Explorez tous les épisodes du podcast Nursing Mnemonics Podcast by NURSING.com (Nursing Podcast, NCLEX® Prep for nursing students)

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• C-Choking
• C-Coughing
• C-Cyanosis

A tracheal esophageal fistula (TEF) is a congenital abnormality in which there is an opening between the trachea and the esophagus. Surgery is required to repair the opening before a baby can receive oral nutrition. Signs and symptoms to identify TEF are choking, coughing, and cyanosis.

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• F-Feeding difficulty
• I-Inspiratory Stridor
• N-Nares Flares
• E-Expiratory Grunting
• S-Sternal Retractions

The above signs are indications that the patient is attempting to draw in more oxygen. The patient will begin to compensate for the decreased tissue oxygenation by exhibiting the following signs and symptoms.

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• C-Choking
• L-Lie on back
• E-Evaluate Airway
• F-Feed Slowly
• T-Teaching
• L-Larger nipple opening
• I-Increased incidence in males
• P-Prevent crust formation and aspiration

Cleft lip is a congenital slit in the skin above the lip, typically also associated with a cleft palate. The typical treatment is reconstructive surgery. Post op care includes monitoring for choking. Baby should lie on their back during sleep to prevent trauma to sutures. Make sure to evaluate the airway and ensure it is open and monitor for aspiration. Feed the baby slowly in an upright position with a larger nipple opening. Prevent crust formation. Lastly, provide teaching to parents regarding feeding and common care.

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• C-Child’s excessive knowledge of sex and abusive words
• H-Hair growth in various lengths
• I-Inconsistent stories from the child and parent/s
• L-Low self-esteem
• D-Depression
• A-Apathy, no emotion
• B-Bruised
• U-Unusual injuries
• S-Serious injuries
• E-Evidence of old injuries

Child abuse can be in many forms; physical, sexual, emotional, or neglect. Any act of commission or omission by a caregiver that harms or may cause harm to a child is child abuse. As a healthcare professional it is important to be in-tune with the preceding warning signs or indicators of child abuse.

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• 2A-Two Areolas, Two Arteries
• 1V-One Vagina, One Vein

To remember the vasculature in the umbilical cord, remember that the mom has: Two areolas; One Vagina. So, there are Two umbilical arteries, one umbilical vein.

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• A-Abdominal Pain
• C-Chest Pain
• H-Headache
• E-Eye Problems
• S-Severe Leg Pain

Because oral contraceptives can cause clots, we should monitor for the following serious complications in patients taking oral contraceptives: abdominal pain, chest pain, headache, eye problems, swelling or aching in the legs or thighs.

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• N-Non-reactive
• N-Non-Stress test is
• N-Not good

A non-reactive result in a non-stress test is not good. During a non-stress test the fetal heart rate is monitored during movement. A reactive result is a good sign indicating intact central and autonomic nervous system. A reactive non-stress test result would be 2 accelerations to a certain level for greater than 15 seconds within a 20 minute period. If this does not occur the test is non-reactive.

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• P-Period (menstrual: late, spotting, bleeding)
• A-Abdominal pain, dyspareunia (painful intercourse)
• I-Infection (abnormal vaginal discharge)
• N-Not feeling well, fever or chills
• S-String missing

An intrauterine device is inserted into the uterus and is used to prevent pregnancy. There are two different types: hormonal and copper IUD.

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• H-Hemolysis
• E-Elevated
• L-Liver function tests
• L-Low
• P-Platelet count

HELLP syndrome is a severe and life-threatening complication, typically related to preeclampsia. It typically occurs in the third trimester.The defining characteristics are hemolysis (breakdown of red blood cells), elevated liver enzymes, and low platelet count.

