Explorez tous les épisodes du podcast Cereal Killers

A podcast all about the pest, diseases, and weeds that try to kill arable crops! A podcast for farmers and agronomists from the team at Eutrema. Visit eutrema.co.uk for more details.

Dr Russell Sharp, Managing Director, Eutrema Ltd

Josie Cuccia, Lecturer, Moulton College, Northamptonshire

A deep dive into all things SLUGS! 

A serious pest for oil seed rape (OSR), potato and sometimes wheat farmers.

We focus on some of the more interesting aspects of slugs and their control. Not least, the use of Eutrema's new SLUGGER product, which we are trialling on OSR crops this autumn. For more details visit:

https://eutrema.co.uk/shop/biostimulants/slugger/ 

AKA White Mould. This disease affects oilseed rape, beans, and any other crop outside of cereals that you may be using as rotational crops. It will also affect cover crops.

Sclerotinia produces unusual bodies of spores called 'sclerotia' that drop the ground and release spores in the spring.

If you would like to discuss further options for control of Sclerotinia, please speak to us using the contact details on our website https://eutrema.co.uk

Alternaria / sooty mould is a disease that affects cereal crops late on in the summer, close to harvest. It can even cause damage in grain stores.

In this podcast we discuss the biology, control methods, and some crazy facts about this weird pathogen.

To discuss alternaria control please speak to the Eutrema technical team at: https://eutrema.co.uk/about/

Fescues are a group of grass species that can be of benefit to livestock farmers, but for arable farmers they represent some serious weeds! These weeds can totally destroy a field even in a season or two. Plus they can possess remarkable resistance to glyphosate.

To discuss fescue with our technical team, please visit: https://eutrema.co.uk/contact/

Leatherjackets; the giant maggots of the crane fly! A pest in arable crops, pasture grass, and horticulture.

In this podcast we discuss the impact of this pest on crop roots and stems.

The biology of leatherjackets is interesting as they remain active in the winter, and reach a peak of damage in early spring.

For more details on leatherjackets and potential control methods, contact the Eutrema technical team by visiting; https://eutrema.co.uk

ERGOT is a fungal disease that spoils cereal crops. Whilst Ergot doesn't massively impact on yields, it destroys the quality of the harvested grain as it contains.

We hope you enjoy this episode and please contact us for more information on potential ergot control measures at; https://eutrema.co.uk

You've grown your crop, it's almost ready to harvest, then it all falls over! Damm it!

Find out about the causes and potential solutions to lodging on this week's episode.

As always, feel free to contact us form more info on this and any other crop cultivation topic at: https://eutrema.co.uk

Frit Flies are both annoying and economically damaging. They belong to a big group of true flies and cause damage to emerging tillers.

But why are they called 'frit' flies? We have no idea, so we would love your suggestions!

Take All is a fungal disease of all grass species. Unlike the fungal diseases we have covered in the past, this one is transmitted through infected soils.

Take all is often under-estimated by arable farmers because it doesn't produce obvious symptoms or fruiting bodies.

Check out this episode to find out more about take all biology and control.

https://eutrema.co.uk

In the last episode on Black Grass we talked only briefly about our research to create a biological solution.

In this podcast I give the full details about this project and how it will be deployed on arable farms. 

To sign up for regular updates on our Black Grass Spore projects visit: 

https://eutrema.co.uk/the-black-grass-biology-group

Thanks for listening, and happy growing!

Dr Russell Sharp

In this week's episode we delve into the issues around filter and nozzle blockages. We pay particular attention to the problems that can arise when mixing various biological products and how to overcome them.

Fish-based organic fertiliser

Most commonly extracted using phosphoric acid. Phosphorus often reacts with soluble calcium to form insoluble calcium phosphate. Once this forms, it isn’t going anyway, no matter how much you rinse the system. So avoid calcium containing products when using fish-based fertiliser, or do a bucket test first.

The other issue with many organic fertilisers, including those based on fish, is that they are commonly suspensions, not soluble concentrates. As such, if left for a long period of time in the spray tank they may settle out and form a layer along the bottom of the tank. Therefore, do not store diluted product overnight. Storing diluted biologicals is also never advised because it will stimulate microbial growth and the additional problems that come from that if not precisely controlled.

Molasses-based organic fertilisers

When it comes to molasses it is the actual water you need to take care with. If you pour molasses quickly into very cold water it can sink to the bottom of the tank in one big solid lump! If that lump is sucked into a mixing pump it can cause a catastrophic failure. Therefore always add molasses slowly to any tank and agitate continuously. Alternatively, pre-dilute the molasses in some warm water before adding to the tank for further dilution to the spray concentration. 

Seaweed extracts

Confirm the pH first. Some are acidic, some neutral, but more commonly they are alkaline. If alkaline, avoid any product that will lower the pH and bring the carbohydrate (alginic acid etc) solids out of solution.

Always avoid mixing with chitosan. As chitosan is acidic and cationic (seaweed extracts are anionic); any mix of these two will result in something with the appearance of vomit! If this doesn’t happen, you are using poor quality seaweed extract and/or chitosan solution.

Humic and fulvic acid

Humic acid solutions are very often moderately alkaline. So avoid any acidic product that will bring the pH down. If this happens you will get a thick tar coating your filters.

