Holton, PhD, MPH, she expands on her work with food and chronic pain, taking a closer look at the nutritional supplements and dietary strategies that pain patients can use to manage their conditions. Tune in as she discusses common issues within the American diet and explores how weight, nutrient deficiencies, and dietary misconceptions have played a role in the rise of chronic pain conditions.

Join host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and co-host Mustafa Broachwala, DO, for this episode of the Pain Matters Podcast as they continue their conversation with Dr. Holton about her research on the relationship between diet and pain perception. The three return to discuss practical approaches doctors and patients can take to mitigate inflammation and chronic pain symptoms.

Tune in to discover: 

• The science behind whole food dietary interventions
• Effective supplements for managing pain and inflammation
• How to combat nutrient deficiencies in pain patients
• Diet and weight education

Cochrane Library’s recently published article questioning the clinical benefit of spinal cord stimulation for low back pain has stirred controversy throughout the pain medicine community. In response to these findings, we sat down with neuromodulation specialists & Pain Medicine journal editorial board members,  Zachary McCormick, MD, and Nathaniel M. Schuster, MD, to offer our in-depth reaction and analysis of the March 2023 report. 

In this episode of the Pain Matters Podcast, host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and co-host @Mustafa Broachwala, DO, are joined by Zachary McCormick, MD, Chief of Spine and Musculoskeletal Medicine at the University of Utah & Nathaniel M. Schuster, MD, Associate Clinical Director of the Center for Pain Medicine at UC San Diego. We are live in-person at AAPM’s 39th Annual Meeting in Fort Lauderdale, FL, to discuss the implications of the Cochrane Library’s spinal cord stimulation review and what it means for providers and patients. Additionally, David Caraway, MD, PhD, Chief Medical Officer of Nevro Corp., calls in to give his expert insight on the controversial inclusion and exclusion of certain studies and how this impacts the conclusions of the review. Lastly, we go to Vwaire Orhurhu MD, MPH, author of a widely-read letter to the editor published in JAMA in response to the Hara et al. study, which is critical to the Cochrane Library Review’s conclusions.

Tune in to discover:

• In-depth scientific analysis and reaction to the curious findings, generalizations, and omissions from the review
• How to interpret the Cochrane Library’s recent findings and what they actually might mean for clinical practice. 
• What this review means for patient care and the future of SCS in pain medicine 

Reference: 

Traeger AC, Gilbert SE, Harris IA, Maher CG. Spinal cord stimulation for low back pain. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023, Issue 3. Art. No.: CD014789. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD014789.pub2. Accessed 29 March 2023.

Pain is invisible and highly subjective—for physicians, overcoming these barriers requires interpreting the signs of pain through a patient’s actions and words. This can be a delicate process, since the next step a provider takes to relieve a patient’s pain can have long-term effects on their outcome.

Exploring the nuances of patient advocacy, Stephanie Vanterpool, MD, FASA, MBA, Pain Medicine Specialist, Anesthesiologist, and Director of Comprehensive Pain Services at the University of Tennessee Medical Center, has dedicated her career towards strategically empowering patients to advocate for themselves and towards educating clinicians outside of pain medicine to advocate for their patients’ pain.

In this episode of the Pain Matters Podcast, host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and co-host Mustafa Broachwala, DO, are joined by Stephanie Vanterpool, MD, FASA, MBA to discuss how physicians can empower patients by listening to their needs to identify effective pain treatments.

Tune in to discover:

• Approaches clinicians can take to be a better advocates for patients in pain
• What physicians can do to avoid medical gaslighting
• How to balance patient autonomy and evidence-based medicine
• How to address pain in different cultural contexts

References

1. Kennel J, Withers E, Parsons N, Woo H. Racial/Ethnic Disparities in Pain Treatment: Evidence From Oregon Emergency Medical Services Agencies. Med Care. 2019;57(12):924-929. doi:10.1097/MLR.0000000000001208
2. Todd KH, Samaroo N, Hoffman JR. Ethnicity as a risk factor for inadequate emergency department analgesia. JAMA. 1993;269(12):1537-1539.
3. Houghton IT, Aun CS, Gin T, Lau JT. Inter-ethnic differences in postoperative pethidine requirements. Anaesth Intensive Care. 1992;20(1):52-55. doi:10.1177/0310057X9202000110
4. Hollingshead, Nicole A et al. “The Pain Experience of Hispanic Americans: A Critical Literature Review and Conceptual Model.” The journal of pain vol. 17,5 (2016): 513-28. doi:10.1016/j.jpain.2015.10.022
5. Xu X, Luckett T, Lovell M, Phillips JL. Cultural factors affecting Chinese migrants' perceptions and responses to cancer pain and its pharmacological management: A convergent mixed-method study [published online ahead of print, 2022 Mar 24]. Palliat Support Care. 2022;1-9. doi:10.1017/S1478951522000360
6. Elhakim M, Dexter F, Pearson ACS. US critical access hospitals' listings of pain medicine physicians and other clinicians performing interventional pain procedures. J Clin Anesth. 2019;58:52-54. doi:10.1016/j.jclinane.2019.05.005
7. Eaton, Linda H et al. “Use of Self-management Interventions for Chronic Pain Management: A Comparison between Rural and Nonrural Residents.” Pain management nursing : official journal of the American Society of Pain Management Nurses vol. 19,1 (2018): 8-13. doi:10.1016/j.pmn.2017.09.004
8. Chen CH, Tang ST, Chen CH. Meta-analysis of cultural differences in Western and Asian patient-perceived barriers to managing cancer pain. Palliative Medicine. 2012;26(3):206-221. doi:10.1177/0269216311402711
9. Ng, Brandon W et al. “The influence of Latinx American identity on pain perception and treatment seeking.” Journal of pain research vol. 12 3025-3035. 8 Nov. 2019, doi:10.2147/JPR.S217866

The history of our medical institutions is fraught with racial prejudices that have shaped our understanding of pain in black patients, leading to unequal treatment across our healthcare system. Working to dismantle these disparities, Aderonke Pederson, MD, has dedicated her career to bridging the treatment gap. Her groundbreaking work addresses faults in our current system, increasing the quality and accessibility of care in communities that have historically been overlooked or exploited by medical institutions.

