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Immigration roundup: August 202405 Sep 202400:42:54

Barry joins Sonia again this month to look back at what happened in August. We cover the latest statistics on asylum, immigration and trafficking. There are a couple of cases relating to asylum family reunion, as well as a policy change for those separated during Operation Pitting. Other cases covered included deprivation of citizenship, an unsuccessful challenge to legal aid provision for young people and a successful challenge by Bail for Immigration Detainees in a freedom of information challenge. We also discuss updates on a couple of reports from the Solicitors Regulation Authority and the latest on what is happening with Tech Nation.

The 43 minute podcast follows the running order below:

 

Asylum (00:55)

Latest statistics show little movement on the asylum backlog, drop in students and health and care workers

Positive decisions by immigration authority remain very low in latest trafficking statistics

Unsuccessful challenge to lack of legal aid for asylum interviews

Appeal against grant of limited bail on Diego Garcia dismissed

No discrimination found against Afghan man blocked from Ukraine schemes

Tribunal orders Home Office to disclose information on emergency travel documents for Somalia and Eritrea

New country of origin information on children and young people from Sudan

Home Office finally announces separated families route for Afghan evacuated families

How to prepare suicide risk cases

 

General immigration (22:40)

A step by step guide to applying for an eVisa

Solicitors Regulation Authority publishes reviews of training records and asylum legal services

 

Family (29:15)

Upper Tribunal says that article 8 rights of overseas family members must be considered

 

Work routes (33:25)

A route of last resort: two years of the UK Expansion Worker visa

The latest on Tech Nation and the Global Talent route

 

Nationality (35:40)

Court of Appeal dismisses appeal against deprivation of citizenship

 

Updated (38:25)

Leave to remain application date: how to calculate it and why it is important

How to apply for a UK Ancestry visa

How much does it cost to sponsor someone for a UK work visa?

Briefing: what is leave outside the rules?

Will I need Electronic Travel Authorisation to enter the UK?

Immigration roundup: July 202406 Aug 202400:53:28

It's August and Colin is away on holiday so Sonia was joined by a very special guest, Barry O'Leary, for the July roundup. Sonia and Barry discussed the end of the Rwanda scheme and the resumed processing of asylum cases, things not to do when carrying out an asylum backlog clearance, and the latest pause on decision making. They also cover the many EU Settlement Scheme cases that came out in July, the Windrush Compensation Scheme, a very popular post on a case involving estoppel and passports, and much much more.

The 53 minute podcast follows the running order below:


Asylum (00:55)

The Rwanda policy is in its death throes

Asylum processing to resume as new regulations allow grants of leave to be made

Lessons to be learned from the last asylum backlog clearance exercise

Successful challenge by Masters student to asylum accommodation move

Freedom of information request shows increase in multiple asylum interview invites for applicants

Asylum Support Tribunal says it can consider lawfulness of Home Office withdrawal of asylum claims

High Court finds trafficking decision unlawful for failure to consider all available evidence

Policy on leave to remain for survivors of trafficking continues to cause confusion and distress

Home Secretary delayed decisions on trafficking victims’ cases because of Rwanda policy – paving the way for potential damages claims  

 

EU Settlement Scheme (17:30)

Lengthy absences from the UK can still put EU settled status at risk

EU Settlement Scheme: automatic extensions and potential curtailments

Home Office policy on delaying consideration of EUSS applications held to be unlawful

Court of Appeal finds breach of Withdrawal Agreement in “mystery” stamp case

Court of Appeal resolves ambiguity about assumed dependency in EU Settlement Scheme

Detention (28:07)

Harmondsworth detention centre inspection report: “worst conditions” ever seen

 

Nationality (30:30)

Briefing: a guide to applications to the Windrush Compensation Scheme

High Court finds passport office prevented from refusing passport to person who may not actually be British

High Court upholds refusal to register child as a British Citizen

 

Points Based System (38:30)

High Court confirms that mandatory sponsor licence revocation is actually mandatory in latest care home case

How the UK’s systems for dealing with overseas entertainers have descended into farce and how they can be improved

 

Procedure (41:42)

eVisas: who is affected and what steps to take now

First-tier Tribunal judge carried out “wholly inappropriate” cross-examination of appellant

 

Immigration (48:20)

New Home Office guidance clarifies transitional provisions for absences in the 10 year long residence route

Immigration roundup: November 202307 Dec 202300:37:31

Our November roundup is here, where Colin and I cover the latest asylum and trafficking statistics, changes to the way late applications to the EUSS are treated, questions the SRA still hasn't answered, a couple of articles on Palestinians as well as quite a lot of case law.


Policy (00:45)

Assessing Braverman’s legacy as Home Secretary: Part Deux

 

Asylum (02:10)

Latest statistics show huge increase in rejections of late EU settlement scheme applications, no evidence that Rwanda has impacted Channel crossings


Briefing: four looming problems in the UK asylum system and how to address them


Permission granted in challenge to rejection of Albanian asylum claim


Returning a refugee to persecution must be a last resort


India and Georgia to be added to the list of ‘safe’ countries


Gaza: what is the UK doing to rescue British citizens and their family members?


Damages claim for asylum delay dismissed by Court of Appeal


Upper Tribunal failed to properly assess whether error of law was material in asylum appeal

 

Immigration (16:10)

Court of Appeal tells Home Office to reconsider “plainly wrong” decision on Turkish business person application


Deception case returned to the Upper Tribunal after material error of law made


Making sense of sole responsibility for child visas in immigration law

 

Deportation (19:10)

Court of Appeal says deportation of mother of British child not “unduly harsh”

 

Nationality (20:45)

Court of Appeal dismisses appeal on interpretation of nationality law

 

Trafficking (21:55)

Latest trafficking figures show benefit of change in Home Office policy


The UK must improve labour market enforcement in order to tackle exploitation of workers


Increasing numbers of sponsored migrant workers are being exploited in the UK

 

EU Settlement Scheme (26:05)

Important changes to the way late EUSS applications are treated


Court of Appeal dismisses government appeal on access to benefits for people with pre settled status

 

Procedure (28:38)

How to become an OISC level 2 adviser


Government should not routinely remove names of civil servants in judicial review disclosure


Guidance in Begum on deprivation decisions is not restricted to national security cases

Solicitors Regulation Authority has questions to answer about their “warning” to immigration solicitors


Late evidence from the Home Office can be admitted in an appeal where the appellant was aware of it

 

Updated article (34:30)

Briefing: Article 1D of the Refugee Convention and Palestinian refugees

Immigration update podcast, episode 5921 Dec 201800:25:09
Welcome to the November 2018 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month we again take it from the top with the Supreme Court’s latest attempt to cut through the complexity of our immigration law before turning to a major High Court decision on trafficking. November also saw the Home Office roll out a new in-country application system, so we’ll discuss what we know about that so far. There’s then some Upper Tribunal case law on appeals, asylum and Article 3 to chew on, and we conclude on the now-infamous paragraph 322(5).

If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 40 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 25-minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
Human rights
Supreme Court decides meaning of “precarious immigration status” and “financially independent”
Exceptional circumstances in a spouse or partner visa application under Appendix FM
Trafficking
Major court win for trafficking victims as subsistence payment cut is reversed
Procedure
The new UK in-country visa application system
Family of four face removal for failing to tick box on visa application form

