Welcome to the Dr. Paika Podcast — where medicine, fitness, and humanity come together.
Hosted by Dr. Mohammed K. Paika, M.D., double board-certified in obesity & internal medicine with over two decades of hospital experience, this show dives deep into the science of health, obesity, longevity, and mindset — but with compassion, not complexity.
From hospital medicine to the gym floor, from patient care to personal growth — every episode blends real clinical insight with practical, inspiring stories that help you live better and think deeper.
💡 Topics include:
Obesity & metabolic health
Longevity & fitness
Nutrition & preventive medicine
Doctor insights from 20+ years in hospitals across the US!
Mindset, mental health, and motivation
🎧 Subscribe for weekly conversations that are honest, empowering, and rooted in science — all from a doctor who believes medicine should heal the mind and body.
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Why GLP 1 Medications Cause Extreme Fatigue (Doctor Explains)
Épisode 111
samedi 10 octobre 2026 • Durée 24:02
#GLP1 #Ozempic #Wegovy #Zepbound #WeightLoss
Why GLP-1 Medications Cause Extreme Fatigue (And How to Fix Low Energy)
Are you exhausted on Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro, or Zepbound? You’re not imagining it. Fatigue is listed in the prescribing information, and it’s one of the most common complaints I see in the comments.
In this video, I’m Dr. Mohammed Paika, an internal medicine and obesity medicine physician. I break down the 4 biological reasons GLP-1 medications can leave you drained: unintentional undereating, quiet dehydration, the drug’s effects on the brain, and nutrient deficiencies like low iron and B12. Then I walk you through 4 practical fixes: a calorie and protein floor, a hydration plan that goes beyond plain water, the blood work to ask your doctor for, and how to talk to your prescriber about dose and titration. I finish with the warning signs that mean you need to be seen right away.
🎓 Complete GLP-1 Weight Loss Masterclass — Lifetime Access Comprehensive education on GLP-1 medications, nutrition, exercise, muscle preservation, side effects & long-term success. Includes the companion eBook, quizzes, 12-week exercise program, certificate & future course updates at no additional cost. https://www.drmohammedpaika.com
This video is for education only and is not personal medical advice. Talk to your own clinician before changing your diet, fluids, supplements, or medication.
TIMESTAMPS 0:00 Why you feel exhausted on a GLP-1 2:00 Who I am and why I made this video 3:09 Is the drug toxic? What the trials show 4:35 Cause #1: Running on empty 7:43 Cause #2: The thirst signal goes quiet 10:35 Cause #3: The drug talks to your brain 12:52 Cause #4: The deficiency nobody tests for 15:27 Fix #1: Set a calorie and protein floor 18:01 Fix #2: Hydrate beyond plain water 19:44 Fix #3: The blood work to ask for 21:10 Fix #4: Slow the dose down, don’t quit 22:36 Red flags: when to get seen urgently
REFERENCES
Wegovy (semaglutide) Prescribing Information. FDA, 2024. https://www.accessdata.fda.gov/drugsatfda_docs/label/2024/215256s011lbl.pdf Zepbound (tirzepatide) Prescribing Information. https://uspl.lilly.com/zepbound/zepbound.html; Jastreboff AM, et al. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:205–216 (SURMOUNT-1). Friedrichsen M, et al. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2021;23:754–762. https://doi.org/10.1111/dom.14280 Prado CM, et al. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2024;12:785–787. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00272-9 Winzeler B, et al. J Clin Invest. 2021;131:e151800. https://jci.org/articles/view/151800 Gutzwiller JP, et al. Digestion. 2006;73:142–150. Gabery S, et al. JCI Insight. 2020;5:e133429. https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/133429 Butsch WS, et al. Obesity Pillars. 2025;15:100186. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.obpill.2025.100186 Mozaffarian D, et al. Am J Clin Nutr. 2025;122:344–367. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.04.023 Aroda VR, et al. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:1754–1761. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC4880159 Westerterp-Plantenga MS, et al. J Appl Physiol. 1999;87:391–399. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10409600/ Paika MK. GLP-1 Masterclass; The Weight Equation; GLP-1 Diet Cookbook. https://drmohammedpaika.com
⚕️ MEDICAL & EDUCATIONAL DISCLAIMER: This content is for general educational and informational purposes only and is not medical advice or a substitute for care from your healthcare provider. Viewing this content does not create a doctor-patient relationship. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting, stopping, or changing any medication, diet, exercise, or weight-loss plan. Individual results and risks vary. You assume responsibility for decisions made based on this content.