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• A-Amniocentesis
• L-L/S Ratio
• O-Oxytocin Test
• N-Non-Stress Test
• E-Estriol Level

An amniocentesis is performed during the prenatal period. A needle is inserted to obtain a sample of amniotic fluid, which can be used to identify chromosomal abnormalities. L/S ratio compares lecithin– phosphatidyl choline to sphingomyelin to identify infant lung maturity. The oxytocin test measures fetal heart rate during contractions induced by oxytocin. A non-stress test measures fetal heart rate while baby is at rest and while baby is moving. Estriol levels in mother’s blood can be a marker for fetal well-being.

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• V-Variable
• E-Early
• A-Accelerations
• L-Late
• C-Cord Compression
• H-Head Compression
• O-Okay
• P-Placental Insufficiency

A fetal acceleration is an abrupt increase in fetal heart rate above the established baseline. A fetal deceleration is a decrease in fetal heart rate below the established fetal heart rate. The VEAL CHOP nursing mnemonic can be used to help remember how to interpret fetal heart rate during labor. For example, early decelerations in FHR (fetal heart rate) indicate head compression. It is typical for decels in FHR during a contraction because of head compression, but FHR should return to normal when contraction ends.

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• R-Redness
• E-Edema
• E-Ecchymosis
• D-Discharge, Drainage
• A-Approximation

Redness with pain, excess edema, ecchymosis (bruising), or discharge/drainage from the wound can all be signs of problems with healing after an episiotomy. Wound edges should be well approximated. Topical ointments and ice packs may be indicated if there is pain or excess swelling, or other signs of infection.

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• T-Tetralogy of Fallot
• T-Truncus Arteriosus
• T-Transposition of the Great Vessels
• T-Tricuspid Atresia

Cyanotic heart defects are a group of congenital heart defects that result from deoxygenated blood by-passing the lungs and going into systemic circulation. Tetralogy of Fallot includes 4 anatomical abnormalities that are pictured below. Truncus Arteriosus is a condition where the pulmonary trunk and aorta don’t properly divide in development. This results in one large vessel carrying mixed blood to the heart, lungs, and systemic circulation. Transportation of the Great Vessels is a condition where vessels are swapped or may be in abnormal positions. Tricuspid Atresia is a condition where there is no tricuspid valve, which leads to an undersized or absent right ventricle.

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• D-Distractibility
• I-Indiscretion
• G-Grandiosity
•  
• F-Flight of Ideas
• A-Activity Increase
• S-Sleep Deficit
• T-Talkative

The above signs would be indicative of a patient experiencing a manic episode. A manic episode is a state in which the patient experiences abnormally elevated mood, typically lasting at least one week. Think of a dog ‘manically’ digging for a bone.

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• S-Sleep Disturbances
• I-Interest Decreased
• G-Guilty Feelings
• N-No Energy
• S-Sadness (Crying spells)

Monitor for these SIGNS in patients that may be at risk for depression.

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• DEMENTIA Make certain they don’t have problems with:
• D-Drugs and alcohol
• E-Eyes and ears
• M-Metabolic and endocrine disorders
• E-Emotional disorders
• N-Neurologic disorders
• T-Tumors and trauma
• I-Infection
• A-Arteriovascular disease

When assessing a patient for dementia it is important to ensure that one of the following listed conditions isn’t an underlying cause for the dementia symptoms.

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• A-Amenorrhea
• N-No organic factors accounts for weight loss
• O-Obviously thin but feels FAT
• R-Refusal to maintain normal body weight
• E-Epigastric discomfort is common
• X-X-symptoms (peculiar symptoms)
• I-Intense fears of gaining weight
• A-Always thinking of food

Anorexia nervosa is an eating disorder characterized by low body weight and periods of starvation or binging and purging. The lack of adequate nutrition and fat stores can lead to amenorrhea. Patients with anorexia will feel fat even if underweight, as anorexia is an unhealthy way to cope with emotional problems. Binging and purging can lead to damage of the GI tract and epigastric discomfort. Some peculiar symptoms may also be seen: abnormal blood counts, bluish discoloration of the fingers, hair that thins, breaks or falls out, or soft downy hair covering the body.