We have seen a few cases recently of issues when tank mixing with citric acid. This has happened because farmers are now hearing that the efficacy of glyphosate (Roundup) can be increased by lowering the pH with citric acid. They are also hearing that the efficacy of glyphosate can be increased by the inclusion of humic or fulvic acids. So they have applied all three products to the spray tank and blockages have occurred. 

Chitosan

In addition to its use as a biostimulant and biofungicide, chitosan can also be used to remove contaminants from wastewater. Chitosan is used in waste water treatment because it binds to contaminants and takes them out of solution. So while removing bacteria, metal ions, and humic acid might be an advantage in that scenario, in a spray tank the opposite is true.

Chitosan can be tank mixed with a variety of conventional agrochemicals and biologicals, but you need to do your homework first, and always conduct a bucket test with the dilution ratios and water you plan on using. If you need a small sample to do a tank mix with, then please get in touch.

I always used to tell customers to never mix chitosan with silicon fertilisers, as these are alkaline and will also fall out of solution if mixed incorrectly. However, we have now developed a way of successfully tank mixing these products together by adjusting the pH of the solution after the addition of the silicon fertiliser. See our Fungicide Reduction Action Plan for more information.

Plant extracts

It really depends on the type of extract, the pH and the purification as to how these will tank mix. A single chemical extract will stand a far greater chance of tank mixing than a crude extract (such as a cold-press ‘juice’).  

One example is yucca extract that contains natural soaps (saponins), these work best at pH above neutral. So if mixed with acidic co-applied products their efficacy may be diminished. 

Amino acid biostimulants can also be derived from plant extracts (commonly from legumes). Other sources of amino acid biostimulants used in agriculture include fungal cultures, and the digestion of animal protein; particularly those sourced from pig’s blood, bird feathers, and fish waste. 

Amino acid biostimulants can have tank mixing issues with ALS inhibitor herbicides. This is because ALS inhibitor herbicides work by disrupting the synthesis of  amino acids in the weed. If you apply ample amino acids alongside the herbicide you could potentially negate the effect of the herbicide because the weed still has access to the amino acids that would otherwise be disrupted.

Nematodes

Nematodes are notorious for blocking filters and spray nozzles. Nematodes are animals that are small enough to be delivered in water as a spray to the leaf surface. However, being animals, they are far larger than microbial biologicals, or suspension fertiliser particles and as such standard fitting filters and nozzles will block if nematodes are run through them. As such, research the filters and nozzles for optimum nematode deliver, and factor in the cost of these if you do not have them in stock at present.

Nematodes are actually very close to being delivered by drone in the UK. The smaller volume applications or even dry applications that drones offer may suit nematode application better than conventional sprayers.

Microbes

When it comes to using microbial biologicals the first, and most obvious, tank mixing issue is that they should never be mixed with conventional chemical fungicides / bactericides. These pesticides act as biocides and will kill the beneficial microbes ithey are tank mixed with. In addition, many insecticides and herbicides might also have antimicrobial activity, so it is always best to check with the manufacturer before combining with microbials in the tank.

Another consideration when using beneficial microbes is to the chlorine in tap water. While most farmers use water from tanks rather than tap water, a sizable proportion do use tap water; especially in periods of drought. If using tap water alongside microbials always add a dechlorinator first.

Fungal biologicals

Fungal biologicals include symbiotic mycorrhizae, free-living Trichoderma, and fungal biopesticides. Normally fungal biologicals are supplied from the manufacturers as either spores or ‘propagules’. Spores are usually <50 micron in diameter, so unless they have clumped together in the packet, they should fit through a spray filter. Propagules are far larger than spores and should be applied as a dry powder rather than suspended in water as they will block filters. 

This being said, spores are not always the best option for delivering fungi, especially mycorrhizae. This is because spores have less chance of forming a good connection with the plant due to having lower reserves of energy and nutrients to grow, find, and connect with a plant root. I would therefore recommend that for mycorrhizae dry propagules are applied to established plants by digging them into the soil around the root system, and spores are reserved for application as a seed coating (see this video for how to do this).

For fungal bio-pesticides spore form is usually the best (and only) option, and can be delivered in water-based foliar sprays easily if the instructions for use are carefully followed.

Yeasts are also fungi, but they are single-celled and each cell is very small (3-4 micron), so for foliar applications they can be treated as you would fungal spores.

Bacteria

Bacteria should tank mix fairly well as they are very small single cells, but you may still suffer compatibility issues with some agrochemicals if they have biocidal action and could kill the microbes. You will also need to study the best pressure and nozzle settings to best apply bacterial inoculants. 

Compost tea

Many compost tea enthusiasts ‘seed’ their brews with specific microbial inoculants. However, compost teas are not made in sterile conditions, and so other microbes will be present and will be cultured alongside. Some of these may be filamentous or conglomerate into biofilms. These may block filters if present in very high concentrations. 

If you are in any doubt about the tank mix compatibility of a biological product, simply give us a ring and we will be happy to discuss this with you. The field of biologicals is developing rapidly, so we will be updating this article regularly.