Something Strange Is Happening to People on Ozempic (Doctor Explains)
People on Ozempic and Wegovy are reporting a side effect that isn't on the label: they're losing interest in alcohol. Is it real, or just nausea? As an internal medicine and obesity medicine physician, I work this up like an unexplained finding in a hospital patient. We'll look at the patient reports and real-world data, consider every possible explanation, read the newest trials (including the 2026 Lancet trial), and finish with a practical plan.
In this video you'll learn: Why GLP-1 drugs may turn down cravings, and what "food noise" really is What the Lancet, JAMA Psychiatry and earlier trials actually found Why the first human trial failed, and how it shaped the one that worked What we still don't know before this becomes a standard treatment 5 safety rules if you drink while on a GLP-1
TIMESTAMPS 0:00 – A strange answer on the admission form 1:44 – What patients are reporting (and what the data shows) 3:20 – Why this matters: the alcohol treatment gap 4:43 – Three possible explanations 7:43 – How GLP-1s act on the brain: the two buttons 10:36 – Protecting your muscle on a GLP-1 11:17 – The 2026 Lancet trial 12:43 – The lab trial: what changed and what didn't 13:53 – The trial that failed, and what it taught us 15:33 – Animal research foundations 16:28 – Would I prescribe it for alcohol today? 18:46 – 5 rules before your next drink on a GLP-1 20:30 – Treatments that already work 21:46 – Final thoughts and resources
🎓 Complete GLP-1 Weight Loss Masterclass — Lifetime Access Comprehensive education on GLP-1 medications, nutrition, exercise, muscle preservation, side effects & long-term success. Includes the companion eBook, quizzes, 12-week exercise program, certificate & future course updates at no additional cost. https://www.drmohammedpaika.com
How long does retatrutide actually stay in your system? Retatrutide, the triple-hormone drug people call "GLP-3" or "reta," has a half-life of about 6 days. That one number explains when side effects hit and why the dose has to climb slowly. It also explains why a short pause before surgery may not be enough, and why the drug lingers for about a month after your last shot.
I'm Dr. Mohammed Paika, board-certified in internal medicine and obesity medicine. In this video, I walk you through the 4 clocks retatrutide sets in your body and what the phase 3 trials really show, including up to 30.3% weight loss. You'll learn about the side effects people aren't talking about, like changes in skin sensation and heart rate. I also explain why the "research use only" vials sold online are a serious risk. Retatrutide is not FDA-approved. The regulated routes are a clinical trial, Lilly's limited early access program (through your doctor) or waiting for approval.
🎓 Complete GLP-1 Weight Loss Masterclass — Lifetime Access Comprehensive education on GLP-1 medications, nutrition, exercise, muscle preservation, side effects & long-term success. Includes the companion eBook, quizzes, 12-week exercise program, certificate & future course updates at no additional cost. https://www.drmohammedpaika.com
TIMESTAMPS 00:00 The ER patient who "wasn't taking anything" 01:42 What retatrutide is: 3 signals instead of 2 02:34 What the trials show 03:20 Is retatrutide FDA-approved? How people get it legally 04:02 Retatrutide's half-life: about 6 days 04:27 Why it lasts so long 05:07 Clock 1: the 7-day clock and side effects 06:13 The new side effect: dysesthesia 06:52 Heart rate and heart safety 07:30 Missed dose: there's no official rule 08:11 Clock 2: building up to steady state08:50 How the trials raised the dose09:43 Why vials make dosing dangerous10:34 Clock 3: how long retatrutide stays in your system11:31 What changes how fast you clear it12:26 Why side effects don't stop when you stop12:57 Surgery, endoscopy and sedation13:42 Pregnancy and contraception14:15 The vial problem: "research use only"14:57 What's really in the vial?15:41 My position as your doctor17:11 Clock 4: what happens when you stop17:37 Why your body defends its old weight18:21 What the stopping data shows18:55 My own weight-regain story19:42 Muscle is the real stake20:31 The plan21:27 Protecting your muscle on GLP-1s
Not Losing Weight on GLP 1 (A Doctor Explains Why)
Not losing weight on a GLP-1? The problem usually isn't you, and it usually isn't the medication either. It's the variables nobody checked.