In honor of Black History Month, Pain Matters Podcast host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and co-host Mustafa Broachwala, DO, are joined by Aderonke Pederson, MD, Assistant Professor of Psychiatry at Harvard Medical School and Director of Research Equity for the Clinical Trials Network and Institute at Massachusets General Hospital, to discuss the history of racial inequality in our healthcare systems and how we can overcome the prejudices that influence how doctors treat chronic pain.  

Tune in to discover:

• The history of racial exploitation in the U.S. healthcare system
• How racial biases impact the treatment of pain in black patients
• The implications of racial disparities on the black experience
• How physicians can address disparities in pain treatment

When we’re young, we often hear the phrase “you are what you eat.” While this is true, it doesn’t paint the full picture. Kathleen Holton, PhD, MPH, has dedicated her career to mapping the ways food can influence pain pathways in our bodies, studying the chemical processes behind physical pain and its psychiatric comorbidities. Her groundbreaking research on glutamate receptors has shown that a dietary approach may hold the answer, offering promising results for treating conditions such as fibromyalgia and migraines.

In this two-part episode of the Pain Matters Podcast, host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and co-host Mustafa Broachwala, DO, are joined by Kathleen Holton, PhD, MPH, Associate Professor of Health Studies at American University, to discuss the science behind managing pain with diet and how these systems work within the body.

Tune in to discover:

• How food impacts the central nervous system response to pain
• Why changes in diet often relieve physical pain and psychiatric symptoms
• Chronic diseases that can benefit from a dietary approach
• The role of glutamate in pain processing

Exploring the boundaries of pain management, the Psychedelics and Health Research Initiative (PHRI) pursues groundbreaking research on the therapeutic potential of psychedelics for pain patients. By examining how these psychoactive compounds act at the intersection of pain, identity, and memory in our brains, Dr. Furnish’s work has challenged our understanding of pain mechanisms while paving the way for novel treatments that may offer effective long-lasting relief.

In this episode of the Pain Matters Podcast, host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and co-host Mustafa Broachwala, DO, are joined by Associate Professor of Anesthesiology and the Medical Director of PHRI at UC San Diego Health, Timothy Furnish, MD, to discuss the background, mechanism of action, and potential efficacy of psychedelics for pain management and what they tell us about pain pathways in the brain. 

Tune in to discover:

• An overview of the history and background in medicine and culture
• How psychedelics influence pain pathways
• Psychotherapeutic practices in pain medicine
• Novel therapies and prospective clinical trials for phantom limb pain
• What psychedelics mean for the future of pain medicine

Working on the pandemic’s front lines, Soo Kim, MD, was part of the medical team at Johns Hopkins University that first identified and treated signs and symptoms of Long COVID and its chronic pain symptoms. Her groundbreaking involvement in one of the first Post-Acute COVID Syndrome (PACS) Clinics has since become the blueprint for how many physicians treat acute and chronic pain among Long COVID patients.

In this episode of the Pain Matters Podcast, host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, is joined by special guest host Mustafa Broachwala, DO, to interview the Director of Pain Medicine at Mt. Sinai Hospital, Soo Kim, MD, to discuss her contributions to Long COVID research and some of the novel therapies she’s developed and encountered to treat COVID-19-related pain.

Tune in to discover:

• How doctors first discovered the existence of Long COVID
• The science behind Long COVID-related pain syndromes
• Diagnostic tools for identifying certain Long COVID-related pain syndromes 
• Novel therapies to treat neuropathic and neuralgic pain in COVID-19 patients

In the second episode of our two-part conversation with Dr. Andrea Chadwick, MD, MSc, FASA, she discusses the obstacles she overcame on her path to developing a successful research lab in a field she is passionate about. Listen in as she shares her professional and personal struggles and outlines the blueprint other researchers can use to harness their potential and advocate for patients with invisible illnesses. 

Join host Dr. Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, in this episode of the Pain Matters Podcast as she continues her conversation with Dr. Chadwick about launching FACE Lab, a pain exploration lab dedicated to advancing research on fibromyalgia. The two discuss how Dr. Chadwick secured funding for FACE Lab and what her successes can teach other physicians about jump-starting their careers in medical research.   

Tune in to discover: 

• Strategic approaches to applying for grant funding in your area of specialization
• How medical research can give you independence as a medical professional
• How to translate personal struggles into professional successes
• Why following your passion is one of the most effective ways to help patients

Join us for Part 2 of our engaging series on the necessary reforms in pain medicine training as we explore potential changes that could significantly enhance the quality and effectiveness of pain medicine education.