Finally, if you need any help sourcing any of the biologicals listed above, please email me; russell@eutrema.co.uk

Dr Russell Sharp

A deep dive into how arable farmers can turn the tide against this pernicious weed. Black grass is a weed that has proven very successful at invading cereal crops due to a number of key features. We talk about these features and new ways to control black grass. For more details, please visit: 

https://eutrema.co.uk/the-black-grass-biology-group/

The main way of correcting phosphorus deficiency in soils is to add a phosphorus-containing fertiliser. However, your current situation will determine the actual form you should opt for. This post is solely focused on these phosphorus-containing fertilisers. We will be publishing additional blog posts about the symptoms and challenges of phosphorus deficiency, and also on how to release phosphorus already bound in the soil.

There are a number of different sources of phosphorus found in fertilisers. The chemists at fertiliser companies have chosen the specific ones used in a formulation based on 1. performance on the plant, 2. stability in the blend and 3. cost.

Here is a non-exhaustive list of common phosphorus-containing ingredients used in fertiliser:

• Rock phosphates – ‘Beneficiated’ (cleaned up) rock phosphate is permitted for use as an organic fertiliser. This is before it is converted to conventional fertilisers by a series of chemical reactions. Whilst organic, beneficiated rock phosphate is not readily soluble, so is rarely used in conventional agriculture.

• Superphosphate and Triple superphosphate- These are two forms of mono-calcium phosphate. They are both commonly found in granular arable fertilisers. They suit this role as unlike the phosphates listed below they do not dissolve straight away, instead only a gram or two will dissolve for every litre of water they are exposed to. Superphosphate is created by reacting rock phosphates with sulphuric acid, and triple-superphosphate is created by reacting rock phosphate with phosphoric acid.

• Monoammonium phosphate (MAP) and diammonium phosphate (DAP) – both used in liquid NPK blends (compound fertiliser) and also sold as a straight granule product. They are created by reacting phosphoric acid (sourced from rock phosphate with ammonia from the Haber-Bosch process).

• Potassium phosphate – mainly used in horticulture either on its own as a PK fertiliser, or blended into soluble fertilisers (both liquid and granular). Useful in situations where growers want healthy flowers, fruits and roots, but without stimulating excessive vegetative growth, and so preferable to MAP/DAP as that contains nitrogen. Can also be used to adjust the pH of foliar solutions and the effects on the crop. Alkaline forms will close plant stomata in periods of stress, whilst acidic potassium phosphate will open stomata and promote transpiration when this is desirable.

• Potassium pyrophosphate – mostly horticultural but also in some arable foliar formulations. Similar use to mono potassium phosphate, but the phosphate releases over a period of days and thus controls its release and limits lock up.

• Phosphoric acid – It might surprise you to find out that this hazardous acid is found in both conventional and organic fertilisers! In fact some arable foliar fertilisers based on phosphoric acid can have a pH of 1.0, and many organic fertilisers are also not far off this level too. 

It is not just humans that need to be cautious when it comes to phosphoric acid fertilisers, as the plant can also be harmed by improper use. Any acidic fertiliser can strip calcium out of the leaf in the same way acidic rain drains a plant of essential nutrients.

Phosphoric acid is found in organic fertilisers because it is permitted for use to break down biological material in organic fertilisers. This is the reason you may see a fish fertiliser with very high phosphorus levels. It is not the biological material that is especially high in phosphorus, it is the acid used to extract and solubilise it.

• Dicalcium phosphate and tricalcium phosphate: found in animal feed and in controlled-release fertiliser granules. However, these are not normally plant available. In controlled release fertiliser granules they are used as a binding agent (along with ferric phosphate. The only way to release dicalcium phosphate and ferric phosphate in the soil is to use Eutrema’s Phosphorus Liberator (more on this in the next post).

Controlled-release fertilisers are a relatively expensive product, so are usually only used in horticultural, not agricultural crops.

• Guano – bird and bat droppings. Even though a natural source, not all guano is organic as it depends on the way it is mined. Often bat guano is organic, whilst that sourced from bird (albatrosses) is not. Dog poo is also a source of phosphorus, so much so that its deposition has been linked to the decline of wildflowers in nature reserves (https://www.newscientist.com/article/2307320-dog-waste-may-harm-nature-reserve-biodiversity-by-fertilising-the-soil/) 

Understanding the diverse array of phosphorus fertilisers is pivotal for optimising soil health and crop productivity.

Black Grass Biology Group

2024 progress report

On-farm trials

This year we partnered with 16 farms to run commercial-scale trials to assess the potential for applying fungal spores to help with the control of black grass. Most of the trials were 50-150 hectares in size. Below is a summary of our findings so far this year:

• 32% of the farms running trials reported observing either an effect on black grass numbers by June, or symptoms of disease amongst the black grass population.

• The remaining 68% did not observe an effect at the time we enquired in June.

• The unprecedented wet spring meant that the spores could not be applied as early as we planned in any of the farm trials.The delays lasted for up to 6-8 weeks on some farms.

• The delay to the date of application had three major consequences on the trial:

1. The black grass plants were larger when the spores got to them.
2. The air temperature was higher when they were applied.
3. The spores were eventually applied very close to an application of a fungicide (either just before or just after). This was probably the most damaging consequence because any fungicide applied to the crop would also assist the black grass in fighting off infection from our applied fungi.