I'm Dr. Mohammed Paika, a physician board-certified in Internal Medicine and Obesity Medicine. I've spent about 15 years as a hospitalist, and I'm also a certified personal trainer and nutrition coach. In this video, I walk you through 8 evidence-based reasons the scale can stall on semaglutide (Ozempic, Wegovy) or tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound), plus a bonus. They range from diabetes and insulin resistance to medications that quietly cause weight gain, eating too little, muscle loss, sleep apnea and dose problems. At the end, I share my 4-question test to tell whether your GLP-1 is working, stalling or needs to be changed.
🎓 Complete GLP-1 Weight Loss Masterclass — Lifetime Access Comprehensive education on GLP-1 medications, nutrition, exercise, muscle preservation, side effects & long-term success. Includes the companion eBook, quizzes, 12-week exercise program, certificate & future course updates at no additional cost. https://www.drmohammedpaika.com
⏱️ TIMESTAMPS 0:00 Why your GLP-1 isn't working (the 2 a.m. patient) 1:47 Reason 1: Your starting point was different 3:47 Reason 2: Diabetes, insulin resistance and PCOS 5:13 Reason 3: Medications quietly working against you 6:57 Reason 4: You're eating too little, not too much 8:47 Reason 5: The quiet calorie creep 10:07 Free GLP-1 Diet Cookbook 10:33 Reason 6: You're losing muscle, and the scale can't tell you 12:29 Reason 7: The exercise myth, and what works instead 14:06 GLP-1 Masterclass 14:41 Reason 8: Sleep, stress and sleep apnea 15:55 Bonus: Dose, timing, injection site and refills 17:35 The 4-question test: is your GLP-1 working?19:36 What to watch next
How Long Tirzepatide Stays in Your Body (Half-Life Explained) | Mounjaro/Zepbound Guide
How long does tirzepatide (Mounjaro, Zepbound) actually stay in your system? It's not 5 days. In this video, I explain tirzepatide's half-life using 4 clocks it sets in your body. Those clocks explain when side effects hit and what to do if you miss a dose. They also explain why a 1-week pause before surgery may not be enough, why the birth control rule is 4 weeks, and how long the drug takes to clear after your last shot.
Then we get to the clock that matters most: what happens after you stop. You'll see what the SURMOUNT-4 trial found about weight regain and why muscle loss is the real risk. I'll also share how I regained 45 pounds when my own structure disappeared, and the 2 paths that protect your results.
🎓 Complete GLP-1 Weight Loss Masterclass — Lifetime Access Comprehensive education on GLP-1 medications, nutrition, exercise, muscle preservation, side effects & long-term success. Includes the companion eBook, quizzes, 12-week exercise program, certificate & future course updates at no additional cost. https://www.drmohammedpaika.com
TIMESTAMPS 00:00 Why "it's gone in 5 days" is wrong 01:26 What tirzepatide is and how it works 02:25 Half-life explained 02:59 Why it lasts so long: albumin binding 03:48 Clock 1: the 7-day clock 04:18 Side effects: when they hit and how to ease them 05:47 Why food noise returns at the end of the week 06:14 Missed a dose? The 96-hour rule 07:16 Clock 2: the 4-week clock and steady state 08:06 Why your dose goes up in 2.5 mg steps 09:05 Birth control: the 4-week rule 10:09 Clock 3: how long tirzepatide stays in your system 10:56 What makes clearance faster or slower 12:39 Why severe side effects don't stop when you stop13:42 Surgery, colonoscopy and sedation15:07 Pregnancy planning15:35 Will it show up on a drug test?16:12 Clock 4: what happens when you stop16:46 Why your body fights weight loss17:36 SURMOUNT-4: stopping vs staying on17:58 My own weight-regain story18:48 The muscle problem19:51 The plan: 2 good paths21:17 Protecting your muscle on GLP-1s
Can Ozempic & GLP-1s Make You Blind? A Doctor Explains
Can Ozempic, Wegovy or Mounjaro make you blind? A viewer asked me this, and it deserves an honest, evidence-based answer. I'm Dr. Mohammed Paika, board-certified in internal medicine and obesity medicine, with more than 15 years as a hospitalist.