Hosts Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and Mustafa Broachwala, DO are joined once again by esteemed experts Scott Gregory Pritzlaff, MD, Associate Professor and Pain Medicine Fellowship Director at UC Davis Health, and Sayed Emal Wahezi, MD, Professor and Pain Medicine Fellowship Director at Montefiore Medical Center, to delve deeper into the structural adjustments and implications of extending training periods in pain medicine.

Tune in to hear:

• Structural Changes and Educational Enhancements: Discussing the risks & benefits of: extending fellowship duration,  truncating baseline specialty training years, creating a pain residency, re-establishing graduation case numbers, and more. How do we make training comprehensive and attract a more dedicated cohort of trainees?
• Diversity and Accessibility: Examining how changes in training duration might impact the diversity of applicants and accessibility of pain medicine as a specialty.
• Mentorship and Peer Learning: Highlighting the importance of mentorship and peer learning that changes in training could facilitate, enhancing both professional growth and patient care.
• Controversies and Challenges: Addressing the potential challenges and controversies associated with implementing longer training periods, such as funding, accreditation, and acceptance within the broader medical community.
• The Need for Collaboration: Discussing the need for a unified voice in pain medicine and collaboration across specialities and societies to achieve mutual advocacy goals & better training. 

This episode is critical for educators, trainees, and healthcare policymakers interested in understanding and shaping the future of pain medicine training.

*Views expressed by our guests are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of the hosts, their institutions, or the American Academy of Pain Medicine. 

Research is the backbone of medical innovation. However, it can be challenging to find the resources and support needed to launch your own research lab and lay the foundation for its success. Dr. Andrea Chadwick is no stranger to the adversities researchers face–tune in as she shares her struggles and outlines the steps others can take to follow their passions into research and secure funding for their projects. 

In this two-part episode of the Pain Matters Podcast, host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, invites Associate Professor in the Department of Anesthesiology, Pain and Perioperative Medicine at the University of Kansas Medical Center, Andrea Chadwick, MD, MSc, FASA, to revisit the journey she took to create FACE Lab, a pain exploration lab dedicated to advancing research on fibromyalgia.

Tune in to discover: 

• How pursuing a career in medical research can help you discover your passions
• The importance of mentorships and cultivating professional networks
• Why rejection is an essential step on the path to success and how to cope with it
• How to garner support for your medical research and apply for funding

Pain management is more than just treating the causes of pain. How you communicate with patients shapes how they think about their pain–the right educational tools can improve recovery rates by mitigating the effect pain has on the rest of a patient’s life.

In this episode of the Pain Matters Podcast, guest host Beth Darnall, PhD., sits down with Penney Cowan, the founder and CEO of the American Chronic Pain Association (ACPA), an institution dedicated to educating patients and patient families for more than 40 years. They discuss Penney’s journey from a patient suffering from pain to a leading figure in the world of pain management and how her work revolutionized how we talk about pain today.

Tune in to discover:

• How patients experience pain differently than doctors might think 
• Innovative tools that bridge the communication gap between doctors and patients
• Strategies medical professionals can use to help patients cope with pain
• How pain extends far beyond the patient’s body
• Why addressing pain is just as important as treating the underlying condition
• How listening to patients can help doctors improve treatment 

One of the more innovative pain care models to debut recently involves a multidisciplinary team of acute and chronic pain specialists working together to reduce opioid utilization after surgery and improve patient satisfaction. How does the model work and what are lessons learned from scaling a perioperative pain clinic? 

In this episode of the Pain Matters Podcast, host Dr. Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA,  sits down with Associate Professor and Director of the Perioperative Pain Program at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Dr. Marie N. Hanna, MD, MEHP, MBBCh to discuss how she innovated, launched and scaled a personalized perioperative pain clinic. 

Results of this model, one of the first in the U.S., have been overwhelmingly positive with reduced hospital stays and readmissions, reduced opioid usage, and improved patient satisfaction. 

Tune in to discover: 

• How the personalized perioperative pain clinic  at Johns Hopkins was started 
• Why well-coordinated care and tapering protocols can reduce opioid usage in the short- and long-term for patients 
• Ways to assemble a multidisciplinary team featuring acute and chronic pain specialists
• How the transition from acute post-surgical pain to chronic post-surgical pain is handled  
• The importance of educating patients on pain treatment (and what it can do for your results)
• Success rates and resource utilization expectations using this treatment model 

Data has long been used to predict whether certain patients will respond well to treatment. The next step in the evolution of using algorithm-centered tools to chart the course for pain medicine is the personalized care made possible through precision medicine technology. 

In this episode of the Pain Matters Podcast, host Shravani Durbhakula, M.D., M.P.H., M.B.A., chats with Christina Le-Short, MD, MBA, senior director of clinical development and strategy at Scipher Medicine, a precision immunology company. They discuss the current state of healthcare and explore the prospect of AI-powered solutions as well as other innovative technologies. How are these new tools–and their ability to visualize outcomes that physicians alone cannot–shaping the future of pain care? How can a clinician contribute to industry? 

Tune in to discover:

• How clinical experience helps inform research and data analysis in roles outside of patient care–regardless of the level or amount of time the clinician has practiced
• The process for innovation, from thinking outside the box from the outset to daring to approach status-quo solutions from a different angle
• Tips for the professional journey of a clinician who wishes to contribute to industry
• How to network, gain knowledge from peers, and understand the markets for medicine through the pursuit of an MBA

With Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, and LinkedIn already taking up so much of our free time, why would a busy pain physician consider adding TikTok to their social media routine? With more people receiving their news through social media, it’s more critical than ever that doctors convey accurate information to the public about pain medicine and pain treatment, and TikTok has grown to be one of the best platforms to spread awareness to interested audiences.