Appeals law
A “new matter” includes EU law arguments
Upper Tribunal grants general permission to appeal to Afghan hijackers
Asylum
Immigration Rules on humanitarian protection conflict with EU law
Home Office “too accepting” of dire asylum accommodation, immigration inspector finds
Article 3
Immigration update podcast, episode 5821 Nov 201800:32:25
Welcome to the October 2018 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. We posted 40 articles on the blog last month, but are realistically limited in a podcast to discussing the most important ten or so. A Supreme Court judgment obviously qualifies, so we start with that one on how the best interests of children factor into removal decisions before turning to another case involving children, this time in the Upper Tribunal. There’s also a set of changes to the Immigration Rules to mug up on.
Most of the rest of this month’s update is case law, of which the most significant case may be on Surinder Singh rights. There are a couple of asylum decisions to be aware of also, albeit on reasonably niche issues, as well as some new unlawful detention cases. We round off on two reported cases from the Upper Tribunal, one on trafficking and one on Article 8.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 40 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 32-minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
Children
Supreme Court: bad behaviour by parent irrelevant to best interests of children
Upper Tribunal tackles the law on the parent/child relationship
Immigration Rules
New statement of changes to the Immigration Rules: HC 1534
EU
Courts foil Home Office attempt to hamstring Surinder Singh rights
Detention
Split Court of Appeal finds that asylum seekers were unlawfully detained
Failure to carry out proper medical assessment makes detention unlawful
Asylum
Home Office CAN speak to your persecutor without asking you
Court of Appeal says...
Immigration update podcast, episode 5718 Oct 201800:33:03
Welcome to the September 2018 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. We tried something a bit different this month. CJ and I ran the podcast together in a more conversational style. To keep the length reasonable we’ve focussed in on fewer subjects but covered them in a bit more depth. Let us know if you think it is better or worse in comments, please! We’ll try again in the same style for the next couple of months and see how it goes. It was a new experience for us and we’d hope we’d improve with practice.
We start by talking about deprivation of citizenship, before moving on to Brexit. There’s less case law to cover than usual, but a few interesting decisions and policy changes on asylum, deportation and human rights are worth reviewing.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 40 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 33-minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
Nationality
Deprivation of citizenship justified by treasonous conduct finds Court of Appeal
How can the Home Office tear up the British passport of a six-year-old boy born in Leeds?
Brexit
Brexit no deal: immigration and the status of EU and UK citizens
Asylum
Fellow church-goers can give “expert evidence” on an asylum seeker’s conversion to Christianity
Stateless refugee family win right to have claims decided in UK
Refugee children to be granted “Calais leave”
Fixing refugee family reunion system not a Home Office priority, inspector says
Deportation
EU law can be used to challenge employment restrictions imposed during deportation proceedings
Immigration update podcast, episode 5628 Sep 201800:24:58
Welcome to the August 2018 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month I start on two subjects I’ve always been interested in, refusals of visit visa applications and the power to deprive people of their British citizenship. Both came to public attention in August due to media coverage. From there we go to the more specialist realm of procedure, including some significant new guidance on awarding costs against the Home Office. Then I mention a few developments in human rights and EU law, including Brexit, before finishing on some interesting new judgments on human trafficking.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 40 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 25-minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
Visit visas
What’s going on with UK visit visas?
Visit visa refusals: appeal or judicial review?
Citizenship
How is the government using its increased powers to strip British people of their citizenship?
Procedure
New guidance on costs awards against the Home Office could transform immigration appeals
Upper Tribunal should correct its money laundering warning to immigration solicitors
Upper Tribunal’s error of law reasoning can very rarely be altered when a decision is re-made
Human rights
When does bad immigration advice affect a human rights appeal?
Migrants need the right to work while fighting immigration cases
How to apply for a UK spouse or partner visa
What are the financial requirements for UK spouse and partner visas?
EU law
Immigration update podcast, episode 5511 Sep 201800:30:17
Welcome to the July 2018 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month I start by discussing some developments in nationality law, then cover the EU Settlement Scheme that is starting to take shape and currently being piloted. While we await Brexit, EU law still applies, so we cover a judgment on the Surinder Singh immigration route as well as changes to the EEU Regulations. Then some material on asylum and detention, before the usual procedural update.
If you are a lawyer and would like to claim CPD (Continuing Professional Development) points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 80 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 30-minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
Nationality
Home Office makes almost £100 million from children registering as British citizens
Part of the British Nationality Act 1981 found incompatible with human rights law
Home Office unlawfully nullifies British citizenship in hundreds of cases
People can now be deprived of their British citizenship by email
Brexit
New statement of changes to the Immigration Rules: CM 9675
Campaigners publish legal analysis of EU Settlement Scheme
How will Brexit affect Irish citizens in the UK?
What the Brexit White Paper says about immigration
EU law
Court of Justice finds Surinder Singh applies to extended family members
Changes to the EEA Regulations come into force on 24 July 2018
Asylum
Immigration update podcast, episode 5403 Aug 201800:29:04
Welcome to the June 2018 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. I start this month with a whistle-stop tour of some of the latest changes to the Immigration Rules before highlighting a couple of procedural changes, including the end of special deadlines for the Home Office in judicial review cases. Then to Brexit, as the government published something approaching a plan on citizens’ rights, and then to some judgments around children and families. I then note some case law on trafficking, deportation and asylum before ending on a note of alarm on immigration bail accommodation. This month we published a lot of new or updated explainers on many of these topics, which I won’t attempt to summarise in the podcast but will flag up as we go through.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 40 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 25-minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
Immigration Rules
New statement of changes to the Immigration Rules: HC1154
Procedure
Tribunal belatedly ends Home Office exemption from judicial review time “rules”
Immigration tribunal Practice Statements re-issued almost unchanged
Leave to remain application date: how to calculate it and why it is important
Brexit
Settled status scheme slowly taking shape as ministers reveal new details
How to apply for “settled status” for EU citizens (updated)
Briefing: What are the barriers to British citizenship for EU nationals?
Families
Same-sex spouses should benefit from free movement rights, says CJEU
Immigration update podcast, episode 5306 Jul 201800:32:44
Welcome to the May 2018 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. It was a bumper month for immigration and asylum law updates, with 61 posts published on Free Movement in May. I can’t possibly cover everything, but the highlights include an important High Court intervention on automatic detention and new judicial guidance on immigration bail. From there I move on to the latest case law from the Court of Justice of the European Union and then return to the UK for some developments on the now infamous Windrush cases. Then there are some new cases in the rather different areas of business and asylum and the usual dry but vital procedural changes.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 40 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 30-minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
Detention
High Court throws spanner in the works of automatic detention policy
New guidance for judges on granting immigration bail
Luxembourg
Entry bans don’t preclude residence card applications, says Court of Justice
Can war criminals be expelled or excluded under EU law? It depends
Jumping the gun in Dublin III cases
Court of Justice to decide whether self-employed women have Saint Prix maternity rights
Windrush
New details on help for the Windrush generation
An overlooked weapon in Windrush cases: judicial review
Business
Carriers’ liability: Ryanair challenges the Secretary of State – and loses
Immigration update podcast, episode 5208 Jun 201800:39:57
Welcome to the April 2018 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This was the month that the Windrush scandal came to a head, so I start by focusing on the fallout from that before looking at an issue that would otherwise have led this update: more law firms in serious trouble with the regulator over their conduct of litigation. It’s not just those representing migrants who the judges took to task, though: the Home Office has been strongly criticised by the Court of Appeal for its performance in court. Finally I run through some interesting and/or significant case law (“interesting” and “significant” not always being synonymous, sadly) in the fields of deportation and asylum before finishing on the nature of human rights appeals to the tribunal.
The material is all drawn from the April blog posts on Free Movement.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 40 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 40 minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
Windrush fallout
Legal aid would have prevented the Windrush scandal
What the Home Office is (finally) doing for the Windrush generation
Guest post: the fee for children to register as British is the next Windrush scandal
Briefing: what is the hostile environment, where does it come from, who does it affect?
Hamid cases
Malik Law Chambers solicitors shut down by regulator
Immigration solicitor strike-off appeal fails as more firms face misconduct investigations
High Court’s denunciation of immigration lawyers will have a chilling effect
Home Office litigation
Court of Appeal to Home Office: go away
Unlawful delays by the Home Office: a line in the sand
Deportation
...
Immigration update podcast, episode 5109 May 201800:19:07
Welcome to the March 2018 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month I start on the Brexit outlook for EU citizens before turning to several immigration law issues affecting children that came to light in March. The Upper Tribunal reported a fresh batch of decisions, a couple on its jurisdiction and some more on other procedural bits and pieces. I end on a couple of cases and developments in the area of business immigration.
The material is all drawn from the March 2018 blog posts on Free Movement.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 40 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 20 minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
Brexit
Brexit: settled status and citizens’ rights – what has been agreed?
EU families to fall through Brexit cracks despite settled status agreement
Children
New guidance on family and private life applications: a harsher test for parents of British kids?
“Powerful reasons” needed to remove a child from UK after seven years
Challenging good character refusals in British citizenship applications
Stateless child denied leave to remain
Home Office has relapsed in treatment of refugee children, inspection finds
Tribunal: jurisdiction
Tribunal reclaims jurisdiction to review deprivation of citizenship discretion
Tribunal slapped down on power to review trafficking decisions
Tribunal: procedure
Interview: Giles Peaker on housing law blogging08 May 201800:22:15
Housing solicitor Giles Peaker was an accomplished art historian before turning to the law at the age of 40, rising to become a partner at Anthony Gold within five years of qualification. He founded the Nearly Legal blog while still a paralegal. Initially a repository for reflections on becoming a lawyer, it is now the go-to source of commentary on housing law issues, described by Inside Housing as “a must-read for housing lawyers and the wider housing sector”. A former Chair of the Housing Law Practitioners Association, Giles was recently shortlisted in the housing category of the Legal Aid Lawyer of the Year awards. He is one of the prime movers behind a new bill on housing standards that is currently making its way through Parliament.
In this podcast, Giles reflects on “the world’s dullest mid-life crisis”, his favourite posts on Nearly Legal and why so few other solicitors seem to blog compared to barristers. Press play or any of the links above to listen.
This is the third in a monthly series of discussions with some of the UK’s leading legal bloggers, extracts from which are being added to the Free Movement training course Introduction to legal blogging.
 