In this video I review every major study on GLP-1 medications and NAION, a rare "stroke" of the optic nerve:
The Mass Eye and Ear study that sparked the headlines The larger studies from Denmark, Norway and the US The randomized trials
I also cover what the European Medicines Agency, the UK's MHRA and the American Academy of Ophthalmology concluded, plus the separate issue of diabetic retinopathy. You'll learn the real risk in actual numbers, who is at higher risk, and a 5-step eye-safety plan, including the one warning sign that means you go to the ER the same day.
TIMESTAMPS 0:00 Can GLP-1s make you blind? A viewer's question 0:58 Who I am and why this matters 1:37 What is NAION? The "stroke" of the optic nerve 3:15 How the alarm started: the Mass Eye and Ear study 4:16 What the bigger studies found 6:13 GLP-1 Masterclass 6:51 What regulators and eye specialists concluded 8:44 Putting the risk in perspective 9:28 The other eye issue: diabetic retinopathy 10:41 Free GLP-1 Diet Cookbook 11:01 Who is at higher risk? 12:16 The 5-step eye-safety plan 14:10 What to watch next
🎓 Complete GLP-1 Weight Loss Masterclass — Lifetime Access Comprehensive education on GLP-1 medications, nutrition, exercise, muscle preservation, side effects & long-term success. Includes the companion eBook, quizzes, 12-week exercise program, certificate & future course updates at no additional cost. https://www.drmohammedpaika.com
REFERENCESStatPearls: Nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. NCBI Bookshelf. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK559045/Johnson LN, Arnold AC. Incidence of nonarteritic and arteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. J Neuroophthalmol. 1994;14(1):38-44Hathaway JT, Shah M, Hathaway DB, et al. Risk of NAION in patients prescribed semaglutide. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2024;142(8):732-739Grauslund J, Abou Taha A, Molander LD, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide doubles the five-year risk of NAION in a Danish cohort of 424,152 persons with type 2 diabetes. Int J Retina Vitreous. 2024;10:97Simonsen E, Lund LC, Ernst MT, et al. Use of semaglutide and risk of NAION: a Danish–Norwegian cohort study. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2025;27(6):3094-3103Hsu AY, et al. Semaglutide and nonarteritic anterior ischemic optic neuropathy. JAMA Ophthalmol. 2025. doi:10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2025.0349Wang L, Volkow ND, Kaelber DC, Xu R. Semaglutide or tirzepatide and optic nerve and visual pathway disorders in type 2 diabetes. JAMA Netw Open. 2025;8(8):e2526327DeParis SW, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists and the risk of NAION: a consensus statement by NANOS and the American Academy of Ophthalmology. Ophthalmology. 2026;133(8)NAION risk with semaglutide: what we know so far (includes Chou et al., 18,657 patients). Eye. 2025. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41433-025-03833-yLiu Z, Raveendran D, Fourlanos S, et al. Rate and risk of NAION with semaglutide use for diabetes and weight loss: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Ophthalmology. 2026;133:589-598European Medicines Agency (PRAC). NAION a very rare side effect of semaglutide. June 2025. https://www.ema.europa.eu/en/news/prac-concludes-eye-condition-naion-very-rare-side-effect-semaglutide-medicines-ozempic-rybelsus-wegovyMHRA Drug Safety Update: Semaglutide and risk of NAION. Feb 5, 2026Lincoff AM, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in obesity without diabetes (SELECT). N Engl J Med. 2023;389:2221-2232Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Diabetes and vision lossMarso SP, et al. Semaglutide and cardiovascular outcomes in type 2 diabetes (SUSTAIN-6). N Engl J Med. 2016;375:1834-1844Vilsbøll T, et al. Semaglutide, reduction in HbA1c and the risk of diabetic retinopathy. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2018;20(4):889-897Leinung M, Patel N, Bettadahalli S, Paika MK, et al. Benefits of short-term professional continuous glucose monitoring in clinical practice. Diabetes Technol Ther. 2013Campbell UB, et al. Acute NAION and exposure to phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitors. J Sex Med. 2015;12(1):139-151
You’re Missing the Biggest GLP-1 Benefit (And It’s NOT Weight Loss)
Épisode 105
samedi 26 septembre 2026 • Durée 18:06
#GLP1 #Ozempic #Mounjaro #Wegovy #ObesityMedicine
Most people think GLP-1 medications like Ozempic, Wegovy, Mounjaro and Zepbound are just for weight loss. The research tells a much bigger story. I'm Dr. Mohammed Paika, board-certified in internal medicine and obesity medicine, with more than 15 years as a hospitalist. In this video I count down 12 evidence-graded health benefits of GLP-1 medications beyond the scale, plus a bonus from the newest cancer research.