• One of the farm trials was at Agrovista’s Lamport AgX site. This was fully independent and run by their technical staff, not Eutrema. This trial is showing a clear difference in black grass numbers between untreated and treated. 
• In addition to a very positive result from this project, the Lamport trial also demonstrated another key finding = where an application of Avadex was missing from the treated field there was no difference between treated and untreated sections in black grass plant numbers. This demonstrates that our biological technology is an additional weapon against black grass, but not a replacement for conventional herbicides.

Interesting findings from our laboratory experiments

• In our grow room trials it was found that the optimum temperature for the growth of the fungal pathogens was 16°C or below. This is very different to what is the optimum for black grass growth (>25°C). This further reinforces our belief that the optimum time for spore application is early spring.

• We have learnt a lot about spore production in the Eutrema lab this year. We have even learned how to kill off all the fungus (accidentally!). So with more time for creating the spores than we had last year, combined with an improved production process, we should have far more spores to get out to the trials this year. This means even more spores per hectare, and an increased chance of success.

• It was repeatedly observed in the grow rooms that once the black grass plants were successfully infected the leaves changed from being extremely hydrophobic (water repellent) to being extremely hydrophilic (water holding). This change is due to the formation of fungal lesions on the leaf surface breaking through the leaf’s waxy cuticle layer. This may seem like a minor finding with no consequence, but it could have massive implications as it means we could go from a situation where most of the droplets of a foliar herbicide (e.g. Centurion Max) fall off the black grass, to a situation where the vast majority attach. If this were indeed the case, then it vastly increases the dose of herbicide taken in by each weed plant! By increasing the delivery of herbicide into the weed, we might be able to turn ineffective herbicides into super-effective herbicides, and/or allow farmers to reduce dose rates in future. In order to test this, we will be running a further experiment where we will be spraying a set of infected and a set of uninfected black grass plants with Centurion Max (clethodim). The dose rate will be set at 50% of the field applied dose rate to maximise the chances of observing a difference in the grow room. Standard dose rate being 1 L / ha in 200-400L of water. We will then monitor both the number of spray droplets that attach to each plant, plus the subsequent effect on black grass health or death!

• We also tested a range of compounds that are purported to increase the severity of fungal infections on crops when applied. You will often hear reports of certain conditions that promote the growth of foliar fungal pathogens, especially powdery mildew; such as spraying foliar nitrogen or molasses. However, we have tested all these reported compounds and attempted to increase infection rates on black grass plants in the grow room by applying them. Unfortunately, none of these compounds increased infection rates. In fact, all it did was spread the spores around and make them germinate on the leaf surface.

Plan going forward with farm trials

• Owing to the inability to get the spores onto the fields due to the wet conditions this spring, we will be repeating all the current on-farm field trials in 2025. This will be at no cost to the farms involved. Hopefully we will have better conditions for early spring applications if weather is better than 2024 (I cannot see how it could be any worse!).

• We will also be providing an autumn application free of charge. The rationale for this extra application is three-fold:

1. A BYVD insecticide is applied at this time of year, so no extra pass over the crop is required.
2. No fungicide is applied at this time of year, thus we do not have to worry about fungicides killing the black grass pathogens.
3. If successfully infected, black grass plants could have reduced resilience through harsh winter conditions. However, there are also counter arguments to be made for this, so we need the trials to see if this happens in reality.

• 2025 field trials will also receive higher dose rates due to the improvements in our production process.

• We might have opportunities to expand to other farms who are interested in signing up for trials. However this will be dependent upon how spore production proceeds in the second half of 2024.

Finally, we now have 174 farms signed up to receive more information on the project, and to receive early updates once the sign up page goes live on our website again. Clearly there are more than 174 farms affected by black grass in the UK, so if you know of somebody who is suffering then please pass on our details so they can sign up too.

Best regards

Dr Russell Sharp

eutrema.co.uk

We discuss the intriguing and troublesome life cycle of wireworms, from their beginnings as eggs to their transformation into click beetles.

Discover why wireworms pose such a significant threat to crops like beetroot, cereals, and oilseed rape, and learn about their unique defense mechanism—a clicking noise designed to startle predators. The conversation also touches on effective control methods, including crop rotation, soil management, and the role of natural predators.

Additionally, the hosts explore the fascinating relationship between beetles and magnolia trees, and share insights on other insects with long life cycles, such as cicadas. Join us for an engaging discussion on managing wireworms and protecting your crops from these pernicious pests.

For more info, check out our blog: https://eutrema.co.uk/controlling-wireworms/

Meadow grasses, specifically Poa annua (annual meadow grass) and Poa trivialis (rough meadow grass).

Whilst these weeds may not pose a significant threat to crop yields, they present unique biological traits and can become pesky nuisances in certain conditions. Discover the fascinating details about Poa annua, its misleading name, and how it thrives in various environments, including its impact in New Zealand.

Learn about the ephemeral nature of Poa annua, its ability to propagate through both seeds and rhizomes, and its role as a host for the harmful ergot fungus. The discussion also covers Poa trivialis, its perennial nature, and its adaptability to compacted, damp soils, especially in no-till farming systems.