In this episode of the Pain Matters Podcast, host Shravani Durbhakula, M.D., M.P.H., M.B.A., sits down with anesthesiologist and social media sensation Kunal Sood, MD, whose TikTok account reaches more than 1.4 million followers. Dr. Sood focuses on putting his own twist on the trends while providing a valuable resource for viewers, and in this episode, he shares how other physicians can use the platform to spread awareness of the latest news in pain medicine.

Tune in to discover:

• A basic overview of how TikTok works and how its evolving user demographics is allowing doctors to reach a broad audience
• How good actors can break through the rampant misinformation on these social media platforms
• Ways to protect yourself from liability on the platform, such as pushing viewers to talk to their doctor
• Additional tips for creating videos, publishing content, and creating a following 
• How your TikTok following can help you grow your audience on other platforms

Beginning in 2020, we saw an exponential growth of opioid overdose deaths throughout the nation alongside an increase in the isolation of at-risk individuals, economic instability, impeded access to care, a shortage of PPE, and self-medication for high-stress levels. Though some of the risk factors have declined as the global pandemic response has progressed, it’s no surprise that pain medicine innovators continue to face a steep challenge.

In this episode, host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, is joined by Josh Sharfstein, MD, Vice Dean for Public Health Practice and Community Engagement at the Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health and former Deputy Commissioner of the Food and Drug Administration to discuss current approaches to pain medication addiction and the room for innovation in the fight against overdose deaths.

The repetitive grind and acute trauma endured by professional athletes often lead to chronic pain and a number of surgeries over the course of an athletic career. How is the practice of pain medicine evolving to minimize the effects of chronic pain for these athletes, and, in particular, what are the opportunities for innovation in delivering long-term results through minimally invasive, non-addictive, and safe methods of pain treatment? 

In this episode, host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, is joined by John Michels, MD, a former first-round NFL draft choice and Super Bowl champion with the Green Bay Packers who turned to interventional pain medicine after an injury ended his football career.

As with every industry, the field of pain medicine is continually progressing in the face of technological developments, generational turnover, and the disruptions that come from significant world events such as the COVID-19 pandemic. When it comes to forging paths toward the future of pain care, it is the aim of professional societies and organizations to determine the right course and provide resources for their members to succeed in achieving a common mission.

In this episode, host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, is joined by Kayode A. Williams, MD, MBA, FFARCSI, President of the American Academy of Pain Medicine (AAPM) to discuss the history and values of AAPM and share his vision for the future of the pain medicine subspecialty as a whole. 

Investment in a project can come from many sides. In past episodes, we have discussed venture capitalism, private investors, strategic partnerships, and other creative approaches to raising capital. This time, we turn to federal funding in the form of small business innovation research (SBIR) grants. 

Host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, is joined by Henry Ahn, Director of the SBIR Grant and Small Business Technology Transfer Grant Programs at the National Science Foundation, to discuss these grants and how pain medicine innovators can improve their chances of obtaining one.

Developing a new device or drug treatment is near impossible without the capital to support it.

How can innovators in healthcare present their ideas to investors in a way that triggers their interest and, ultimately, their financial backing?

In this episode, host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, dives into this question alongside Ali Behbahani, MD, of New Enterprise Associates, one of the top venture capitalist firms for tech in healthcare. With his combined experience in business and medicine, Dr. Behbahani lays out what investors in healthcare innovation value most in the development of a successful business plan.

Tune in to hear:

• The factors to consider in early stages that matter most to investors, such as the clear communication the pain point a new product addresses 
• How to navigate the obstacles that many startups face in the decade-long journey of getting a new device to market
• An inside perspective about the variety of philosophies within the venture capitalism industry and what creates a strong management team in healthcare

Join us in a critical discussion on the urgent need for reform in pain medicine training programs. 

In this enlightening episode of the Pain Matters Podcast, hosts Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and Mustafa Broachwala, DO, engage with experienced pain medicine program directors to delve deep into the current state, gaps, and proposed changes surrounding pain medicine fellowships.

Tune in as we’re joined by Scott Gregory Pritzlaff, MD, Associate Professor and Pain Medicine Fellowship Director at UC Davis Health, and Sayed E. Wahezi, MD, Professor and Pain Medicine Fellowship Director at Montefiore Medical Center as well as a board member of the Association of Pain Program Directors, to share unique insights into the complexities of pain medicine training.

In this episode, you'll hear about:

• The Current State of Pain Medicine Training: Insights into the existing structure of pain medicine training programs and their limitations.
• Challenges with Fellowship Durations: A detailed discussion on the implications of the current short durations of fellowships and how they may not adequately prepare physicians for the complexities of pain management.
• Interdisciplinary Education: The importance of integrating diverse medical disciplines within pain medicine training to enhance understanding and patient care.
• Potential Reforms: Proposals for extending fellowship durations and making pain medicine training more comprehensive and interdisciplinary.

This discussion is essential for anyone involved in medical education, particularly those in pain medicine, who seeks to understand the future directions of training that could better prepare physicians for the evolving challenges in patient care.

Please subscribe and turn on notifications to ensure you don’t miss part 2 of our Pain Medicine Training discussion. 

Is the emergence of digital health changing how we think about progress in pain medicine? 

It should.