You'll learn what the major trials show about your heart, liver, kidneys, blood pressure, sleep apnea, inflammation, alcohol cravings, joint pain and blood sugar. I also cover what the latest Alzheimer's trials actually found. Stay for number 1: a major analysis of the SELECT trial found that about two-thirds of the heart protection wasn't explained by weight loss.
🎓 Complete GLP-1 Weight Loss Masterclass — Lifetime Access Comprehensive education on GLP-1 medications, nutrition, exercise, muscle preservation, side effects & long-term success. Includes the companion eBook, quizzes, 12-week exercise program, certificate & future course updates at no additional cost. https://www.drmohammedpaika.com
TIMESTAMPS 0:00 Why GLP-1s are about more than weight loss 1:05 Who I am and why this matters 1:56 #12 Blood pressure and blood fats 2:42 #11 Less joint pain, more mobility 3:52 #10 Fewer alcohol cravings 5:00 #9 A healthier liver 5:50 #8 Brain health: the honest version 6:55 How to protect muscle on a GLP-1 + Masterclass 8:42 #7 Sleep apnea and deeper sleep 9:40 #6 Fewer medications and diabetes prevention 10:35 BONUS: GLP-1s and cancer, the newest research 11:38 Free GLP-1 Diet Cookbook 12:03 #5 Quieter food noise and steadier blood sugar 12:57 #4 Protecting your kidneys13:46 #3 Blood sugar and diabetes control14:35 #2 Cooling down inflammation15:27 #1 Protecting your heart and blood vessels
Why do two people on the same Mounjaro dose get completely different results? In this video, I break down a study of more than 3,000 people with type 2 diabetes from the SURPASS 1–4 trials. It looked at who is most likely to lose 15% or more of their body weight on tirzepatide (Mounjaro / Zepbound), and why.
You'll learn the 7 factors that predicted the biggest weight loss. Several of them are things you can change, sometimes before your first injection. I also cover what newer research says about Ozempic and Wegovy, why real-world results are lower than trial results, and the 6-month check-in that tells you whether you're on track.
🎓 Complete GLP-1 Weight Loss Masterclass — Lifetime Access Comprehensive education on GLP-1 medications, nutrition, exercise, muscle preservation, side effects & long-term success. Includes the companion eBook, quizzes, 12-week exercise program, certificate & future course updates at no additional cost. https://www.drmohammedpaika.com
TIMESTAMPS 0:00 Same drug, very different results 1:15 Mounjaro vs Zepbound vs Ozempic explained 2:19 What the SURPASS study measured 3:32 Factor 1: Sex 4:36 Factor 2: Age (and muscle loss) 6:32 Factor 3: Your starting blood sugar 8:36 Factor 4: Your cholesterol 9:32 GLP-1 Masterclass 10:12 Factor 5: Your other medications 11:41 Factor 6: Dose 12:34 Factor 7: Race and ethnicity 13:29 Surprise: starting weight didn't matter 13:58 Does this apply to Ozempic and Wegovy? 15:26 The limits of this research 16:36 7 steps to improve your odds 19:52 Free GLP-1 Diet Cookbook + what's next
REFERENCES
10 Best Foods That Help Ozempic & Zepbound Work BETTER: Weight Loss Doctor Explains
Épisode 103
mardi 22 septembre 2026 • Durée 23:57
#GLP1 #Ozempic #Zepbound #Wegovy #weightloss
Losing weight on Wegovy, Ozempic, Zepbound, or Mounjaro? What you eat while you're on it matters more than most people realize. In this video, board-certified internal medicine and obesity medicine physician Dr. Mohammed Paika breaks down the 3 nutrition gaps that show up again and again in GLP-1 patients — protein, fiber, and fluids — and the 10 foods that address them, backed by real research on muscle preservation, gut health, and the GLP-1 pathway itself.