Join us as we explore these meadow grasses' resilience, their potential herbicide resistance, and the implications for farmers. Stay tuned for our next episode on the intriguing topic of chocolate spot. Thank you for listening!

https://eutrema.co.uk/shop/

In this episode we chat about chocolate spot—a serious fungal disease affecting field and broad beans.

While the name might sound delicious, chocolate spot is anything but tasty. The discussion covers the causes, symptoms, and impacts of this disease, as well as effective methods for control. Learn about the differences between Botrytis fabiae and Botrytis cinerea, and why crop rotation and debris management are crucial.

With a touch of humor and some interesting historical tidbits, this episode is both informative and entertaining. Discover why fava beans are gaining popularity and the UK government's push for pea and bean research. Plus, get tips on using fungicides and other treatments to keep your crops healthy.

Don't miss out on this comprehensive guide to managing chocolate spot in your bean crops. Tune in now and join the conversation!

https://eutrema.co.uk/

In this episode, Josie and Russ tackle the troublesome weeds; couch grass and onion couch grass.

Also known as twitch grass or quack grass, couch grass has a multitude of common names. Its scientific name, Elymus repens, hints at its creeping nature. This weed is a significant issue in horticulture and gardens, and it can be particularly tricky to control once its roots get intertwined with your plants.

We discuss the weed's reproduction via rhizomes and seeds, its impact on crop yield, and effective control methods such as cultivation and glyphosate application. They also touch on its role as an alternative host for pests and fungi.

Additionally, we explore onion grass, which is unrelated to couch grass but often confused with it. This variant of false oat grass also poses its own challenges and requires different control methods.

Tune in to learn more about these persistent weeds, their effects on your crops, and how to manage them effectively. Plus, get a glimpse into the hosts' favourite pasta dishes and their thoughts on chocolate pizza!

https://eutrema.co.uk/

Puccinia, or to me and you, RUST!

A serious problem for arable farmers, especially if it hits early in the growing season.

We discuss the very unusual biology of the many species of rust that infect cereal crops. Plus we discuss some very novel methods of control. Not least Eutrema's CHITOSAN bio-fungicide. For more information on one of these, please visit:

https://eutrema.co.uk/shop/pesticides-organic/chitosan/

There are over 6000 species of thrips. Luckily, only a few of these attack arable crops.

Thrips feed off the top surface of the leaf, leaving characteristically silver markings behind.

Thrips lay their eggs INSIDE leaves, which makes killing every point of the life cycle difficult. Plus the pupae fall to the soil halfway through their lifecycle, again meaning foliar targeted insecticides can be ineffective at stopping future populations building up.

We discuss thrips swarming only during thunderstorms, the female dominated populations, and of course methods of controlling thrips.

If you would like to discuss thrips further, please contact us by visiting https://eutrema.co.uk

Brome is a weed that is very different to the other weed we have already discussed, black grass. This is because brome weeds have very large seeds, and they are closely related to all cereal crops.

This means that while they might not travel as far as black grass, they can hold more cereal diseases than black grass.

We discuss control methods such as herbicides, rotation, planting date, and densities. 

Soft brome, and sterile brome are the main species that are weeds in arable crops.

To discuss brome weeds further, please contact us by visiting https://eutrema.co.uk

Peach potato aphid is a pest that doesn't cause a massive amount of damage directly by feeding on the crop.

However, this aphid is a vector for hundreds of plant diseases. Plus it can feed off plants in over 40 plant families. As such, farmers need to be able to control the peach potato aphid to ensure the crops do not get infected with a damaging virus. In this podcast we discuss the unusual biology of the peach potato aphid and methods for controlling it. Both organic and conventional methods.

If you would like to discuss aphids further, please contact us by visiting https://eutrema.co.uk

Powdery mildew affects every type of crop on the farm (except Christmas TREES!). However, the type of mildew that affects each species is different. That means you cannot get cross-infection between crops or weeds.

Mildew thrives in warm humid conditions, but actually doesn't like being sprayed with water!

We talk about how to prevent powdery mildew and control methods for when you have a crop that is starting to become infected.

If you are currently suffering from powdery mildew, check out Eutrema's bio-fungicide Chitosan.

On the face of it, not the most interesting of subjects. However, you will find this episode both informative and hilarious. Did you know about pigeon milk or domesticated dodos? No, neither did I until this episode!

If you would like to discuss alternative options for pigeon control, please contact us at Eutrema.

https://eutrema.co.uk

Salt is a common food for humans, but it is deadly toxic to plants.

You should be aware of the symptoms of salinity damage on any farm as it can be an issue anywhere, not just on the coast or in arid countries!

In this episode we discuss the symptoms of salt damage, the effects it has on the plant, plants that tolerate salt (halophytes), ways to overcome or avoid salt damage, and some minor benefits of having salt in the soil.

At Eutrema we actively avoid sodium as an ingredient in our agri-inputs and work with farmers to reduce the level of sodium entering the cropping system. Get in touch with us to find out more by visiting https://eutrema.co.uk

In this episode, Josie and Russell dive deep into the world of the small but mighty flea beetle, a pest with over 100 species that wreaks havoc on crops like oilseed rape and brassicas.