• B-Binge eating
• U-Under strict dieting
• L-Lacks control/over-eating Induced vomiting
• M-Minimum of two binge eating episodes
• I-Increase/Persistent concern of body size/shape
• A-Abuse of diuretics and laxatives

Bulimia is an eating disorder characterized by binging and purging. Patients may go through periods of excessive eating and then try to purge be inducing vomiting, taking laxatives or diuretics, or going through periods of fasting.

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• B-Brain Damage
• A-Alcoholic Hallucinations
• D-Death

Abuse of alcohol can lead to very BAD outcomes. Emergent treatment should be provided for patients who have overdosed.

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• A-Acid-Base Problems
• E-Electrolyte Problems
• I-Intoxications
• O-Overload of fluids
• U-Uremic Symptoms

As a patient progresses from chronic kidney disease to end stage renal disease the need for dialysis becomes more imminent. When the kidneys are no longer able to filter the blood alone you will see problematic metabolic acidosis since they kidneys can’t excrete excess acids that are in the blood. During kidney failure, excess potassium isn’t excreted and levels will start to rise. The kidneys help remove certain medications from the body, and when they aren’t working, toxicity can occur even with normal doses. Patients with ESRD become fluid overloaded due to inadequate urine production. Uremia will occur as the body can’t excrete enough urea.

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• T-Tissue Perfusion Problems
• R-Respiratory Problems
• A-Anxiety
• U-Unstable Clotting Factors
• M-Malnutrition
• A-Altered Body Image
• T-Thromboembolism / fat embolism
• I-Infection
• C-Coping Problems

In trauma the patient needs to be quickly assessed for adequate perfusion as part of the trauma survey. Trauma can lead to overt or covert blood loss resulting in shock. If there is significant blood loss, the patient may develop disseminated intravascular coagulation as they begin to deplete their available clotting factors.

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• A-Airway
• B-Breathing
• C-Circulation
• D-Disability
• E-Expose / Examine
• F-Full set of Vitals
• G-Give Comfort Measures
• H-Head to Toe Assessment
• I-Inspect Posterior

Rapid assessment and treatment of the trauma patient is essential to their overall survival. Working through this framework will aid in remembering where to focus your efforts. Always remember your ABC and patient safety. Once those have been secured, you can move on to less vital components.

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• P-Psychologic
• D-Delirium
• I-Infection
• A-Atrophic Urethra
• P-Pharmaceuticals – blood pressure medication, antidepressants, diuretics, sleeping pills
• E-Excess Urine Output
• R-Restricted Mobility
• S-Stool Impaction

These are common causes of transient incontinence – when a patient cannot hold their urine and becomes incontinent without warning, periodically. This occurs in children and commonly in older adults

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• T-Tachycardia
• T-Tachypnea
• T-Tremors
• T-Toxic look
• T-Tiredness
• T-Temperature (fever)

Sepsis is a systemic response to inflammation as a result of uncontrolled infection. There is also a release of cytokines which lead to further inflammation and vascular dilation. Blood is shunted from the essential organs to non essential organs (the skin) leading to increased body temperature (along with response to infection). The heart begins to beat faster in response to the infection and to the decreased cardiac output as a result of the massive vasodilation.

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• M-Morphine
• A-Aminophylline
• D-Digitalis
• D-Diuretics
• O-Oxygen
• G-Gases

The therapeutic managment for a patient with pulmonary edema

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• F-Frequency
• U-Urgency
• N-Nocturia

As a patient begins to develop prostate enlargement they will start to demonstrate urinary symptoms including those listed below.

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• Promotion:
• P-Position
• O-Output
• O-Offer Fluids
• P-Privacy
• E-Exercise
• R-Report Results
• Evaluation:
• S-Size (Amount)
• C-Consistency
• O-Occult Blood
• O-Odor
• P-Peristalsis

Use the mnemonic POOPER to remember things that will promote normal bowel function, and SCOOP to remember what to evaluate about a patient’s bowel movement.