You'll learn why eating less doesn't automatically mean eating well, what the research says about muscle loss on semaglutide and tirzepatide, and exactly which foods to prioritize so you protect your muscle, support your gut, and get more out of your medication — not just a smaller number on the scale.
🎓 Complete GLP-1 Weight Loss Masterclass — Lifetime Access Comprehensive education on GLP-1 medications, nutrition, exercise, muscle preservation, side effects & long-term success. Includes the companion eBook, quizzes, 12-week exercise program, certificate & future course updates at no additional cost. https://www.drmohammedpaika.com
📚 The Weight Equation & The Physician’s Physique Physician-written, evidence-based guides to obesity, weight loss, nutrition, metabolism, exercise, body composition & healthier living. https://www.drmohammedpaika.com/books
👥 Metabolic Health Community https://www.skool.com/metabolic-health-community-5316 👨⚕️ ABOUT DR. MOHAMMED K. PAIKA Board-Certified in Internal Medicine and Obesity Medicine Certified Personal Trainer & Nutrition Coach Helping people understand metabolism, hormones, and sustainable health through evidence-based medicine.
Timestamps 0:00 Intro — The Mistake That's Sabotaging Your GLP-1 Results2:03 Why What You Eat Matters More Than Ever5:17 The 3 Nutrition Gaps on GLP-1 Medications7:33 #1 Oats8:55 #2 Turkey Breast10:18 #3 Tofu & Edamame11:35 #4 Tuna & Shrimp12:44 #5 Quinoa13:49 #6 Chia Seeds & Flaxseed15:50 #7 Sweet Potatoes17:07 #8 High-Protein Milk18:31 #9 Kefir20:08 #10 Watermelon, Citrus & Coconut Water21:33 The One Rule That Ties It All Together22:06 Final Thoughts
5 Things You Should NEVER Do on Wegovy, Ozempic & Zepbound
Are you taking Wegovy, Ozempic, or Zepbound and feeling like your results have stalled? In this video, board-certified physician Dr. Mohammed Paika breaks down the 5 mistakes that quietly sabotage GLP-1 results — and exactly what to do instead to keep losing fat, protect your muscle, and avoid unnecessary side effects.
Drawing on his experience as a hospitalist and obesity medicine specialist, Dr. Paika walks through dose titration, nutrition, digestion, and lab work — the pieces most people never get told about.
TIMESTAMPS: 0:00 Intro — Why Your Results Might Be Stalling 0:53 Meet Dr. Paika 1:37 Mistake #1: Chasing the Calendar Instead of Your Biology 4:07 Mistake #2: Treating the Medication Like It Replaces the Basics 6:02 Mistake #3: Eating Too Little (and Losing the Wrong Weight) 8:29 Mistake #4: Ignoring What Your Gut Is Telling You 10:47 Mistake #5: Never Checking Your Blood Work 12:27 Final Thoughts + What to Watch Next
REFERENCES: 1. Wilding JPH, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with overweight or obesity. N Engl J Med. 2021;384:989-1002. 2. Jastreboff AM, et al. Tirzepatide once weekly for the treatment of obesity. N Engl J Med. 2022;387:205-216. 3. Drucker DJ. Mechanisms of action and therapeutic application of glucagon-like peptide-1. Cell Metab. 2018;27:740-756. 4. Taheri S, et al. Short sleep duration is associated with reduced leptin, elevated ghrelin, and increased BMI. PLoS Med. 2004;1(3):e62. 5. Wolfe RR. The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease. Am J Clin Nutr. 2006;84:475-482. 6. Longland TM, et al. Higher dietary protein during an energy deficit promotes greater lean mass gain and fat loss. Am J Clin Nutr. 2016;103:738-746. 7. Holst JJ. The physiology of glucagon-like peptide-1. Physiol Rev. 2007;87:1409-1439. 8. Monami M, et al. Safety issues with GLP-1 receptor agonists (pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer, cholelithiasis). Diabetes Obes Metab. 2017;19(9):1233-1241. 9. American Society of Anesthesiologists. Consensus-based guidance on preoperative management of patients on GLP-1 receptor agonists. 2023.10. Garvey WT, et al. AACE/ACE comprehensive clinical practice guidelines for medical care of patients with obesity. Endocr Pract. 2016;22(Suppl 3):1-203.