Learn about the life cycle of these beetles, their impressive jumping abilities, and the significant impact they have on crop yields. Discover the challenges of controlling flea beetles, from insecticides to innovative methods like companion planting and trap crops. Josie also shares fascinating insights on how scientists are studying flea beetles to inspire advancements in robotics and engineering.

Don't miss this engaging and informative episode, filled with interesting facts, practical advice, and a few light-hearted moments. Whether you're a farmer, gardener, or just curious about these tiny pests, there's something here for everyone.

Hit the bell icon to stay updated with our latest episodes and join the conversation by sharing your thoughts on who would win in the insect Olympics!

https://eutrema.co.uk/

In this episode of Cereal Killers we focus on the notorious Barley Yellow Dwarf Virus (BYDV). As farmers brace themselves for the upcoming season, we explore the impact of this virus on winter wheat and barley, where it can lead to staggering yield losses of up to 60% and 50% respectively.

Join us as Russell discusses the intricacies of controlling BYDV, including the role of aphids as vectors, and the importance of timely aphid control measures. We cover a variety of strategies, from insecticide applications to innovative farming practices like direct drilling and the use of BYDV-tolerant crop varieties. Additionally, we touch on the complexities of the virus's science and explore the promising developments in black grass pathogenic spore trials.

Whether you're a seasoned agronomist or a curious listener, this episode provides valuable insights into managing one of the most serious threats to cereal crops. Tune in and discover how you can stay ahead of the curve in combating BYDV.

eutrema.co.uk

Welcome to a special Halloween edition of Cereal Killers, the podcast dedicated to the pests and diseases affecting cereal crops. In this episode, we delve into the fascinating world of the ghost moth, scientifically known as Hepialis humuli.

Discover the intriguing history and biology of this moth, from its misleading scientific name to its unique mating dance known as "lekking." Learn about the ghost moth's lifecycle, its impact on various crops, and its fascinating relationship with bats.

Join us as we explore the ghost moth's ability to adapt and survive, despite its lack of traditional senses like hearing and taste. Uncover the reasons behind its peculiar strategies and how they help it thrive in the wild.

Don't miss out on this spooky and educational episode that offers a special Halloween treat for our listeners. 

Happy Halloween!

Dr Russell Sharp

https://eutrema.co.uk/

It was about time we recorded a podcast on flooding and waterlogging, seeing how 2024 has been a wash out of a year!

In this podcast we do a deep dive into all aspects of flooding; causes, effects on plants, positive effects, and how to solve issues around clay soils impeding drainage.

For more details on Eutrema's Liquid Gypsum please visit: https://eutrema.co.uk/shop/soil-conditioners/liquid-gypsum/

Dr Russell Sharp

Eutrema Ltd

Do you consider yourself a regenerative agriculture expert?

Take our quiz and find out: 

https://eutrema.co.uk/agriculture-expert/

Let us know how you got on!

Dr Russell Sharp

Eutrema Ltd

Check out Hydroponics daily by clicking the link below:

https://open.spotify.com/show/207T7p7fw9sPjINfSjVXW2

Dr Russell Sharp

Eutrema Ltd

In this episode of Cereal Killers, we delve into the intriguing world of agricultural diseases, focusing specifically on the Sharp Eyespot. This fungal disease, affecting a variety of crops including cereals, is dissected to uncover its symptoms, global impact, and differentiation from its better-known cousin, the Eyespot.

Learn about the conditions favouring its growth, its potential to cause yield loss, and the ongoing research efforts to manage its effects. Discover its interaction with other pathogens, the importance of soil management, and how advances in RNA technology might offer new ways to combat this silent cereal killer.

Dr Russell Sharp

https://eutrema.co.uk/crop-care/

Join us for an engaging episode of "Cereal Killers," the podcast that delves into the fascinating world of arable crop management. This instalment features an insightful talk from the Farming Innovation Forum at Lancaster University, exploring the critical topic of protecting soil biology on regenerative farms.

Dr Russell Sharp shares his journey from studying ornamental plants to focusing on arable crops, driven by a passion for innovative solutions in agriculture. Learn about the key principles of regenerative farming, including minimizing soil disturbance, the strategic use of biologicals, and the impact of cover crops on soil health.

Dive into the challenges faced by modern agriculture, as we discuss zero-till techniques, the role of biostimulants, biopesticides, and biofertilizers, and the groundbreaking research aimed at combating blackgrass, a notorious weed affecting crops. Discover how science and sustainability intertwine to shape the future of farming.

Gain valuable insights into the controversial topics surrounding regenerative agriculture, from the misuse of copper fertilizers to the promising potential of biological solutions. Whether you're an agricultural enthusiast or a curious listener, this episode promises to challenge your perspective and spark thought-provoking conversations.

Welcome to our latest episode of Cereal Killers, where we tackle the critical issue of carcinogenic fertilizers in agriculture. Discover the alarming truth about fertilizers containing harmful heavy metals such as cobalt and nickel, which are widely recognized as carcinogens. These substances pose significant health risks as they persist in soil and can linger in the lungs, raising concerns about future cancer spikes.