In this episode, host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, sits down with Sara Silacci, Chief Strategy Officer and Co-Founder at the Center for Innovation of Digital Health at Massachusetts General Hospital to share how can healthcare leaders can capitalize on the growth of the digital health space, and ways providers can get solutions into the hands of their patients faster than ever before. This episode is a continuation of episode 1 in which Bryan Marascalchi, MD, discusses his success with a digital health product in pain medicine, Pain Scored. 

Tune in to hear about:

• How you can bring ideas to market quickly and effectively through software development
• What is the advantage of digital health innovation over pharmaceutical and device innovation? 
• Tips to cultivate the necessary industry partnerships that will lead to a common vision and shared success
• What you need to know to protect your intellectual property in the digital health space

Serving patients with the best therapies can bring steep challenges for pain researchers—often coming down to funding. 

What can pain medicine professionals do when it feels like their day-to-day is spent “chasing the money” needed to do their jobs? 

In this episode, host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, chats with pain physician, pharmaceutical and device entrepreneur, and angel investor Amol Soin, MD, about his experience in approaching and funding new, opioid-free solutions for diabetic pain treatment as well as his mission to do whatever it takes to bring much-needed relief to patients.

Tune in to hear about:

• Creative solutions surrounding the hurdles to raising capital for pain medicine initiatives
• The growing innovation in oral analgesics and pain management devices
• The opportunity awaiting the pain pharmaceutical industry in combating the opioid epidemic

In a field where innovation is always at the forefront, the need for continual training can become an obstacle. 

But with any obstacle comes opportunity; how can educators reimagine the training atmosphere to keep physicians engaged and informed about new devices as they emerge?

In this episode, Yeshvant Navalgund, MD, Co-Founder and Medical Director of National Bioskills Laboratories, joins host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, to discuss keys to training physicians on new devices, techniques and treatments in the world of pain medicine.

Tune in to hear about:

• The cadaver training industry rebrand and the emerging technology that is influencing its direction
• Strategies for managing the logistics, compliance, and organization related to hosting networking events for large companies and individuals to attend
• The future of expanding training solutions on a business level and the opportunities awaiting innovations in the field

Through innovation, pain physicians have the potential to change the scope of medical care.

How can those who treat everyday conditions of their patients take an idea for a new device and bring it to patent, development and, ultimately, a place of its own on the market?

In this episode, host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, and assistant professor at Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Bryan Marascalchi, MD, discuss how pain physicians can influence novel treatment methods by identifying needs, envisioning solutions and, developing a product that impacts the field at large.

Tune in to hear:

• Advice on securing patents and protecting yourself in the development of a new invention
• Strategies for positioning yourself as the expert and performing the research that will earn you the backing of your idea by your peers
• How to go through the proper channels and understand the established processes for success

• Overview of the FTC's Decision: What the FTC's ban on non-competes means in practice, and why it's not yet enforceable.
• Exceptions and Challenges: Discussion on specific exceptions to the rule, like the carveout for senior executives and how this might affect non-profit and for-profit healthcare entities differently.
• Implications for Physicians: How the ruling could change the dynamics of physician practice models, mobility, and employment negotiations
• Legal and Economic Perspectives: Insight into the broader economic and legal debates surrounding non-compete clauses and their enforceability.
• Future of Physician Employment: Speculations on how this could lead to greater autonomy, innovation, and potential shifts in the healthcare employment landscape.

Join us for a riveting exploration into the rapidly evolving world of artificial intelligence (AI) in interdisciplinary pain medicine. This episode of the Pain Matters Podcast features a thought-provoking discussion on the transformative potential of AI and the ethical challenges it introduces.

Hosts Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and Mustafa Broachwala, DO, are joined by two distinguished experts:

• Tinglong Dai, PhD, a Bernard T. Ferrari Professor at Johns Hopkins Carey Business School, co-chair of the Johns Hopkins Workgroup on AI and Healthcare, and a leading voice in the integration of AI within clinical settings. Dr. Dai's extensive media presence and recognition as one of the World's Best 40 Under 40 Business School Professors by Poets & Quants underline his profound impact on AI education and application.
• Nestoras Mathioudakis, M.D., M.H.S., an Associate Professor of Medicine at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, where his work focuses on medical applications of generative AI. As Co-Director of the Diabetes Prevention & Education Program and a seasoned educator in clinical informatics, Dr. Mathioudakis brings critical insights into the practical and ethical dimensions of AI in medicine.

Tune in to discover:

• AI's Impact on Clinical Practices: Exploring how AI is currently being used to enhance clinical documentation, streamline insurance processes, and support decision-making in patient care.
• Ethical Considerations and Challenges: Discussing the complexities of data integrity, the potential biases in AI algorithms, and the ethical implications of AI in clinical decision support.
• The Future of AI in Medicine: Speculating on the future directions of AI in healthcare, including its role in personalized medicine and the ongoing need for rigorous validation and ethical oversight.
• Real-World Applications and Case Studies: Analyzing specific instances of AI application in healthcare, such as diagnostic support and predictive analytics, and evaluating their outcomes.
• Navigating the Regulatory Landscape: Understanding the implications of recent legal and regulatory developments affecting AI in healthcare.

Find out how AI is reshaping healthcare delivery, enhancing patient outcomes, and posing new questions about the intersection of technology and medical ethics. 

This discussion is crucial for healthcare providers looking to stay informed about the latest developments in AI and its impact on the field of pain medicine.

Join us for a comprehensive exploration into the advocacy and personal dedication that shapes the world of pain medicine. 