Rwanda discussion and immigration roundup: October 202322 Nov 202300:39:56

Our October immigration round up is here and we have also included discussion of the Supreme Court's decision in the Rwanda litigation. As well as that, Colin and Sonia covered everything from fishing to legal aid shortages via eSports, medico-legal reports, public funds and the shortage occupation list. We're still not entirely sure that either of us are pronouncing "refoulement" properly.

Timestamps are below, the link to the quiz will be included when we post about this episode on Free Movement. Rwanda (00:58)

Supreme Court finds Rwanda is not a safe country to which refugees can be removed Reflections on the Supreme Court's Rwanda judgment


Blog news (10:15)

Free Movement 2023 reader survey results

 

Asylum (12:55)

High Court success in challenge to move of highly vulnerable asylum seeker away from his support network 

Over half the people seeking asylum are now unable to access a legal aid lawyer 

Safe Passage report: the case for safe routes 

What is a medico-legal report? 

Medico-legal reports: how to instruct and common mistakes to avoid  

New asylum processes set up on disputed territory of Diego Garcia

Court of Appeal gives guidance on sentencing for small boats prosecutions

Fairness in safe third country removals: the Court of Appeal’s judgment in Asylum Aid’s case

 

Policy (25:35)

Migration Advisory Committee recommends shortage occupation list is abolished  

 

Immigration (28:54)

The effect of the Nationality and Borders Act 2022 on the fishing industry

Home Office concedes latest challenge to no recourse to public funds policy

Do foreign gamers need a visa to play competitive eSports in the UK?  

TLScontact in unsuccessful challenge to new Home Office contract  

 

Nationality (37:32)

Court of Appeal upholds deprivation of citizenship decision 

 

Updated articles (38:55)

What are the 10 and 20 year rules on long residence? 

Briefing: what is the law on deporting foreign criminals and their human rights? 


Immigration update podcast, episode 5010 Apr 201800:29:12
Welcome to the February 2018 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month I look at some legal developments with Brexit and review no less than three Supreme Court decisions on immigration, nationality and detention. There have also been some case law on the Points Based System, which I look at alongside the worrying trend in Tier 2 visa applicants being turned away. There are a couple of new Court of Appeal and Upper Tribunal authorities touching on procedure that are worth being aware of, and a few other cases in a range of different areas, all important in their own way.
The material is all drawn from the February 2018 blog posts on Free Movement.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 40 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 30 minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
Brexit
What does the EU’s draft Brexit agreement say about citizens’ rights?
Blocking Brexit: Article 50 in the Scottish Court of Session
In the Supreme Court
Do unrecognised adoptions confer EU free movement rights? Maybe… (SM (Algeria) v Entry Clearance Officer [2018] UKSC 9)
Landmark Supreme Court decision overrules historic gender discrimination in British citizenship (Advocate General for Scotland v Romein [2018] UKSC 6)
Home Office could not impose bail on migrant who cannot lawfully be detained (B (Algeria) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2018] UKSC 5)
Points Based System
High Court gives useful steer on the Resident Labour Market Test (R (Khan) v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2018] EWHC 105 (Admin...
Interview: Lucy Reed on family law blogging05 Apr 201800:23:16
When I first started blogging I was really an oddity for being a lawyer that would effectively self-publish. People couldn’t quite work out why I was doing it and assumed that I was some sort of PR-hungry attention junkie. There were some people who thought that it was inappropriate for a lawyer to be doing this sort of thing at all. Someone in my former chambers made a complaint to the head of chambers because it was thought to be inappropriate. Rather too much like his wife’s Heat magazine. But that didn’t go very far and I’ve been blogging ever since.
Lucy Reed has been writing about family law at Pink Tape (“a blog from the family bar”) since 2007. A barrister at St John’s Chambers, Lucy is one of a select few legal bloggers to come recommended by the Court of Appeal. Her work on public legal education extends beyond WordPress: she is the author of a book for litigants in person, The Family Court without a Lawyer, and has over 120,000 views on a series of accompanying YouTube videos. Lucy is also a strong advocate of transparency and openness in the family courts: along with colleagues from the Transparency Project, she has recently published another book on Transparency in the Family Courts: Publicity and Privacy in Practice.
In this podcast, Lucy reflects on her experience of challenging misreporting in the media, the overlap between legal and journalistic skills and how to communicate complex ideas to different audiences. Press play or any of the links above to listen.
This is the second in a monthly series of discussions with some of the UK’s leading legal bloggers, extracts from which are being added to the Free Movement training course Introduction to legal blogging. Coming up in May: Giles Peaker on housing law blogging.
 
Interview: Adam Wagner on human rights blogging05 Mar 201800:25:30
Barrister Adam Wagner founded the widely acclaimed UK Human Rights Blog at 1 Crown Office Row in 2010. He went on to found RightsInfo, an online platform that aims to build knowledge and support for human rights, and now practises out of Doughty Street Chambers. Both initiatives speak to his talent as a communicator of, and advocate for, human rights law in the UK.
In this podcast, Adam reflects on the reasons for his online success, how Twitter is now an effective platform for blogging in its own right and why CVs are a useless guide to a lawyer’s blogging potential. Press play or any of the links above to listen.
This is the first in a monthly series of discussions with some of the UK’s leading legal bloggers, extracts from which are being added to the Free Movement training course Introduction to legal blogging. Coming up in April: Lucy Reed on family law blogging.
Immigration update podcast, episode 4926 Feb 201800:27:56
Welcome to the January 2018 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month I start with a follow-up to the Immigration Rules changes covered last month and discuss the commencement of the immigration bail provisions of the Immigration Act 2016. I go on to look at the application process for “settled status”, the legal situation on appeal rights against refusals of visit visas, return to the UK for those subjected to out-of-country appeals and discuss several CJEU cases including two on Dublin III processes. I round off with some domestic cases including on trafficking damages, costs and the Points Based System.
The material is all drawn from the January 2018 blog posts on Free Movement.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 40 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 25 minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
Major changes
Big changes to continuous residence rule for ILR applicants
New immigration bail and detention powers in force from 15 January
How to apply for “settled status” and “temporary status”: a guessing game
Appeal rights
Court of Appeal stomps on human rights appeals for visitors
Court of Appeal gets it badly wrong on out-of-country appeals
EU asylum
No psychological tests on gay asylum seekers, Court of Justice rules
Court of Justice clarifies Dublin III transfer procedure
Unaccompanied children and Dublin III: the latest instalment
Other cases
Internal relocation may not be “unduly harsh” on criminals
How immigration bail really works: scenes from Hatton Cross immigration tribunal13 Feb 201800:10:40
Free Movement deputy editor Conor James McKinney has been exploring the day-to-day workings of the immigration tribunals. Above is a discussion with Emily Dugan of BuzzFeed News, a journalist with a long-standing interest in immigration and asylum issues whose latest report on the subject was published over the weekend. Below are CJ’s own impressions after a recent visit to the immigration bail list at Hatton Cross tribunal hearing centre.
“I hate this place”, David says fervently. A barrister from a prestigious London chambers, his dream Thursday morning clearly does not involve pacing a charmless tribunal corridor in the middle of a west London industrial estate. But then nobody at Hatton Cross, from the judges on down, seems particularly delighted to be here.
This hearing centre, hard by Heathrow airport, is one of the largest branches of the First-tier Tribunal (Immigration and Asylum Chamber) in the country. Hatton Cross — also known as Feltham — hears thousands of appeals against Home Office decisions every year. Among immigration lawyers, it is notorious for the bleakness of the setting and the harshness of its judges.
Other visitors are even less complimentary. One visiting journalist wrote that the area “feels like somewhere where humans should not be. It’s like Worthing crossed with Bosnia. Grey, grotesquely scaled and administrative”. Frankly, I’m intrigued.