Join us as we name and shame the sellers of these hazardous products, unveiling the hypocrisy in their public statements about soil health and farming. We explore the implications for both conventional and organic farming practices, urging listeners to question and hold accountable those promoting these toxic substances.

In this eye-opening episode, we delve into the responsibilities of industry regulators and the potential impact of these carcinogens on human health. Tune in as we call for action against the use of dangerous fertilizers, advocating for a safer and healthier future for our farms, farmers, and communities.

In this episode of Cereal Killers, we dive into the evolving world of agriculture as we explore the transition from chemical-based agrochemicals to biological solutions. Discover how a comprehensive biological program for cereals can be adapted for other crops, offering a way to improve plant health while supporting sustainable farming practices. From the benefits of seaweed extracts and beneficial bacteria to the use of mycorrhizae and other biostimulants, this episode provides valuable insights for farmers, horticulturalists, and gardeners alike.

Learn why early application of biostimulants is crucial for crop establishment, how products like chitosan and potassium silicate can naturally defend against fungal pathogens, and the potential cost implications of integrating these biologicals into crop management. Whether you're experimenting with incorporating biologicals or seeking expert advice on the best products, this episode offers a wealth of information for anyone interested in sustainable and effective agricultural practices.

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Welcome back to Cereal Killers, the podcast dedicated to exploring the challenges faced by arable crops, including pests, diseases, and environmental stresses. In this episode, we delve into the intricate topic of water deficits, debunking the common association with drought and focusing on the scientific perspective. Discover how water deficits affect plant yield and growth and learn about innovative irrigation techniques used to manipulate horticultural crops for optimal results.

Our discussion extends to the broader agricultural landscape, examining soil water deficits in arable and field vegetable crops and their impact on crop resilience. Explore the fascinating contrast between traditional farming methods and regenerative practices, highlighting the potential benefits of incorporating organic matter and using advanced measurement tools like thermal imaging cameras and dielectric sensors.

Join us as we explore practical strategies for mitigating water deficits and maintaining healthy crops, such as stress-resistant bioactives and seaweed extract applications. This episode provides valuable insights for both traditional and hydroponic farmers looking to enhance crop resilience in the face of prolonged dryness and drought-like conditions.

Dr Russell Sharp

https://eutrema.co.uk/shop/organic-fertilisers/seaweed-extract-cold-processed

In this engaging episode, Dr. Russell Sharp delves into the intricate world of chelation, uncovering its crucial role in agriculture and hydroponics. Explaining the process of nutrient bonding, Dr. Sharp highlights the common misconceptions and misleading products in the market, particularly focusing on iron and boron management. Listeners will discover the groundbreaking developments from the Utreema lab, revealing a natural and eco-friendly alternative to synthetic chelates, particularly for boron, optimized around pH 6.5. This episode serves as an essential guide for both soil-based farmers and hydroponic enthusiasts, exploring effective ways to improve nutrient uptake while ensuring environmental sustainability. Stay tuned for exciting product trials and advancements in natural chelation techniques that promise to optimize crop health and yield.

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Dr. Russell Sharp revisits previous claims about ICL (formerly Israel Chemicals Limited), clarifying that there is no evidence they manufacture white phosphorus but detailing findings that ICL supplies white phosphorus to the US Army and onward to Israel, who use White Phosphorus against civilian populations.

The episode also examines ICL’s sponsorship ties to an IDF battalion that has been filmed burning greenhouses in Gaza, the high proportion of staff serving in the Israeli military.

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Dr. Russell Sharp examines the severe crop losses in Latvia caused by heavy spring and late-season rainfall, flooding and seed washout that destroyed vegetables like onions, carrots, cabbages and potatoes. He explains how these conditions have left farmers facing large economic losses and likely increased imports and prices.

The episode contrasts Latvia’s wet, unstable “climate frontline” with the UK’s recent drought conditions, touches on Estonia’s high organic output, and asks listeners for feedback on which season they prefer.

https://eutrema.co.uk/shop/biostimulants/potassium-silicate-20-litres/

In this episode Dr. Russell Sharp explains trehalose 6‑phosphate (T6P) as a plant sucrose‑status signal and its potential to boost wheat yields. He compares products from SugarRox and Unium, discusses trial evidence, ROI claims, and the challenges of bringing a single‑compound biostimulant to market. Dr. Sharp also covers intellectual property and public‑sector spinouts, the need for larger independent field data, and why farmers may view biostimulants as optional investments. He finishes with notes on upcoming industry events and calls for more transparency and real‑world results.

https://eutrema.co.uk/category/biostimulants/

Dr. Russell Sharp examines fertiliser products that claim to contain dozens to 90+ chemical elements, using the periodic table to show why many of those claims are impossible, radioactive, or potentially toxic.

He explains that plants only need around a dozen essential nutrients (plus a few beneficials), points out which elements can’t realistically be present, and urges listeners to question manufacturers and check ingredient lists.

https://eutrema.co.uk/shop/fertiliser/liquid-gold-unique-complete-fertiliser/

Croptec

Cereals Diddly Squat Farm Jeremy Clarkson

Dr. Russell Sharp explores perennial arable crops such as kernza, perennial rice, and sorghum; discussing their advantages (reduced tillage, deeper roots, soil health), current commercial status, and practical challenges such as lower yields, pests, and multi-year management.