In this episode, our discussion hones in on a critical juncture in pain medicine — the anticipation of the Washington Health Technology Clinical Committee's (HTCC) decision on Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) coverage. This decision could transform the landscape of pain management for state employees, state-sponsored health plans, and injured workers under Washington Labor and Industries (L&I), reaching over 2.5 million people.

Hosts Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and Mustafa Broachwala, DO, are joined by a distinguished panel of guests: Brett R. Stacey, MD, from UW Medicine; and Steven Stanos, DO, and Fangfang Xing, MD, from Swedish Pain Services–all of whom were integral leaders as part of the Washington State Physicians State Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) Work Group. We also welcome Richard North, MD, from Johns Hopkins School of Medicine–a pioneer in the field of pain medicine and a historic advocate as it relates to neuromodulation and previous hearings regarding SCS in Washington State. Together, we’ll dive deep into the nuances and state of current and historic healthcare policies, the heroic advocacy work of the Washington State Physicians SCS Work Group, and the broader implications of the impending HTCC decision for providers and patients alike.

In this episode, you'll learn:

• Historical Context: Context of the history of healthcare policy surrounding SCS in Washington State
• The Vital Role of the Washington State Physician SCS Work Group: A deep dive into the group's efforts and the importance of their advocacy in shaping healthcare policy for pain management in Washington state.
• Understanding the HTCC's Influence and Approach: A breakdown of the Washington HTCC's process, authority, and its critical role in determining the future of SCS coverage.
• Navigating Healthcare Policy in Washington: Insights into the state's healthcare coverage, including the unique aspects of its approach to technology and treatment coverage for a significant portion of its citizens.
• Journey to the HTCC Decision: The key milestones and advocacy efforts that have led to this momentous opportunity to influence pain treatment coverage.
• Implications for Pain Medicine Providers and Patients: Discussing what the HTCC's decision means for the community of pain medicine providers and the patients they serve. We also highlight the AAPM's support for the SCS coverage movement, emphasizing the potential positive impact on patient care and pain management practices.

Tune in and stay informed, get involved, and understand the profound implications of these decisions on the quality of life for countless individuals.

Remember, your involvement and awareness as a pain medicine provider contribute to the advancement and betterment of patient care across the nation.

Note: At the 47:45 mark, we reference that the upcoming hearing is in January of 2024. While this was accurate at the time of the recording, this hearing has been pushed back. The final decision about coverage terms will occur after a meeting on  February 16, 2024.

On this episode of the Pain Matters Podcast, we turn our attention to a Viewpoint article published in JAMA on December 18, 2023 entitled “Corporate Influences on Science and Health—the Case of Spinal Cord Stimulation”. Written by the same lead author of the widely criticized Cochrane Review of Spinal Cord Stimulation (SCS) for Low Back Pain, this recent article blames all physicians who defend SCS for having corporate interests and suggests that no research in any specialty should be influenced by industry.

Hosts Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and Mustafa Broachwala, DO, sit down with Nathaniel M. Schuster, MD, from UC San Diego Health. All are authors to responses in Pain Medicine to the Cochrane Review by Traeger et al. –see Pain Matters Episode 21 and articles PMID: 37067491 & PMID: 37195450 by Durbhakula et al. This episode responds to the questionable allegations made by Traeger et al., questioning the integrity of all SCS research and the pain physicians who utilize SCS for patients. We do a fact-check on the JAMA article and take a deep dive into understanding the true nature of corporate influences on SCS.

In this episode, you'll gain insights into:

• Critiquing Corporate Influence: Dr. Schuster and our hosts examine corporate influence in pain medicine research, particularly in the context of SCS treatments for low back pain.
• False Dichotomies in SCS Research: The false dichotomy that physician-scientists who may engage with industry at any level cannot be industry-independent when speaking on the subject of SCS.
• Physician Scientist Integrity: False accusations, including that ALL physicians who responded to the Cochrane Review by Traeger et al,. were influenced by industry.
• Publishing SCS Research: The by Traeger et al. that academic journals should never publish anything with industry ties – in SCS or any field of medicine.
• Reality of SCS Funding: Understanding the intricacies of device research funding as well as the limitations of funding outside of industry (e.g., government funding) and contextualizing the paucity of placebo- or sham-controlled studies.
• Ethics in Academic Societies: Clarifying the policies surrounding conflicts of interest amongst academic societies.
• Debunking Hara et al.: Understanding the methodologic flaws of the Hara et al. study of SCS for Chronic Radicular Pain After Lumbar Spine Surgery.

Listen in as we navigate these complex waters, aiming to provide a balanced perspective on the interplay between industry funding, scientific research, and clinical practice in pain medicine. 

This episode is a must-listen for anyone looking to understand the multifaceted nature of pain medicine in today's healthcare landscape.

CORRECTION (11:10-11:50): SCS for FDA requires a premarket approval (PMA). There is no need for clinical data if it is possible to prove equivalence. For external powered devices where RF is the predicate device, FDA 510k pathway is required.

Recorded during the 2023 AAPM Annual Meeting, Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and co-host Mustafa Broachwala, DO, navigate this multifaceted topic alongside two esteemed guests: Dan Brounstein, Chief Strategy Officer with Saluda Medical, and Yele Aluko, MD, MBA, Ernst & Young  Americas Chief Medical Officer.