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• P-Pupils
• E-Equal
• R-Round
• R-Reactive
• L-Light
• A-Accommadation

Under normal circumstances the pupils will be equally round, react briskly to light, and will also accommodate when an item moves closer.

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• O-Onset
• P-Provoke or palliative
• Q-Quality or character
• R-Region or radiation
• S-Signs, severity, symptoms
• T-Time of onset, duration and intensity

It is important not only to assess and document pain, but also assess and document the following characteristics so that the appropriate interventions occur.

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• A-Alcohol use
• C-Corticosteroids
• C-Calcium use
• E-Estrogen low
• S-Smoking
• S-Sedentary lifestyle

Common risk factors for osteoporosis

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• A-Asymmetry- is the mole irregular in shape?
• B-Border- is the border irregular, notched, or poorly defined?
• C-Color- does the color vary (for example, between shades of brown, red, white, blue, or black)?
• D-Diameter- is the diameter more than 6 mm?
• E-Elevation or Evolution – is it raised or has it changed in the last 6 months

Evaluation of irregular moles that could possibly be cancerous

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• M-Morphine
• O-Oxygen
• N-Nitrates (Nitroglycerin)
• A-Aspirin (ASA)
• T-Thrombolytics
• A-Anticoagulants
• S-Stool Softeners

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• M-Morphine
• O-Oxygen
• N-Nitrates (Nitroglycerin)
• A-Aspirin (ASA)

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• Right
• C-coronary
• A-artery
• M-marginal artery
• P-posterior intraventricular artery
• Left
• A-anterior descending artery
• C-circumflex artery

Locations of the different coronary arteries on the right and left sides

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• A-Anemia
• N-Neutropenia
• T-Thrombocytopenia

Leukemia can lead to anemia as it will disrupt the production of blood within the bone marrow. Neutropenia is a natural result of leukemia as the body’s supply of white blood cells is decreased. Thrombocytopenia is a reduced platelet count which can also result from leukemia, especially in infants.

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• H-Hepatomegaly
• E-Edema (Bipedal)
• A-Ascites
• D-Distended Neck Veins

• C-Cough
• H-Hemoptysis
• O-Orthopnea
• P-Pulmonary Congestion (crackles/rales) 

Right sided heart failure will primarily manifest as central edema as the right side of the heart takes fluid from the body and moves it forward. If this portion of the pump is broken, fluid will become “backed up” behind the pump and therefore within the body.

Left sided heart failure will primarily manifest as pulmonary edema as the left side of the heart moves blood from the lungs throughout the body. If this portion of the pump is broken the blood will become “backed up” within the lungs. Left sided heart failure can often lead to right sided heart failure.

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• H-Heat
• I-Indurations (hardening)
• P-Pain
• E-Edema
• R-Redness

In response to tissue damage the body elicits the inflammatory response in attempt to rid itself of the initial offender. These attempts can sometimes become more of a problem than a solution.

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• Early Hypoxia:
• R-Restlessness
• A-Anxiety
• T-Tachycardia / Tachypnea
•  
• Late Hypoxia:
• B-Bradycardia
• E-Extreme Restlessness
• D-Dyspnea

Patients experiencing hypoxia will initially demonstrate signs of anxiety and restlessness. As hypoxia continues, the patients conditions deteriorates to bradycardia and dyspnea.

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• T-Tachycardia
• I-Irritability
• R-Restless
• E-Excessive Hunger
• D-Diaphoresis / Depression

During hypoglycemia the serum glucose level is too low. Cells of the body can’t get adequate energy supply when there is not enough sugar in the blood. You will feel TIRED and have the symptoms listed above.