9.20am

Perhaps because the reports led me to expect something a bit more JG Ballard, the tribunal building itself doesn’t seem all that bad. The Royal Courts of Justice it ain’t, but the bland exterior and functional interior are nothing out of the ordinary. This is, after all, a country in which the justice budget is in the process of being cut by 40% from one end of the decade to the other.
I’ve decided to sit in on immigration bail hearings. These involve a tribunal judge deciding on applications for release from people locked up in what are officially called immigration removal centres, such as nearby Harmondsworth IRC. Most people seem to call them “detention” rather than “removal” centres, which is more accurate: only a minority of those released from detention are actually removed from the UK. A recent Bar Council report suggested that, as a result, “detention is an immigration control tool that is failing at considerable and unnecessary human cost”.
Whatever the nomenclature, conditions in these places of imprisonment are grim. Successful bail applicants are by no means free — their substantive immigration case will grind on, and they will be subject to bail conditions designed to ensure that the Home...
Landmark Supreme Court decision overrules historic gender discrimination in British citizenship08 Feb 201800:14:54
The Supreme Court has opened up British citizenship by double descent to all children born to British women in non-Commonwealth countries between 1949 and 1983. Delivering a judgment which makes no attempt to disguise his academic interests as a historian, Lord Sumption delivered a simple solution to a question of statutory interpretation that has been described as “impenetrable” by the leading authority on nationality law (with whom the Inner House agreed) and “paradoxical” by the Supreme Court. The case is Advocate General for Scotland v Romein [2018] UKSC 6.
Historical gender discrimination
British nationality law was from its inception until 1983 discriminatory towards women. Prior to 1983, British citizenship could only be passed to the next generation born abroad through the male line. This was remedied prospectively, but not retrospectively, by Parliament with the enactment of the British Nationality Act 1981 which commenced on 1 January 1983.
It was not until 2003 that Parliament attempted to retrospectively tackle this historic gender discrimination by opening up the possibility of an application for registration as a British citizen under the newly inserted section 4C of the BNA 1981. Such an application for British citizenship by descent through the female line must now be dealt with on the assumption that the law had always provided for citizenship by descent from the mother on the same terms as it provided for citizenship by descent from the father.
Between 1949 and 1983, children born outside the UK to British citizen fathers who were also born outside the UK (i.e. fathers who were British “by descent” only) could be registered at a British consulate within one year of their birth (or later subject to the Home Secretary’s discretion) to ensure the child’s acquisition of British citizenship under 5(1)(b) of the British Nationality Act 1948. This form of citizenship, passed from a second generation to a third generation, is sometimes known as citizenship by double descent.
The gender discrimination in this scenario is clear. If the father was British by descent, consular registration of the child’s birth was possible, and citizenship would be transmitted to his child. If only the mother was British by descent, consular registration of the child’s birth, even if it were possible as a matter of fact, would have been of no effect, and it seems likely that the majority of British consular staff, acting entirely properly under the law as then drafted, would simply have refused to register the birth on the basis that the mother was not able to pass her citizenship on to her child.
This was the case for the respondent, Ms Romein.
Ms Romein’s case
Ms Romein was born in 1978 in the USA. Her mother was a British citizen by descent, having been born in South Africa to a Welsh father and a Scottish mother. Ms Romein’s father was a US citizen. Had he been a British citizen as opposed to a US one, it would have been possible for Ms Romein’s birth to be registered at a British consulate within a year of her birth, and the fact of consular registration would have had the effect of automatically conferring British citizenship on Ms Romein.  But consular registration for Ms Romein was (quite properly at the time) not permitted by consular staff, despite enquires having been made by her mother with the British High Commission, and Ms Romein was unable to acquire British citizenship. She would later become the only member of her immediate family other than her father not to have done so.
In 2013, an application for registration under section 4C was made on Ms Romein’s behalf. It argued that,
Immigration update podcast, episode 4802 Feb 201800:27:53
Welcome to the December 2017 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month I cover some changes to the Immigration Rules, the latest Brexit developments and a trio of decisions on deportation. I then mention two cases at the Court of Justice of the European Union – one judgment and one referral – before finishing on some of the other case law we covered on the blog in December, which includes an interesting Supreme Court decision on deprivation of citizenship.
The material is all drawn from the December 2017 blog posts on Free Movement.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 40 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 25 minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
Immigration Rules
New Statement of Changes to the Immigration Rules: HC309
Brexit
Settled status and citizens’ rights – what has been agreed?
How many EU citizens will be criminalised by Brexit?
Deportation
Home Office policy on EU rough sleepers found unlawful
Basic procedural fairness applies even when removal windows used
Home Office EU deportation decision overturned for ignoring EU law
Court of Justice
Self-employed EU citizens who fall out of work retain worker status
Northern Ireland appeal case on “Chen parents” referred to EU court
Other cases
Supreme Court boost for people stripped of their British citizenship
People accused of TOEIC cheating have in-country right of challenge
Immigration update podcast, episode 4720 Dec 201700:25:03
Welcome to the November 2017 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month I cover a few bits of immigration news, several cases on detention and then run through some other case law. I end with a mention for some new explainer pieces we put together.
The material is all drawn from the November 2017 blog posts on Free Movement.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 40 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 25 minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
News
The “hostile environment” seeps into criminal trials: defendants must state nationality or face prison
Asylum “lottery”: some hearing centres grant twice as many appeals
Tier 1 (Exceptional Talent) visas doubled to 2,000 per year
Detention
High Court: potential homelessness not a justification for detention
Aggravated damages for “distressing and traumatic” detention
The Home Office continues to unlawfully impose curfews
The Home Office is entitled to ignore a judge’s decision to grant bail
Other cases
Supreme Court rejects a right to non-contributory benefits for Zambrano carers
Court of Appeal re-affirms country guidance cases are not box ticking
Asylum age assessments: the Court of Appeal is not a tribunal
Domestic violence cases can attract a right of appeal, says High Court
Immigration update podcast, episode 4615 Dec 201700:26:37
Welcome to the October 2017 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month we look at a load of cases from Strasbourg, the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal and of course the Upper Tribunal. These cases range from the sublime, including private religious worship, trafficking and torture, to the ridiculous. I end by taking a look at a couple of examples of media coverage of Home Office decisions and the harsh rules the coverage highlights.
The material is all drawn from the October 2017 blog posts on Free Movement.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement Member. There are now over 40 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 25 minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
Cases
Strasbourg approves deportation of Nigerian drug dealer
Anti-trafficking victories in Supreme Court: Reyes and Benkharbouche
Changes to National Referral Mechanism for trafficking victims
Court of Appeal: private religious belief does not risk persecution
High Court defeat for Home Office over torture policy
Tier 2 sponsor licence revocation challenge fails in High Court
Curtailment letters can be sent to an overseas address
How not to serve a curtailment letter
Upper Tribunal tackles “genuine entrepreneur” test
Self-sufficiency, health insurance and welfare benefits: the case of AMS
Explainers
Immigration and nationality law following surrog...
Immigration update podcast, episode 4513 Dec 201700:25:48
Welcome to the September 2017 edition of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month covers several cases, one from the Court of Appeal and the others from the Upper Tribunal. I’m also going to give a mention to some of our new explainers on different aspects of immigration law and take a look at the case of Samim Bigzad, whose case highlighted the law on contempt of court for a government minister.
The material is all drawn from the September 2017 blog posts on Free Movement.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 40 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free via iTunes here, Stitcher here or point your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement immigration update podcasts click here.
The main content of the downloadable 25 minute audio podcast follows the (non chronological) order of content below:
Cases
Human rights, long residence and the integration test in the Court of Appeal
Is “residence” the same as “presence” in the Immigration Rules?
Immigration (EEA) Regulations 2006 continue to apply for appeals says tribunal
Deception, causation and deprivation of British citizenship
Further guidance from Upper Tribunal on withdrawal of immigration appeals
Tribunal: Home Office must prove present risk to deport EU citizens
Tribunal can (but won’t) hold Home Office in contempt for ignoring consent orders
Explainers
Explainer: Can the Home Secretary really be guilty of contempt of court for breach of a court order?
Fee waiver policy: who qualifies and what does the Home Office policy say?
Serge Aurier and visas for footballers after Brexit...
Exploitation and the seasonal agricultural workers scheme26 Oct 202300:40:34