In this episode, we explore:

• Industry Collaboration: A deep dive into the history and current state of the relationships between pain clinicians and the industry, and what firewalls to remain ethical
• Clinician Transparency: Discussion around potential conflicts of interest and the call for transparency in disclosures not just as conferences but on social media and modern platforms.
• The Clinician's Value: Understanding why physician input is essential for industry to cater to real-world clinical needs, and how clinicians can contribute ethically.
• Patient-Centric Outcomes: How does this relationship directly impact patients, and what does it mean for their care and well-being?
• Challenges on the Horizon: How does industry navigate artificial intelligence in healthcare, cybersecurity, and diversity in clinical trials? 

Join us as we delve deep into the pivotal March 18, 2023 local coverage determination (LCD) that has shaken the pain medicine community by limiting access to sacral lateral branch radiofrequency ablation and imposing stringent documentation requirements to demonstrate the medical necessity for sacroiliac (SI) joint injections.

In this episode, host Dr. Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and co-host Dr. Mustafa Broachwala, DO, tackle the contentious LCD that threatens to restrict options for patients suffering from chronic SI joint pain and their dedicated doctors. To shed light on this vital issue, they're joined by Zachary L. McCormick, MD, Chief of Spine and Musculoskeletal Medicine at the University of Utah School of Medicine and Deputy Editor-in-Chief for AAPM’s journal, Pain Medicine;  Lynn Kohan, MD, Chief of Pain Medicine and Fellowship Director at the University of Virginia School of Medicine; and Steven Cohen, MD, the Chief of Pain Medicine at Johns Hopkins School of Medicine and Senior Executive Editor for Pain Medicine.

All guests come with a wealth of experience and insight, having been at the forefront in addressing the ramifications of this LCD.

Join Executive Producer and Host Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, and Co-Host Mustafa Broachwala, DO, for a pivotal episode of the Pain Matters Podcast where we address the recent BMJ publication, “Common interventional procedures for chronic non-cancer spine pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized trials,” and the associated guideline. Steven Cohen, MD, Feinberg School of Medicine Northwestern University, Lynn R. Kohan, MD, University of VA Medical School, Zachary McCormick, MD, University of Utah, Nathaniel M. Schuster, MD, University of California, San Diego, Daniel Larach, MD, MS, MA, Vanderbilt University, Hance Clarke, MD, FRCPC, PhD, University of Toronto and President of the Canadian Pain Society, Hemant Kalia, MD, MPH, FIPP, Invision Health, and present diverse perspectives on the publication’s claims and the systematic review and meta-analysis methods behind it.

In this episode, you’ll learn:

• The podcast underlines the necessity for comprehensive, unbiased systematic reviews and meta-analyses to inform clinical guidelines effectively.
• Experts caution against the misinterpretation of studies and the potential consequences for policy and access to interventional pain procedures.
• Advocates call for unified efforts in the pain medicine community to pursue legislative and regulatory reforms that align with current evidence and patient needs.
• The conversation underscores the pivotal role of personalized patient care and clinically validated techniques in improving outcomes and preserving practice legitimacy.
• The podcast highlights the risk of reducing access to viable interventional pain treatments if skewed interpretations of data shape healthcare policies.

Tune in to discover how these leading experts address the controversies, advocate for robust clinical evidence, and highlight the urgent need for unified advocacy in shaping practical, patient-centered guidelines.

Be sure to subscribe so you don’t miss our next episode.

Reference:  

Wang X, Martin G, Sadeghirad B, Chang Y, Florez I D, Couban R J et al. Common interventional procedures for chronic non-cancer spine pain: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomised trials BMJ 2025; 388 :e079971 doi:10.1136/bmj-2024-079971

*Views expressed by our guests are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of the hosts, their institutions, or the American Academy of Pain Medicine. 

In this episode, Amber Borucki, MD from Stanford Medicine, joins Host Sudheer Potru, DO, FASA, FASAM, and Co-Host Zafeer Baber, MD, to discuss acetaminophen use during pregnancy and childhood. They focus on a significant Swedish study that dispels myths about acetaminophen's links to autism, reinforcing its safety and effectiveness. Dr. Borucki highlights its role in pain management for expectant mothers and children, while the hosts discuss alternatives to opioids, like acetaminophen and ibuprofen, and stress the importance of consulting healthcare providers for proper dosing and guidance.

About the Guest

Dr. Amber Borucki is an anesthesiologist and pain medicine specialist focused on chronic pain management in children and young adults, particularly after surgery or due to chronic conditions. She earned her medical degree from Rush Medical College and completed her residency at the University of Chicago. Dr. Borucki also underwent fellowships in pediatric anesthesiology and adult/pediatric pain medicine at Boston Children's Hospital, Brigham Women's Hospital, and Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center. After a year of private practice in Reno, Nevada, she spent five years at UCSF as a pediatric anesthesiologist and the Director of the Pediatric Anesthesia Service at UCSF Benioff Children's Hospital.  

 🔑 Key Takeaways 

• Acetaminophen is Safe: Current studies, including a large Swedish cohort, show no link between acetaminophen use in pregnancy and autism, reinforcing its safety profile. 
• Importance of Treating Pain in Children: Dr. Borucki discusses the potential long-term adverse effects of untreated pain in pediatric patients, including increased risks of chronic pain and mood disorders. 
• Dosing Caution: The significance of proper dosing is highlighted, emphasizing the need for a healthcare professional consultation, especially in young children. 
• Combating Opioid Use: Acetaminophen serves as a valuable alternative in managing pain, potentially decreasing reliance on opioids post-surgery. 
• Consult Reliable Sources: Listeners are encouraged to consult reputable organizations like the American Academy of Pediatrics for trustworthy medical advice.