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• C-Coronary Artery Disease
• C-Coronary Rheumatic Fever
• C-Congestive Heart Failure
• C-Cerebral Vascular Accident

Complications of untreated hypertension

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• Dry & Hot = Sugar High

• Cold & Clammy = Needs Candy

During hyperglycemia, a patient is dehydrated with elevated blood sugars. You can also remember “High and Dry”  

During hypoglycemia , patient is cold and clammy and they need carb source to bring their sugar back up 

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• A-Aortic
• P-Pulmonic
• E-Erbs points
• T-Tricuspid
• M-Mitral

Aortic and Pulmonic (A&P): 2 words, 2 spaces; these coincide in that they are both in the 2nd intercostal space. A is immediately to the right of the sternum, P is immediately to the left of the sternum. Erb’s point: Erb has 3 letters; you can find this point in the 3rd intercostal space (just to the left of the sternum), also the 3rd space to auscultate Tricuspid: 5th intercostal, just to the left of the sternum. Tri = 3, this is the fourth place to auscultate in the 5th intercostal space! Mitral: Mit sounds similar to mid.. Midclavicular area and straight down just below nipple line.

Another variation of this mnemonic is:

The idea is the same . . . A.P.E.T.M . . . once you nail this you will be a pro at heart assessment.

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• B-Barley
• R-Rye
• O-Oats
• W-Wheat

Gluten is a protein found in wheat, barley and rye. People with gluten allergies can be affected by even trace amount of gluten in foods. If they don’t feel good, they’ll furrow their BROW. Oats do not contain gluten, but they are often milled in the same factories as wheat. Always check food labels to make sure a product is gluten free.

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• F- Frequency (3x per week)
• I-Intensity (60-80% of Maximal Heart Rate)
• T-Time (Aerobic Activity)

If you want to get FIT, follow these guidelines for exercise!

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• A-Airway Closed
• I-Increased Pulse
• R-Restlessness
•  
• R-Retractions- occur when the muscles between the ribs pull inward
• A-Anxiety
• I-Increased Inspiratory Stridor- high-pitched breath sound resulting from turbulent airflow in the larynx
• D-Drooling

The epiglottis is a flap of cartilage that covers the entrance to our airway when we swallow food. Inflammation of the epiglottis can close off the airway entirely.

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• B-Banana
• R-Rice
• A-Apple
• T-Toast

The BRAT diet is a bland diet that is low in protein, fiber, and fat. It is thought to be easy on the GI tract and helpful to lesson diarrhea. It is not used commonly anymore because of the lack of protein in the diet.

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• O-Olfactory
• O-Optic
• O-Oculomotor
• T-Trochlear
• T-Trigeminal
• A-Abducens
• F-Facial
• V-Vestibulocochlear
• G-Glossopharyngeal
• V-Vagus
• A-Accessory
• H-Hypoglossal

This is one mnemonic that can help you remember the order of the twelve cranial nerves. Remember the Spinal Accessory nerve (CN XI) can also be called the “Accessory”

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• P-Peripheral edema
• R-Raised JVP
• H-Hepatomegaly
• T-Tricuspid incompetence

Cor pulmonale is an enlargement of the right side of the heart caused by a problem with the lungs or pulmonary vessels. This pneumonic represents the symptoms

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• P-Pain
• P-Paresthesia
• P-Paralysis
• P-Pulse
• P-Pallor (Paleness)

Check for the 5 P’s in every neurovascular check. For example, when the patient has a cast, or had some sort of orthopedic or vascular procedure

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• S-Salivation
• L-Lacrimation
• U-Urination
• D-Defecation

A cholinergic crisis can occur if the body stops properly breaking down Acetylcholine. This can cause overactivity of Acetylcholine at the neuromuscular junction. Acetylcholine is part of Rest & Digest (Parasympathetic) – so we see overactive digestion and secretion.

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• U-sit Upright
• N-Nitro
• L-Lasix
• O-Oxygen
• A-Aminophylline
• D-Digoxin
• F-Fluids – decrease
• A-Afterload – decrease
• S-Sodium – decrease
• T-Tests: dig level, ABG, K+

These treatments used in conjunction will help in reducing the symptoms and complications associated with CHF.