This week, The Bureau of Investigative Journalism published an article on the exploitation of people in the seasonal agricultural workers scheme. It is a must read, and you can find it here: https://www.thebureauinvestigates.com/stories/2023-10-22/all-that-is-missing-is-a-whip-home-office-ignored-migrant-worker-abuses-on-farms


In this podcast, Jamila Duncan-Bosu of the Anti-Trafficking and Labour Exploitation Unit discusses how the scheme facilitates exploitation, the barriers to people raising complaints about their treatment, and what the government can and should be doing about it.

Immigration roundup: September 202316 Oct 202300:36:39

Our September roundup is here, featuring the latest statement of changes and new parts of the Illegal Migration Act 2023 being brought into force. We also discuss the Brook House inquiry, the Rwanda litigation, new immigration fees and illegal working fines and have an impromptu book club. Timestamps are below, the link to the quiz will be included when we post about this episode on Free Movement.

Policy (00:40)

Home Office accounts show additional £3 billion unbudgeted asylum expenditure

Will the Illegal Migration Act stop the Home Office raid on international aid funds?

Theresa May even now doesn’t understand why the Windrush scandal happened

India Free Trade Agreement: negotiators should prioritise time and cost ahead of more visas

 

Asylum (07:50)

The Rwanda litigation: who is arguing what in the Supreme Court?

LGBT+ people face persecution and are no less deserving of protection

Age assessments: how to challenge a negative decision

Home Office to start non-therapeutic scientific testing on children

First-tier Tribunal finds that UN Agency is unable to provide protection and assistance to a severely disabled Palestinian child

Safe routes for refugees: how does it work in Spain?

Court of Appeal quashes conviction of person trafficked in the UK as a child

 

Detention (21:00)

Illegal Migration Act 2023: expanded detention powers to be brought into force

Brook House: racist, violent and dangerous

 

Immigration (27:50)

Statement of changes HC 1780: restrictions on administrative review and expansion of Youth Mobility Scheme

Home Office redacts over a hundred sections of new report on insider threat to Border Force

New immigration application fees from 4 October 2023

New illegal working fines will not stop Channel crossings but will bankrupt small businesses

 

Updated articles (35:00)

How to apply for a UK spouse or partner visa

Refugee family reunion: a user’s guide

General grounds for refusal: criminal convictions, public good, character, conduct and associations

Immigration rules for visitors to the United Kingdom

What is the difference between refugee status and humanitarian protection?

What is the no recourse to public funds condition?

Immigration roundup: August 202303 Oct 202300:36:36

Here is our August roundup, and the first podcast with Sonia both leading and at the editing helm (eek!). This month we cover statistics, illegal working fines, asylum support, homeless refugees, adult dependent relatives and some EUSS updates.


Following feedback from our reader survey, we have included timestamps below. We will also link directly to the quiz when we post on Free Movement about the podcast.


Policy (01:00)

Journalists perform a public service in exposing dodgy lawyers. But…

Twitter, Musk’s X, Threads, social media and Free Movement

Look closer: our summary of the latest Home Office statistics

Tripling maximum illegal working fines for employers to £45k per worker is a terrible idea

 

Asylum (10:14)

Home Office change in practice increases risk of homelessness for recognised refugees

More delays, more refusals, no ‘bad faith’: the latest trafficking statistics

What next for evacuated Sudanese nationals?

Is the Home Office unlawfully treating asylum claims as withdrawn?

High Court demands radical change to Home Office asylum support

‘Systematic and routine’ use of hotels for unaccompanied asylum-seeking children is unlawful

 

Family (26:00)

Getting an adult dependent relative visa is hard but not impossible

 

EU (28:29)

Who qualifies as a “durable partner” under the EU Settlement Scheme?

Post-Brexit spouses aren’t protected by the Withdrawal Agreement, Court of Appeal confirms

 

Work routes (30:00)

What is the immigration skills charge?

How to apply for a religious work visa

 

Immigration (31:30)

No Windrush compensation for man whose ILR lapsed while imprisoned abroad

How do I become an OISC adviser?


Updated articles (35:50)

General grounds for refusal: alleged deception, false information and innocent mistakes

How to apply for a UK Expansion Worker visa

What are the financial requirements for UK spouse and partner visas?

How to make a complaint to the Home Office

Immigration roundup: July 202308 Sep 202300:35:42

We are a bit behind the times this month, catching up from the summer. This time Sonia and I cover not one but two statements of changes, the Illegal Migration Act, asylum withdrawals, the massive increase in fees, several legal updates on the rights of EU citizens and a load of cases, including one from the Supreme Court on Palestinian refugees.

Statement of changes

Statement of changes HC 1715: visa regime imposed on Dominica, Honduras, Namibia, Timor-Leste and Vanuatu

Statement of changes HC 1496: asylum, EU Settlement Scheme, and restrictions on students

Asylum

The Illegal Migration Act 2023: what has changed?

Briefing: why and how is the Home Office treating more asylum claims as “withdrawn”?

What safe and legal routes are available for refugees to come to the United Kingdom?

OISC

OISC amends judicial review practice note to prevent advisers conducting litigation

EU

New law confirms British citizenship for children of EU citizens born in UK before 2 October 2000

How does absence from the UK work under the EU settlement scheme?

A glitch or a feature? Systemic problems with digital proof of immigration status

Immigration

Massive increases to immigration fees announced

Briefing: the rules on returning residents with indefinite leave to remain (ILR)

Points Based System

How to apply for a Global Business Mobility: Secondment Worker visa

Cases

Supreme Court finds exclusion of Palestinians from resettlement scheme not unlawful

Asylum seekers don’t need ‘direct evidence’ they’re being covertly monitored

‘Minded to cancel’ process applies to dishonesty allegations at the UK border

Airport detainee wrongly denied a solicitor in immigration interview

Upper Tribunal reminds parties to identify the issues in an appeal

Tribunal must consider Home Office decisions in full even when not explicitly relied on by representative

High Court rejects challenge to EU Settlement Scheme dependency rules for children

Upper Tribunal rules post-Brexit Zambrano appeals can continue

Home Office withdraws objective evidence test for trafficking decisions

Immigration roundup: June 202314 Jul 202300:35:19

This month Sonia and I discuss the Rwanda judgment (we're saving that to the end as our good news story), a couple of fairly lengthy immigration and asylum history blog posts I've been working on for  a while, several asylum developments and also our Refugee Week content, some procedural updates, a bunch (carousel?) of cases and a few other things too. There's quite a lot to go over, so we're just highlighting some of it rather than going into much depth.

The podcast follows the running order below.

A short guide to the legal position and history of the Windrush generation

A short history of refugees coming to Britain: from Huguenots to Ukrainians

Last traces of Nationality and Borders Act 2022 erased with abandonment of “differentiated status” for refugees

Data shows Ukrainians in the UK continue to face homelessness crisis

Is Rishi Sunak’s “Stop The Boats” plan really working?

Rwanda impact assessment looks hopelessly optimistic

United Nations Refugee Agency identifies problems in asylum screening processes

Briefing: the state of the UK asylum system   

What is the legal definition of a “refugee”?

Should refugees claim asylum in the first safe country they reach?