 Resources

• American Academy of Pediatrics:  Acetaminophen is Safe for Children When Taken as Directed, No Link to Autism
• American College of Obstetricians & Gynecologists: Acetaminophen Use in Pregnancy and Neurodevelopmental Outcomes 
• Society for Pediatric Pain Medicine Video: Acetaminophen and autism: what is safe for children? 

*Views expressed by our guests are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of the hosts, their institutions, or the American Academy of Pain Medicine.

Episode Summary:

In this compelling episode of the Pain Matters Podcast, hosts Sudheer Potru, DO, FASA, FASAM, and Zafeer Baber, MD, sit down with Jeremy Adler, DMSc, PA-C, DFAAPA, a seasoned Physician Assistant practicing at the UCSD Center for Pain Medicine in the field of pain medicine, to explore the evolving roles of advanced practice providers in the specialty. Jeremy shares insights from his 25-year career spanning private practice and academia, shedding light on the benefits and challenges of working in these different professional settings. 

Jeremy Adler's engaging discussion highlights the multidimensional nature of medicine, emphasizing the importance of a multidisciplinary approach that includes APPs, anesthesiologists, psychologists, and more. This episode delves into the reasons behind the rising interest in APP roles, fueled by the pursuit of work-life balance and diverse practice opportunities across specialties. The conversation also explores the necessity of formalized education and training to equip PAs and NPs with the skills needed to excel in the complex landscape of pain medicine.

About the Guest

Jeremy A. Adler, DMSc, PA-C, DFAAPA|Dr. Jeremy Adler is a nationally recognized physician assistant with over 25 years of experience in pain management. He serves at UC San Diego Health’s Center for Pain Medicine and previously co-owned a private pain practice. A published author and national lecturer, he’s known for his advocacy in evidence-based, compassionate pain care and has earned honors including California State Assembly recognition and POCN’s 2022 Top Pain Management PA award. He also leads the American Academy of Pain Medicine Foundation and holds leadership roles in major professional organizations. 

🔑 Key Takeaways:

• The significant growth in APP roles offers expanded opportunities, especially in specialties like pain medicine, where multidisciplinary collaboration is essential and the patient population is ever-growing. 
• The transition from private practice to academia provides unique insights into differing healthcare dynamics, patient populations, and resource availability. 
• A foundation in teamwork and continued education is crucial for true success and effectiveness in a team-based healthcare model. 
• Advancements in APP practice have made it a rewarding career choice, especially for those seeking a balanced work-life and diverse professional experiences. 
• Building strong communication channels within multidisciplinary teams is vital to navigating challenges and ensuring optimal patient care.

Resources

• Jeremy A. Adler, DMSc, PA-C, DFAAPA: LinkedIn
• Jeremy A. Adler, DMSc, PA-C, DFAAPA, UCSD Center for Pain Medicine

*Views expressed by our guests are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of the hosts, their institutions, or the American Academy of Pain Medicine.

In this episode of Pain Matters, Shravani Durbhakula, MD, MPH, MBA, speaks with Maia Szalavitz, award-winning New York Times opinion writer and AAPM 2025 Featured Speaker. Recorded April 4, 2025, at the AAPM PainConnect 2025 meeting, their conversation explores themes from Szalavitz’s recent writing on addiction, harm reduction, and drug policy. Maia shares her personal journey through addiction and recovery, and offers insights into the critical distinction between dependence and addiction. They also discuss the effectiveness of harm reduction strategies when it comes to opioids, the potential of emerging treatments like Ozempic, and the role of media in shaping public understanding of addiction. Throughout, Szalavitz challenges traditional narratives and advocates for evidence-based, compassionate approaches to drug policy and treatment. She also offers tips for how medical professionals can make their voices heard. 

*Views expressed by our guests are their own and do not necessarily reflect those of the hosts, their institutions, or the American Academy of Pain Medicine. 

About the Guest: 

Maia Szalavitz
Maia Szalavitz is an acclaimed journalist and author known for her expertise in addiction, harm reduction, and drug policy. Having personally experienced addiction, Szalavitz's work draws deeply from her own journey to recovery. Her celebrated books include "Unbroken Brain: A Revolutionary New Way of Understanding Addiction" and "Undoing Drugs: The Untold Story of Harm Reduction and the Future of Addiction." Szalavitz frequently contributes to major publications with opinion pieces that challenge traditional views on addiction and advocate for science-based approaches to drug policy.  

Episode Summary: 

🔑 Key Takeaways

• Addiction vs. Dependence: Szalavitz emphasizes the critical distinction between physical dependence and true addiction — a nuance often misunderstood in both policy and clinical settings.
• Harm Reduction Works: Szalavitz says that strategies like syringe exchange and safe use education are not just compassionate — they’re backed by evidence and save lives.
• Ozempic and New Treatments: The conversation touches on the potential of drugs like Ozempic in treating addiction, and what the early research suggests.
• Media’s Role: Fair and science-based journalism is essential — Szalavitz critiques the harm caused by sensationalized or "artificially balanced" reporting on drug use.
• Policy Reform: Current drug policies often criminalize rather than help — Szalavitz calls for systemic change rooted in public health, not punishment. 

Resources:

• Maia Szalavitz: Personal Website 
• Books by Maia Szalavitz: Undoing Drugs, Unbroken Brain