The episode also covers breeding and gene-editing targets to improve traits, global research efforts, and the potential for growing perennials in hydroponic systems and niche value markets.

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Norman Borlaug — CIMMYT

Sanjaya Rajaram — CIMMYT

Surinder Vasal — CIMMYT

Ravi Prakash Singh — CIMMYT

Neelamraju G. P. Rao — Indian Agricultural Research Institute / Vasantrao Naik MAU

Gebisa Ejeta — Purdue University

Ronnie Coffman — IRRI / Cornell University

Dilbagh S. Athwal — Punjab Agricultural University / IRRI

William L. Brown — Pioneer Hi-Bred

Richard Boyles — Clemson University

John Holland — USDA Agricultural Research Service

Stephen Jones — Kansas State University

Jeffery Dahlberg — USDA Agricultural Research Service

Kulvinder Gill — University of Saskatchewan

Peter Langridge — University of Adelaide

Matthew Reynolds — CIMMYT

Mark Sorrells — Cornell University

Jorge Dubcovsky — University of California Davis

Peter Snape — NIAB

Brian Quinlan — CSIRO

Susan McCouch — Cornell University

Guoyou Ye — Huazhong Agricultural University

Rod Wing — University of Arizona

Hei Leung — International Rice Research Institute

Edgardo Ibanez — International Rice Research Institute

Rajeev Varshney — University of Queensland

David Mackill — University of California Riverside

Takuji Sasaki — Kyoto University

Qifa Zhang — Huazhong Agricultural University

Yulin Jia — USDA Agricultural Research Service

Acharya H. D. Upadhyaya — ICRISAT

Ashok Kumar — ICRISAT

Sean Mayes — ICRISAT

Ephrem Habyarimana — ICRISAT

Vijay Reddy — ICRISAT

Tim Setter — Kansas State University

David Jordan — Texas A&M University

William Rooney — Texas A&M AgriLife

Mark Burow — Texas A&M University

Amir Ibrahim — Texas A&M University

Jackie Rudd — Texas A&M University

Dirk Hays — Texas A&M University

Jesse Poland — Kansas State University

Kuldeep Singh — CIMMYT

Yiping Tong — CIMMYT

B. S. Gill — University of Missouri

Ian King — University of Adelaide

David Hodson — CIMMYT

Jose Hernandez Prado — CIMMYT

Brian Moore — University of Minnesota

Tom Blake — Montana State University

Kent McCue — USDA Agricultural Research Service

Hamlyn Jones — NIAB

Graham Moore — John Innes Centre

Tianyou Wang — Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Lijia Qu — Institute of Crop Sciences, CAAS

Jianfeng Xu — Sichuan Agricultural University

Zonglie Hong — China Agricultural University

Shizhong Xu — China National Rice Research Institute

Jen-Tsung Chen — Taiwan Rice Research Institute

Chih-Hsiung Huang — Taiwan Agricultural Research Institute

Chris Proud — Rice Breeding Australia

Guy McMullen — NSW Department of Primary Industries

Maqbool Ahmad — RAGT Australia

Sam Willsmore — LongReach Plant Breeders

Vicki Kokolakis — Australian Grain Technologies

Jacob Hayes — Australian Grain Technologies

Simon Crane — Seednet

Tara King — Nuseed

Kirk Brehaut — RAGT

Kristy Hobson — NSW Department of Primary Industries

B. R. Barwale — Mahyco

Abdul Shafi Ali — Agricultural Research Center, Egypt

Getinet Gebeyehu — Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research

Bement Gashawbeza — Debre Zeit Agricultural Research Center

James Owuoche — Kenya Agricultural and Livestock Research Organization

Mohammed Siddig — Sudan Agricultural Research Corporation

Mahdi Ali — Agricultural Research Corporation, Sudan

Ahmed Elwali — Agricultural Research Corporation, Sudan

Ali Zeghida — Technical Institute of Field Crops, Algeria

S. K. Singh — Indian Agricultural Research Institute

R. K. Singh — Indian Council of Agricultural Research

M. S. Swaminathan — M. S. Swaminathan Research Foundation

N. K. Singh — Indian Agricultural Research Institute

A. K. Singh — ICRISAT

P. S. Rao — University of Hyderabad

S. L. Sheshshayee — ICRISAT

Bharat B. Chattoo — University of Delhi

Bruce Roe — Clemson University

Yves Vigouroux — CIRAD

Ping Yu — Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences

Mark Tucker — University of Nottingham

June Simpson — CSIRO

Tom Payne — CIMMYT

Brian Steffenson — University of Minnesota

Harold Stalker — USDA Agricultural Research Service

Shyamal Talukder — Texas A&M University

David Stelly — Texas A&M University

Rajaram V. — CIMMYT

Peter Snape — NIAB

Dr. Russell Sharp explains why his company doesn’t sell microbial products, citing viability, supply-chain dilution and poor-quality suppliers that damage the sector’s reputation.

He announces a free service for regenerative farmers: send recent microbial products to Eutrema for microscopy, staining and culture tests to verify identity, viability and concentration, with results shared to help clean up the market.

https://eutrema.co.uk/shop/pesticides-organic/chitosan-biofungicide/