Preparing foreign language witness statements

So-called mandatory grounds for refusal will not always be mandatory

Briefing: the Seasonal Worker visa

Reaction economy: the Home Office’s use of social media

Will I need Electronic Travel Authorisation to enter the UK?

Briefing: what is the Common Travel Area and how does it work?

New country guidance on Democratic Republic of the Congo

Scottish inquiry finds immigration detention centre death was avoidable

Supreme Court finds golden visa scheme unlawful

Trafficking victims wrongly denied financial support in lockdown

Court declines to take legal guardianship of refugee children missing from hotels

Court of Appeal finds Rwanda plan unlawful as Rwanda is not a safe third country

Immigration roundup: May 202305 Jun 202300:36:51
This month Sonia and I start with the Big Free Movement News (spoiler: Sonia is joining the team as the new Editor) and then cover a bunch of visa news and updates, a load of case law and several policy developments. If you are a lawyer and would like to prove to your regulator you are keeping yourself up to date, make sure you remember to take our monthly course and quiz.
Immigration roundup: April 202305 May 202300:36:40

This month we talk more about the Illegal Migration Bill and its potential consequences, the right way to go about tackling the asylum backlog, Colin's suggestion of a new British Citizenship Act, the resumption of hostile environment bank account closures, we run through a load of cases and end by talking about some business immigration issues. 

If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are well over 100 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.

If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free on AnchoriTunesSpotifyStitcher or by pointing your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.

The podcast follows the running order below.

How does the Illegal Migration Bill breach the Refugee Convention?

Illegal Migration Bill: helping force refugees into illegality and danger

Could ‘safe and legal routes’ stop the boats?

If the Illegal Migration Bill is unworkable, what can the government do instead?

Amendments to the Illegal Migration Bill attack basic legal rights and processes

Two ways to address the asylum backlog and improve access to justice

It is time for a new British Citizenship Act for the post-Brexit era

Home Office resume bank account closures

High Court rejects challenge by Afghan families to hotel move

High Court dismisses challenge to family reunion rules for refugee children

Judicial Review and Courts Act 2022 ouster clause found effective

Court of Appeal re-affirms restrictive parameters of domestic violence provisions in immigration rules

Exceptional circumstances in a spouse or partner visa application under Appendix FM

How to apply for a Senior or Specialist Worker visa

Reporting hybrid working patterns: new sponsor obligations

Visit visa operations are “refreshingly well run”

Immigration roundup: March 202321 Apr 202300:36:32

For this month's roundup podcast, Sonia and I manage to rattle through a huge volume of updates in a mere 36 minutes. We cover a load of cases, some important asylum policy updates and then several developments in immigration law as well. We're sorry it is a little later than usual; the Easter holidays intervened. And I am sorry if you can hear scaffolders poles bouncing off the pavement outside the block of flats opposite my house...

If you are a lawyer and would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are well over 100 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.

The 30-minute podcast follows the running order below.

Permission granted on additional grounds in the Rwanda case in the Court of Appeal

Court of Appeal emphasises absence of corroboration is not fatal in asylum cases

Court of Appeal dismisses appeal against criminalising small boat arrivals

Legal challenges against GPS tagging for people on immigration bail

High Court considers how the loss of work may engage article 8

No recourse to public funds policy found unlawful (again)

“High hurdle” for hotel accommodation challenges?

Refusals of naturalisation on good character grounds can only be challenged by irrationality

Amended data protection exemption for migrants declared unlawful

UK spends one third of international aid budget on domestic asylum costs

Are the new asylum questionnaires fit for purpose?

Assisting with the new asylum questionnaires: OISC Level 1 caseworkers and volunteers

Home Office publishes guidance on streamlined asylum processing for children

Home Office’s approach to family reunion applications condemned by immigration inspector

Borders Inspector “frustrated” by lack of action from Home Office

New statement of changes to the Immigration Rules HC1160

Spring budget migration announcements

New ‘Appendix Adult Dependent Relative’ to the immigration rules 

All families matter: An inquiry into family migration 

Government Authorised Exchange: one visa, 40 options 

Immigration roundup: June 202412 Jul 202400:39:04

Here is your June round up of Free Movement. In this episode Colin and Sonia discuss why the Illegal Migration Act should be repealed, an appalling decision on trafficking delays, a much better decision on section 3C leave, the raised standard of proof in asylum claims, one and a bit cases on challenging judicial behaviour, the latest care home revocation case and much much more. By popular (?) demand, we finish with a chat about the general election.

The 39 minute podcast follows the running order below:

Asylum (00:40)

Briefing: four problems in the UK asylum system and how to address them

Almost four year delay in deciding trafficking claim held to be lawful by High Court

The new, higher standard of proof doesn’t apply to human rights claims

Kent County Council cannot avoid its duty to find placements for unaccompanied asylum seeking children

 

Procedure (13:10)

Court of Appeal rejects claim that hearing was unfair because tribunal judge asked too many questions

Home Secretary’s failure to provide digital proof of status to those with section 3C leave held to be unlawful (and see here for an update from RAMFEL: https://www.ramfel.org.uk/news-and-blog/3c-leave-update-time-to-request-digital-proof-of-status)

High Court decides there is no oral permission hearing in Cart judicial reviews 

Court of Session gives guidance on transferring judicial reviews to the Upper Tribunal

 

Points based system (18:40)

Another care home sponsor licence revocation successfully challenged in the High Court

Official evidence of English language test cheating will raise a case to answer, confirms Upper Tribunal

 

Policy (22:25)

Failure to implement Windrush recommendations held to be unlawful by High Court

Where are we now and what is the future of the Illegal Migration Act?

 

Updated articles (25:20)

Should refugees claim asylum in the first safe country they reach?

What is the difference between a “refugee” and an “asylum seeker”?

What is the refugee definition in international and UK law?

Can Ukrainians take refuge in the UK? Ukraine schemes and other routes

How does immigration and nationality law apply to adopted children?

How to apply for a Skilled Worker sponsor licence

 

General election 2024 (26:15)

What changes does a Labour government promise for business immigration?

Podcast special: the Illegal Migration Bill14 Mar 202301:01:01

Colin Yeo and Sonia Lenegan discuss the Illegal Migration Bill. They talk through what is in it, what will it do, how is it intended to work, whether it is compatible with international law and what effects it might have in reality.

Immigration roundup: February 202312 Mar 202300:33:20

This month Sonia and I talk a bit about denaturalisation generally and the case of Shamima Begum specifically, we cover the new streamlined asylum process and a few other asylum-related blog posts and then we run through a few cases. We manage to keep things a bit shorter than normal, but watch out for our coverage of the Illegal Migration Bill, which will be available separately.

The 30-minute podcast follows the running order below.

Denaturalisation

Security tribunal finds Shamima Begum was trafficked but she loses anyway

Book review: Stephanie DeGooyer’s Before Borders: A legal and literary history of naturalization

Bad cases make bad law: the unintended consequences of denaturalising bad guys

Deception and denaturalisation: seek and you shall find

Asylum

Latest asylum stats show the Home Office failing on all fronts

New streamlined asylum process

Does 10 year ‘temporary refugee protection’ status breach of the Refugee Convention?

New policy: temporary permission to stay for victims of human trafficking

Trafficking victims should get leave during their asylum claim

Cases

Immigration officers don’t have to corroborate your story

No damages for unlawful no recourse to public funds policy

Differential treatment of Ukrainian and Afghan applications justified on national security grounds

Not all procedural errors need to be remitted says Upper Tribunal

More bad news from the Upper Tribunal for extended family members of EU citizens

Immigration round up: January 202306 Feb 202300:48:46

This month Sonia and I talk through various government policies all about being horrible to migrants. It's a seemingly inexhaustible vein. Indeed, there aren't many (any?) government immigration policies NOT about being horrible to migrants. We then move on to discuss a few different nationality law issues, including the mind-boggling case of Roehrig, which appears to have effectively denaturalised tens of thousands of British citizens at a stroke. Finally, we turn to some important but rather technical updates for the lawyers amongst you.

If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are well over 100 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.