REFERENCES Klausen MK, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide versus placebo in patients with alcohol use disorder and comorbid obesity. Lancet. 2026;407(10540):1687–1698. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00305-3 Hendershot CS, et al. Once-weekly semaglutide in adults with alcohol use disorder: a randomized clinical trial. JAMA Psychiatry. 2025;82(4):395–405. Klausen MK, et al. Exenatide once weekly for alcohol use disorder. JCI Insight. 2022;7(19):e159863. https://insight.jci.org/articles/view/159863 Lähteenvuo M, et al. Repurposing semaglutide and liraglutide for alcohol use disorder. JAMA Psychiatry. 2025;82(1):94–98. Wang W, Volkow ND, et al. Associations of semaglutide with incidence and recurrence of alcohol use disorder. Nat Commun. 2024;15:4548. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-024-48780-6 Quddos F, et al. Physiological and perceptual effects of GLP-1 receptor agonists during alcohol consumption in people with obesity. Sci Rep. 2025. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-025-17927-w Suchankova P, et al. The GLP-1 receptor as a potential treatment target in alcohol use disorder. Transl Psychiatry. 2015;5:e583. https://www.nature.com/articles/tp201568 Thomsen M, et al. GLP-1 analogs and alcohol intake in vervet monkeys. Psychopharmacology. 2019;236:603–611. Aranäs C, et al. Semaglutide reduces alcohol intake and relapse-like drinking in rats. eBioMedicine. 2023;93:104642. Leggio L, et al. GLP-1 receptor agonists are promising but unproven treatments for alcohol and substance use disorders. Nat Med. 2023;29:2993–2995. Berridge KC, Robinson TE. Liking, wanting, and the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. Am Psychol. 2016;71(8):670–679. Volkow ND, Koob GF, McLellan AT. Neurobiologic advances from the brain disease model of addiction. N Engl J Med. 2016;374:363–371. Wilding JPH, et al. Weight regain after withdrawal of semaglutide: STEP 1 extension. Diabetes Obes Metab. 2022;24(8):1553–1564. Jonas DE, et al. Pharmacotherapy for adults with alcohol use disorders. JAMA. 2014;311(18):1889–1900. Han B, et al. Use of medications for alcohol use disorder in the US. JAMA Psychiatry. 2021;78(8):922–924. World Health Organization. Global status report on alcohol and health. 2024. U.S. Surgeon General. Alcohol and Cancer Risk Advisory. 2025.
⚕️ MEDICAL & EDUCATIONAL DISCLAIMER: This content is for general educational and informational purposes only and is not medical advice or a substitute for care from your healthcare provider. Viewing this content does not create a doctor-patient relationship. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting, stopping, or changing any medication, diet, exercise, or weight-loss plan. Individual results and risks vary. You assume responsibility for decisions made based on this content.
REFERENCES (FULL LIST AVAILABLE ON REQUEST)
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⚕️ MEDICAL & EDUCATIONAL DISCLAIMER: This content is for general educational and informational purposes only and is not medical advice or a substitute for care from your healthcare provider. Viewing this content does not create a doctor-patient relationship. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting, stopping, or changing any medication, diet, exercise, or weight-loss plan. Individual results and risks vary. You assume responsibility for decisions made based on this content.
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⚕️ MEDICAL & EDUCATIONAL DISCLAIMER: This content is for general educational and informational purposes only and is not medical advice or a substitute for care from your healthcare provider. Viewing this content does not create a doctor-patient relationship. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting, stopping, or changing any medication, diet, exercise, or weight-loss plan. Individual results and risks vary. You assume responsibility for decisions made based on this content.
⚕️ MEDICAL & EDUCATIONAL DISCLAIMER: This content is for general educational and informational purposes only and is not medical advice or a substitute for care from your healthcare provider. Viewing this content does not create a doctor-patient relationship. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting, stopping, or changing any medication, diet, exercise, or weight-loss plan. Individual results and risks vary. You assume responsibility for decisions made based on this content.
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⚕️ MEDICAL & EDUCATIONAL DISCLAIMER: This content is for general educational and informational purposes only and is not medical advice or a substitute for care from your healthcare provider. Viewing this content does not create a doctor-patient relationship. Always consult a qualified healthcare professional before starting, stopping, or changing any medication, diet, exercise, or weight-loss plan. Individual results and risks vary. You assume responsibility for decisions made based on this content.
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