Government policy

The misguided allure of deterrence policy

Adults at risk in immigration detention annual report scrapped after highlighting inadequacies (mention)

High Court orders Home Secretary to immediately increase asylum support rates (mention)

Is it time for the UK to change its stance on asylum seekers working? (mention)

Operation Warm Welcome cools: over 9,000 Afghans still in temporary accommodation (mention - and update with new news on this)

Legal aid for asylum seekers is broken

Will in-country visa delays have long-term consequences for economic migration? (mention)

A modest proposal for reforming the immigration system: shorten key immigration routes

Nationality

Revised guidance on section 4L British Nationality Act 1981: the Romein principle

The reasonably foreseeable consequences of depriving someone of British citizenship

High Court casts doubt on British citizenship of children of EU citizens

For lawyers...

“Upgrading” a visa application you have already made

Permission needs to be properly sought for video link evidence from abroad

Case disposed of in error after Secretary of State fails to comply with court directions

Is Chikwamba still relevant?

Durable partner rules dumbfound the Upper Tribunal

Identifying litigation friends for vulnerable migrants

Immigration roundup: a look back at 2022 and ahead to 202306 Jan 202300:56:06

Colin and Sonia take a look back at 2022 and ahead to 2023 as well as covering the immigration updates from December 2022. Looking back, they talk about small boat crossings, the Ukraine and Hong Kong schemes, the impact (or lack of) the Nationality and Borders Act 2022, the Rwanda judgment, the asylum backlog and the net migration figures. Looking to the future they cover Rishi Sunak's asylum plan, whether the Home Office can cope, the prospect of yet more legislation and the ideas for immigration restrictions on families, students and workers floated via The Times over the Christmas break.

Finally, they cover several litigation developments for lawyers from December 2022 and end by discussing to big cases for EU citizens with pre settled status. Phew. 

Looking back and ahead

Free Movement review of the year 2022

Rishi Sunak announces new new plan for asylum

Has Sunak’s bank account closure plan killed off the Windrush Lessons Learned Review?

High court rules Rwanda plan is lawful

When will there be another Rwanda removal flight?

Litigation

What is the duty of candour?

Social media and the duty of candour in age assessment proceedings

False imprisonment claimant punished for failing to negotiate

Tribunal quarterly statistics: 54 week waiting time for asylum appeals and 26,000 cases outstanding

Five million pound investment to increase the number of days tribunals operate

EU citizens

Win for Pre-Settled Status holders accessing benefits

High Court finds EU Settlement Scheme breaches the Withdrawal Agreement

Immigration roundup: November 202209 Dec 202200:55:22

This month, Colin and Sonia mainly talk about an avalanche of asylum related news, law and updates. It's not all asylum, though, there's also some blog posts to go over on Comprehensive Sickness Insurance, third party support in spouse applications, marriages in durable partner cases, the opening of the citizenship route for Chagossian descendants and a Solicitor Regulation Authority report on immigration lawyers. They end by discussing a couple of opinion pieces Colin published, on whether the Home Office should be abolished and whether strategic litigation does more harm than good. 

The blog posts covered include:

  • What are ‘short term holding facilities’ like the Manston refugee camp?
  • Briefing: What is Article 1D of the Refugee Convention?
  • How does the asylum ‘white list’ work and what does the government plan to change?
  • Asylum backlog hits 150,000 and net migration hits 500,000
  • Understanding the Home Office’s problem with asylum decisions
  • Appendix Settlement Protection: indefinite leave to remain for people granted refugee status or humanitarian protection
  • Reducing distress when working with children in the asylum process
  • Record high referrals for potential victims of modern slavery
  • The refugee reception crisis in the UK mirrors the situation on the continent
  • Failed asylum seeker’s false identity conviction quashed
  • Home Office breaches the duty of candour in mobile phone seizures case
  • Home Office guidance update: the NHS and comprehensive sickness insurance for EEA nationals
  • Developments in third party financial support for spouse or partner visa applications
  • Post-Brexit marriages in durable partner appeals
  • New route to British citizenship for people of Chagossian descent
  • Solicitors Regulation Authority publishes new guidance for immigration work: supervision, quality, and complaints
  • Should the Home Office be abolished?
  • Strategic litigation: more harm than good?
Immigration roundup: October 202207 Nov 202200:48:01

Welcome to the October 2022 episode of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month, Colin and Sonia talk politics, asylum, the statement of changes to the immigration rules and case law. The episode is a bit longer than usual as there was a lot going on!

Politics 

Braverman attacks modern slavery victims and student families  

Assessing Braverman’s legacy as Home Secretary 

How much influence does the media have over the hostile environment? 

Home Office hotels not fit to house unaccompanied child asylum seekers 

Indefinite leave to remain applications under Appendix FM: slow, expensive and inaccessible 

Asylum 

Why has the asylum success rate gone up so much in recent years? 

Are people crossing the Channel in small boats doing anything illegal? 

Putting small boat crossings in perspective 

Ukrainians in the UK face a homelessness crisis and the government needs to act now 

What’s happening in the Rwanda legal challenges? 

Statement of Changes 

New statement of changes to the Immigration Rules: HC 719 (Afghanistan, Ukraine, and victims of trafficking) 

Statement of Changes HC 719: Ukraine Extension Scheme 

Statement of Changes HC 719: Appendix EU and Appendix EU (Family Permit) 

Statement of Changes HC 719: Appendix Temporary Permission to Stay for Victims of Human Trafficking or Slavery 

Case law 

Introducing proportionality assessments into marriage of convenience cases 

Lack of route for victims of transnational marriage abandonment is unlawful, High Court finds 

Home Office to review policy on timing of applications after single father’s right to work limbo 

Applicants from Afghanistan may not need to enrol biometrics at the time of an application 

Court of Appeal quash trafficking victim’s 2009 conviction 

Immigration update podcast: September 202211 Oct 202200:30:47

Welcome to the September 2022 episode of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month Colin is joined again by “immigration lawyer about town”, as she put it, Sonia Lenegan. She is in danger of becoming a co-presenter if she carries on like this...

Amongst other things, they discuss Albanian asylum claims, age assessment, military conscription and asylum, Windrush and an important update to the guidance on good character in British citizenship applications.

If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are well over 100 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.

The 30-minute podcast follows the running order below.

Asylum and human rights

Grand Chamber finds France breached the European Convention of Human Rights

Why are so many Albanian asylum claims succeeding if the country is so “safe and prosperous”?

Government lawyers confirm that the Albanian “fast track” removal scheme will not apply to asylum seekers

New critique of Home Office country information on Albanian blood feuds

Major European judgment on age assessment process

Would Russian men fleeing conscription qualify as refugees?

Amendments to the Windrush Compensation

Other important stuff

Dependency under EU law: education as an essential living need

Guidance update: good character in nationality applications

Economic migration

How to apply for a Temporary Work – Creative Worker visa

Employers take note: all change for right to work checks from 1 October 2022

What the hell's going on with immigration policy right now?07 Oct 202200:14:30

Colin and Sonia have a short chat about what's going on with immigration and asylum policy right now. With Truss and No 10 saying one thing and Braverman and the Home Office saying something very different, what should we make of it all? Are we going to have more students or less? Encourage skilled workers or reduce net migration? Cut unskilled migration or expand the Seasonal Agricultural Workers Scheme? We thought we'd separate out a general discussion about politics and policy this month from the normal update, to try and keep the podcast short and snappy. We'll be back early next week with the normal update covering substantive legal developments from September 2022.

Immigration update podcast, episode 10412 Sep 202200:41:30

Welcome to episode 104 of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month Colin is joined by "immigration lawyer about town", as she puts it, Sonia Lenegan. Taking pity on Colin after his solo effort last month, Sonia is the legal and policy director at Rainbow Migration, a consultant solicitor at Saltworks and a volunteer at Asylos and the Unity Project. She previously worked at Hackney Law Centre and as the legal director at the Immigration Law Practitioners Association.

Our discussion is a bit more free ranging than for past update episodes and we run to just over 40 minutes. We discuss the change of Home Secretary, the direction of government immigration policy, some changes in policy and new visas and go through the latest case law. Let us know in comments or by email what you think of the slightly different approach.

If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are well over 100 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.

If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free on AnchoriTunesSpotifyStitcher or by pointing your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.

To access previous Free Movement podcasts click here.

Immigration update podcast, episode 10312 Aug 202200:20:54

Welcome to episode 103 of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month — the first in something like five years with no CJ McKinney — I’m starting with some material on asylum and trafficking then quickly going over a bit of immigration and nationality history and why it matters today, before moving onto various bits of Home Office news and then ending with a couple off items on deportation and foreign national offenders.

If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are well over 100 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.

If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free on iTunesSpotifyStitcher or by pointing your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.

To access previous Free Movement podcasts click here.

Exploitation of overseas domestic workers24 Jun 202400:43:48

In this podcast Sonia discusses Kalayaan's new report "12 years of modern slavery" with Avril Sharp, immigration lawyer and policy officer. The report looks at the history of the overseas domestic worker visa, and the harmful changes that have made.

They also discuss the impact of the Nationality and Borders Act 2022, delays within the National Referral Mechanism system for identifying survivors of trafficking and modern slavery, the experiences of those within the system, similarities with other "tied" visa routes and changes that need to be made to protect domestic workers.

From Brexit to small boats: five dramatic years in UK immigration policy22 Jul 202200:44:36

The immigration system has been through a lot since I started covering it for Free Movement five years ago. In September 2017, the UK was still in the two-year countdown to leaving the European Union, and there were even doubts about whether it would happen at all. The EU Settlement Scheme was still a twinkle in the Home Office's eye, and instead of the exciting post-Brexit points-based immigration system we had a boring old... points-based immigration system.

But while the basic architecture of the visa system remains largely the same, lots of the details have changed. Gone are the Investor and Entrepreneur routes, while in have come a host of new or (more commonly) rebranded visas: Innovator, Graduate, Global Talent, High Potential and Seasonal Worker. The flagship Skilled Worker route is now much easier to recruit into than Tier 2 (General) ever was, and visa issuances to non-Europeans have soared. That's led to a recent narrative that immigration has actually risen since Brexit -- although as Peter William Walsh of the Migration Observatory points out, this theory is somewhat lacking in key epistemic features, such as being true.

I spoke to Peter, Colin and business immigration guru Nichola Carter for a valedictory podcast looking back at the big themes and trends of the past five years in UK immigration, including Brexit, Windrush and Rwanda.

Immigration update podcast, episode 10208 Jul 202200:29:37

Welcome to episode 102 of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month we start with elements of the Borders Act 2022 coming into force before moving on to Appendix Private Life and Appendix FM. We then review the latest case law on criminal deportation, touch briefly on Zambrano applications, and conclude with Rwanda.

If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 100 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.

The downloadable 29-minute podcast follows the running order below. Timestamps indicate when a particular section begins.

Borders Act

When is the Nationality and Borders Act 2022 coming into force?

Detailed policy on differential treatment of refugees announced

Humanitarian protection is being downgraded from 28 June 2022

Human rights (7.50)

New guidance on private life and family relationships

Judge takes “points based system” a bit too literally

Appendix FM (10.44)

Free family visas: the entry clearance fee waiver policy

Whether income is “lawfully derived” to be assessed case by case, Upper Tribunal holds

Deportation (15.16)

Supreme Court allows foreign criminal deportation case

Foreign convictions in deportation appeals

Challenge to “deport first, appeal later” process rejected

Zambrano (23.08)

No change to settlement rules for Zambrano carers despite Akinsanya judgment

Rwanda (25.05)

Home Office plans second flight to deport asylum seekers to Rwanda

How to respond to Rwanda removal notices 

CSI where am I: can EU citizens get compensation for Comprehensive Sickness Insurance?24 Jun 202200:32:18


Comprehensive Sickness Insurance continues to hang over the heads of many EU citizens who, over the years, were told that they needed private health coverage for their residence in the UK to be lawful. The UK government’s insistence on this was always legally controversial, but it took until after Brexit for the EU Court of Justice to rule (in a case referred to it just before the UK’s departure) that CSI was not in fact required.


What are the implications of the ruling for EU citizens affected by the supposed CSI rule over the years? People were denied benefits, British citizenship and even protection against criminal deportation — not to mention spending money they didn’t need to. Even today, the government reserves the right to refuse naturalisation for past lack of CSI (even if it doesn’t in practice). Joining me on the podcast with thoughts on righting the wrong are Luke Piper of the3million and the CSI Justice campaign, and Professor Charlotte O’Brien of York Law School and the EU Rights and Brexit Hub.

Immigration update podcast, episode 10110 Jun 202200:26:31

Welcome to episode 101 of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month we start with some great news on fees, then some updates on the new Borders Act before turning to Rwanda and asylum more broadly. We have a quick check-in on business immigration and end on the latest with detention and bail.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 100 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free on iTunesSpotifyStitcher or by pointing your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement podcasts click here.
The downloadable 26-minute podcast follows the running order below. Timestamps indicate when a particular section begins.

Fees
Children can now apply for a waiver of citizenship fees
Borders Act (5.20)
New statement of changes to the Immigration Rules: HC 17 (Borders Act)
When is the Nationality and Borders Act 2022 coming into force?
New regs bring key bits of Borders Act into force on 28 June
Rwanda (8.15)
Committee examines human rights implications of Rwanda asylum agreement
Immigration inspector orders rapid review of Rwanda policy
Asylum (12.37)
Useful case from Court of Justice of the European Union on Palestinian refugees
Iraq country guidance on ID cards revised
Upper Tribunal dives into the Refugee Convention exclusion clauses
Business immigration (18.15)
High Potential visa opens today 
Detention and bail (20.53)
Things are looking up for undocumented migrant children27 May 202200:30:58


In the States, they’re known as “Dreamers”. Children and young people who grow up perfectly integrated, only to find out that — through no fault of their own — they’re actually unauthorised migrants. Here in the UK, children who are British in every sense but legal can at least regularise on the basis of long residence: seven years for under-18s, or half their life for those aged 18-24 inclusive.


Securing immigration status under these “private life” rules is only the beginning: they still have to serve a probationary period of ten years before being able to apply for indefinite leave to remain and come out of the immigration system altogether. All this can profoundly affect identity and mental health: Anna Shekan and Roopa Tanna, my guests on the podcast this month, refer to a process of “de-integration”, as kids effectively become immigrants for the first time.


But things are improving for these British Dreamers. A concession announced last October allowed some 18-24s to apply for settlement on the half of life route after five years rather than ten. That was followed by new Immigration Rules on faster settlement for both under-18s and 18-24s, which come into force next month.
Combined with yesterday’s announcement on free British citizenship for poor children, all this adds up to — whisper it softly — a substantial liberalisation of the rules for undocumented kids. In this episode, Anna and Roopa explain how the changes came about and how many children and young people are likely to benefit.

Immigration update podcast, episode 10013 May 202200:28:46

Welcome to episode 100 of the Free Movement immigration update podcast. This month we’ve got some pretty major asylum stuff to go over plus quite a few different topics, including compensation for unlawful removal, the unending saga of the English language tests, new immigration fees, changes to work visas, a big case from the Upper Tribunal on expert evidence and a rather unusual case in the Court of Appeal on deportation.
If you would like to claim CPD points for reading the material and listening to this podcast, sign up here as a Free Movement member. There are now over 100 CPD hours of training materials available to members. You can find all the available courses here.
If you listen to podcasts on your mobile phone, you can subscribe for free on iTunesSpotifyStitcher or by pointing your podcast player to the podcast feed for Free Movement. Using a mobile device and subscribing has the advantage that each new podcast can be automatically downloaded for listening to on the go.
To access previous Free Movement podcasts click here.
The downloadable 29-minute podcast follows the running order below. Timestamps indicate when a particular section begins.
TOEIC
Nothing wrong with official evidence of English language test cheating, Upper Tribunal holds
Compensation (5.40)
Afghan boy unlawfully removed from UK for 18 months can claim damages
Fees (8.32)
Immigration and nationality fees for 2022/23
Asylum (10.37)
Is it legal to outsource the UK’s refugee responsibilities to Rwanda?
Channel “pushbacks” policy abandoned
Afghan judge to get visa decision before having to come out of hiding
Points Based Immigration System (17.51)
The new UK Expansion Worker visa doesn’t look like an improvement
Raise minimum wage for social care workers rather than loosening visa rules, says MAC
Experts (22.05)
What are the duties of an expert witness in the immigration tribunal?
Deportation (25.08)
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